Ndongan

Ndongan Кѣязик Ндоҥске
Progress: 67%
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative–accusative
Head direction
Initial	Mixed		Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
12
Nouns decline according to...
Case		Number
Definiteness		Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice		Mood
Person		Number
Tense		Aspect

Ndongan
Кѣязик Ндоҥске
Pronunciation	[/kʲɘjɶzik ⁿdɔŋskʲe/]
Created by	Elliott Wheeler
Setting	(Former) Russian Africa, Southern Africa
Ethnicity	Ndongans, African-Russians
Native speakers	35.6 million (12016)
Language family	Indo-European Satem Balto-Slavic Slavic Old East Slavic Imperial Russian Afro-Russian Ndongan
Official status
Official language in	Ndonga (Angola), Chornarus (Namibia), Mozambique
Language codes
ISO 639-3	(qrq)

Ndongan (Кѣязик Ндоҥске, tr. Kŷâzik Ndoŋske), in the universe of the play L′ywai! (Лѣвай!) by Elliott Wheeler, is an East Slavic creole, which evolved from the Imperial Russian language and its pidgin form in Southern Africa via heavy influence from the Kikongo and Kimbundu languages. Being an official language in Ndonga, Chornarus, and Mozambique, the language is and continues to be of particular importance to the peoples of former Russian Africa, acting mainly as a lingua-franca analogous to Afrikaans, and functioned as a semi-code talk of the Red Army and other revolutionary groups during the Civil war.

As of the year 12016, the language has 35.6 million speakers (native & non-native) and counting, making it one of the largest creole languages in the word. The majority of the speakers of the language are of Ndongan or African-Russian ethnicity distributed widely across southern Africa, with the number of African-Russians who have adopted the language (over their native Russian) has increased significantly in recent years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent de-Russification movement in response to the growth of reactionary politics in Russia.

Phonology

Consonants

Ndongan consonant phonemes

			Labial		Alveolar	Retroflex/Palatal		Velar
			hard	soft		hard	soft	hard	soft
Nasal			m (м)	mʲ (мь)	n (н)		nʲ (нь)	ŋ (ҥ)
Plosive	Voiceless	plain	p (п)	pʲ (пь)	t (т)			k (к)	kʲ (кь)
		prenasalized	ᵐp (мп)	ᵐpʲ (мпь)	ⁿt (нт)			ᵑk (ҥк)	ᵑkʲ (ҥкь)
	Voiced	plain	b (б)	bʲ (бь)	d (д)			g (г)	gʲ (гь)
		prenasalized	ᵐb (мб)	ᵐbʲ (мбь)	ⁿd (нд)			ᵑg (ҥг)	ᵑgʲ (ҥгь)
Affricate		plain			t͡s (ц)	ʈ͡ʂ (ч)	t͡ʃ (чь,ць)	k͡x (кх)
		prenasalized			ⁿt͡s (нц)	ⁿʈ͡ʂ (нч)	ⁿt͡ʃ (нчь,нць)	ᵑk͡x (ҥкх)
Fricative	Voiceless	plain	f (ф)	fʲ (фь)	s (с)	ʂ (ш)	ʃ (шь)	x (х)	xʲ (хь)
		prenasalized	ᵐf (мф)	ᵐfʲ (мфь)	ⁿs (нс)	ⁿʂ (нш)	ⁿʃ (ншь)	ᵑx (ҥх)	ᵑxʲ (ҥхь)
	Voiced	plain			z (з)	ʐ (ж)	ʒ (жь)
		prenasalized			ⁿz (нз)	ⁿʐ (нж)	ⁿʒ (нжь)
Approximant			w (в)	wʲ~ɥ (вь)	lʲ (ль)	ɭ (л)	j (й)

