Verse:Hmøøh/USB: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
Line 298: Line 298:
===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
The relativizer ''r(i)-'' and/or the relative pronominal suffixes are used only for the case of restrictive relative clauses. In non-restrictive relative clauses 3rd person resumptive pronouns are used as in a full clause; in the same vein, predicate adjectives are used as non-restrictive adjectives.
The relativizer ''r(i)-'' and/or the relative pronominal suffixes are used only for the case of restrictive relative clauses. In non-restrictive relative clauses 3rd person resumptive pronouns are used as in a full clause; in the same vein, predicate adjectives are used as non-restrictive adjectives.
===Conjunctions===
*''i'' (''e'' before ''i''): and
*''wadis'' (< "again"): also


[[Category:Talsmic languages]][[Category:Zachydic languages]]
[[Category:Talsmic languages]][[Category:Zachydic languages]]

Revision as of 14:58, 6 February 2014

Tizian
tízimso
Pronunciation[/ˈtʰizimso/]
Created by
Extinct220 v.T.
Language codes
ISO 639-3qti
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Tizian
tízimso
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Split-ergative
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Verb-second
Tonal
Yes
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect


Tizian (amysso tízimso /ˈʔamʉsso ˈtʰizimso/)

Phonology

Consonants

Tizian consonants
Labial Coronal Lateral Velar Radical Glottal
Nasal m m̥ n n̥
Plosive voiceless p t k ʡ ʔ
voiced b d g
voiceless aspirated
voiced aspirated
Fricative voiceless f θ s ɬ x ħ h
voiced v ð z ɮ ɣ ʕ ɦ
Affricate plain ts dz tɬ dɮ
aspirated tsʰ dzʰ tɬʰ dɮʱ
Approximant w ʍ j ɧ
Trill r r̥
Lateral app. l

Word-finally consonant aspiration is realized as aspirated or released consonants. Medial voiced aspirated consonants may be prenasalized in less careful speech.

Some rather archaic dialects realize the radical consonants as /q χ/.

Consonant gradation

Tizian employs grammatical consonant gradation (namely alternation between unaspirated (commonly called "viscous") and aspirated ("dilute") consonants, of which the latter is marked with an acute accent (historical high tone) after the affected consonant) in nouns, adjectives and verbs. For most consonants this is straightforward; viscous plosives/affricates are unaspirated whereas dilute plosives/affricates are aspirated, and there are viscous/dilute resonants as well (l ↔ ɬ, r ↔ r̥, m ↔ m̥, n ↔ n̥, j ↔ ɧ, w ↔ ʍ). If a cluster contains non-alternating consonants, the alternation coming from the following vowel/suffix is not blocked.

Nouns

Main article: Tizian/Declension patterns

Four numbers are used in Tizian: generic, partitive, singulative and plurative. The generic number refers to an unspecified member or members of a set or to the whole set. The partitive number is used with quantifiers and also with the meaning "some X". Singulative and plurative respectively denote one and multiple specific items.

Declension
Number→ Generic Partitive Singulative Plurative
Indefinite -ch -s -syr
Definite -so -sno
1sg
2sg
3sg.animate
3sg.inanimate
1ex
1in
2pl
3pl.animate
3pl.inanimate
Impersonal
Relative

Possession

Possession is marked on the possessum with a possessive suffix (possessum-suffix possessor) if and only if said possessum is definite.

Aspiration may be lost or gained in conjunct state: byrs /bʉrs/ "a cloud" > býrs /bʱʉrs/ "a cloud of..."

Pronouns

The first person singular can be used as an impersonal pronoun.

Besides their respective literal meanings, in contexts with unclear clusivity exclusive 'we' has a more "objective" connotation and inclusive 'we' a more "rhetorical" one.

  • 1sgv: nó
  • 2sgv: í
  • 3sgv.an: ðe
  • 3sgv.inan: ŧé
  • 1plv.ex: cho
  • 1plv.in: wéen
  • 2plv: sló
  • 3plv.an: ðu
  • 3plv.inan: ŧú
  • 3gen: ða
  • 3part: ti
  • Impersonal: is

Verbs

Verbs display consonant gradation based on tense and subject agreement. The predesinential consonant is unvoiced resonant/aspirated plosive in the present, and changing this to voiced resonant/unaspirated plosive in the jussive or past tense: (arlí /ar̥ɬi/: "I set up, prepare (transitive)"; arli /arli/: "that I may prepare"; arl´ /ar̥ɬ/: you (singular) prepare; arl /arl/: prepare!)

Split ergativity

The ergative particle le is used before an ergative noun phrase. The default alignment is ergative, with 1st and 2nd person arguments inducing nominative/accusative alignment on both nouns and verbs; only 1st and 2nd person patients can be passivized, and only 3rd person agents can be antipassivized.

Syntax

Word order

Tizian is a mostly V2 language, i.e. in independent clauses the word order is most commonly SVO, but in dependent clauses will change to VSO. It will not be difficult to analyze Tizian as a topic prominent language in which the basic VSO word order changes to front the topic in independent clauses.

Copulas

The copula im literally means "to be an element/subset of", thus it turns the predicate into the generic number.

Equivalence of one entity to another, on the other hand, is expressed with a different copula vók.

Relative clauses

The relativizer r(i)- and/or the relative pronominal suffixes are used only for the case of restrictive relative clauses. In non-restrictive relative clauses 3rd person resumptive pronouns are used as in a full clause; in the same vein, predicate adjectives are used as non-restrictive adjectives.

Conjunctions

  • i (e before i): and
  • wadis (< "again"): also