Vowels

Ndongan vowel phonemes

	Front		Central		Back
	hard	soft	hard	soft	hard	soft
Close	i (и)	ʲi (і)	ɘ (ы)	ʲɘ (ѣ)	u (у)	ʲu (ю)
Mid	e (э)	ʲe (е)			o (о)	ʲɔ (ё/ө)
					ɔ (о)
Open			ɶ (а)	ʲɶ (я)

Morphology

Conjugation

1st conjugation

Conjugation of Ndongan (1st conjugation consonantal)
Imperfective aspect
Infinitive	—ць
Participles	present	past
Active	—юнше	—уше
Passive	—еме
Adverbial	—я	—ю
	present	future
1st Singular	—ют	бу—ёт
2nd Singular	—ешь	бу—ешь
3rd Singular	—ет	бу—ет
1st Plural	—емв	бу—емв
2nd Plural	—етэ	бу—етэ
3rd Plural	—юць	бу—юць
Imperative	singular	plural
2nd Present	—ь	—итэ
Past tense	singular	plural
Masculine	—ль	—ли
Feminine	—ла
Agender	—л
Nonbinary	—ло

2nd conjugation

Conjugation of Ndongan (2nd conjugation consonantal)
Imperfective aspect
Infinitive	—чь
Participles	present	past
Active	—юнше	—уше
Passive	—еме
Adverbial	—я	—уши
	present	future
1st Singular	—ёт	будо-—ёт
2nd Singular	—ешь	бу—ешь
3rd Singular	—ет	бу—ет
1st Plural	—емв	бу—емв
2nd Plural	—етэ	бу—етэ
3rd Plural	—юць	бу—юць
Imperative	singular	plural
2nd Present	нча—	—итэ
Past tense	singular	plural
Masculine	—лу	—ли
Feminine	—ла
Agender	—л
Nonbinary	—ло

Syntax

Constituent order

Similar to Russian and other Slavic languages, the language largely doesn't have an absolutely rigid constituent order due to heavy inflection. Rather, the basic order tends to most often be similar to subject-verb-object-compliment (SVOC), following after Portuguese as well.

Again similar to Russian, alternate word orders can be used to express logical stress and degree of definiteness, where phrases placed nearer to the beginning having a hiğer amount of emphasis in the sentence.

Example texts

Leipzig-Jakarta

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	Meaning	Ndongan	Qafesona	Belarussian
1	fire	фогонь	огнь	агонь
2	nose	нзуныв	хвире	нос
3	to go	хыдіць		хадзіць
4	water	меҥыв	вода	вада
5	mouth	уста	уста	рот
6	tongue	нязик	йизик	язык
7	blood	ҥклофь	крейва	кроў
8	bone	ҥкэсць	кость	косць
9	2sg pronoun (you)	тоб	тобу	ты
10	root	ҥколѣнь	кошен	корань
11	to come (move)	хяжлачь		прыходзіць
12	breast	мьпелші	грудь	перси
13	rain	гяцимба	дуждь	дождж
14	1sg pronoun (I)	я	йа	я
15	name	кімя	йимно	імя
16	louse (Phthirapteron)	мволыс-нисэту	вушь	вош
17	wing	мьклыл	кшитто	крыло
18	flesh/meat	мяс	мисо	мяса
19	arm/hand	нвука	рука	рука
20	fly (insect, Dipteron)	мухо		муха
21	night (time of day)	сукыв	ноџь	ноч
22	ear	мюха	ухо	вуха
23	neck	ншиҥа	шийа	шыя
24	far (prep.)		далеки	далёкі
25	to do/make	желаць		дзелаць
26	house/structure	цѣдом		дом
27	stone/rock (singular object)	камень	камеунь	камень
28	bitter	голькіе		горкі
29	to say			гаварыць
30	tooth	м'ё	кобиле	зуб
31	hair	мволыс	влус	волас
32	big	вѣліке	влуйки	вялікі
33	one (number)	дин	йеден	адзін
34	who?	мкоѣ	кут	хто
35	3sg pronoun (they)	ҥом	ньом	ім
36	to hit/beat	удапічь		ўдарыць
37	leg/foot	ныга	стопа	нага
38	horn	нвог	рух	рог
39	this (pron.)		тиси	гэты
40	fish	нвыба	рыба	рыба
41	yesterday			учора
42	to drink			піць
43	black (color)	чёлне	чирны	чорны
44	navel	мпуп		пуп
45	to stand	лѣваць		стаяць
46	to bite			кусаць
47	back (body-part)		хшибит	спіна
48	wind		ветр	вецер
49	smoke (substance)	дым	дым	дым
50	what?	цтоѣ	чо	што
51	child (kin term)		детно	дзіця
52	egg	яйцо	фаце	яйцо
53	to give			даць
54	new (adj.)	нов'е	новы	новы
55	to burn (intr.)			джгаць
56	not (adj./adv.)	не	не	не
57	good		добры	перси
58	to know	нжаць		знаць
59	knee		колено	калена
60	sand		песук	пясок
61	to laugh	смѣяць		смяяцца
62	to hear			чуць
63	soil	зёмьла		зямля
64	leaf	ліст	лист	ліст
65	red (color)	кѣлвоне	чирмины	чырвоны
66	liver (body-part)	мвомо	йитра	печань
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	кожа	кожа	скура
69	to suck			ссаць
70	to carry	нышічь		насіць
71	ant (Formid)			мурашка
72	heavy		цанорни	цяжкі
73	to take			браць
74	old	нтале	стары	стары
75	to eat			есці
76	thigh	нчикола		бядро
77	thick		тулсты	тоўсты
78	long (spacially)		дилги	доўгі
79	to blow			дзьмуць
80	wood			дрэва
81	to run			бегаць
82	to fall			падаць
83	eye (body-part)	очо	твале	вока
84	ash		пепел	попел
85	tail	мфост	рип	хвост
86	dog	ҥхондт	левке	сабака
87	to cry/weep			плакаць
88	to tie			вязаць
89	to see			бачыць
90	sweet		керас	салодкі
91	rope	кцэвжэ	уже	вяро́ўка
92	shade/shadow			цень
93	bird		путицка	птушка
94	salt	соль	соль	соль
95	small	амале	моцени	малы
96	wide		лайни	шырокі
97	star	озвѣзда	хвезда	озвязда
97	in	в	в	ў
99	hard (materially)	кцэвёлде		цвёрды
100	to crush/grind	давиць		давіць

Chemistry

Periodic table of the Elements in Ndongan

Group ↓	Period →	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1		H	Li	Na	K	Rb	Cs	Fr
2			Be	Mg	Ca	Sr	Ba	Ra
F1							La	Ac
F2							Ce	Th
F3							Pr	Pa
F4							Nd	U
F5							Pm	Np
F6							Sm	Pu
F7							Eu	Am
F8							Gd	Cm
F9							Tb	Bk
F10							Dy	Cf
F11							Ho	Es
F12							Er	Fm
F13							Tm	Md
F14							Yb	No
3					Sc	Y	Lu	Lr
4					Ti	Zr	Hf	Rf
5					V	Nb	Ta	Db
6					Cr	Mo	W	Sg
7					Mn	Tc	Re	Bh
8					Fe цѣлезо	Ru	Os	Hs
9					Co	Rh	Ir	Mt
10					Ni	Pd	Pt	Ds
11					Cu мѣці	Ag	Au нзлата	Rg
12					Zn	Cd	Hg	Cn
13			B	Al	Ga	In	Tl	Nh
14			C	Si силицыв	Ge/Esi экасилицыв	Sn олыво	Pb свінец	Fl
15			N	P	As	Sb	Bi	Mc
16			O /	S	Se	Te	Po	Lv
17			F	Cl	Br	I	At	Ts
18		He	Ne	Ar	Kr	Xe	Rn	Og