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Common (na Xafen): Difference between revisions
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'''Example:''' | '''Example:''' | ||
Zres fure. | ''Zres fure.''<br> | ||
AVAL.NPST.NPRF.REAL wind. | |||
"It's windy." | |||
=====Intransitive Verbs===== | |||
'''Paradigm Verb''': pali, 'stand'<br> | |||
'''Auxiliary Lemma''': se | |||
Intransitive verbs have a single actor, a subject in the absolutive case which experiences the action of the verb. Examples are verbs like 'sleep'. The paradigm verb is 'stand', which Common means in the sense of 'to be at a place' or 'to be upright' as opposed to the sense in English of 'to stand something up'. That latter sense can be achieved by using a causitive form of 'pali'. Notice the irregularity in the past irreal, where the 'a' ending doesn't raise like in the other auxiliary verbs. | |||
''Realis Conjugation of '''se''''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" | |||
! scope="col" | | |||
! scope="col" | Imperfect | |||
! scope="col" | Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! | Non-past | |||
| se /se/ | |||
| sete /'se.de/ | |||
|- | |||
! | Past | |||
| sea /'se.a/ | |||
| seta /'se.da/ | |||
|} | |||
''Irrealis Conjugation of '''se''''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" | |||
! scope="col" | | |||
! scope="col" | Imperfect | |||
! scope="col" | Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! | Non-past | |||
| si /si/ | |||
| siti /'si.di/ | |||
|- | |||
! | Past | |||
| sia /'si.a/ | |||
| sita /'si.da/ | |||
|} | |||
'''Example:''' | |||
''A pepe se hitaj.''<br> | |||
3.SG.DEF.ABS baby NTRN.NPST.NPRF.REAL sleep. | |||
"The baby is sleeping." | |||
=====Transitive Verbs===== | |||
'''Paradigm Verb''': skurun, 'hit'<br> | |||
'''Auxiliary Lemma''': te | |||
Transitive verbs have two actors, an ergative subject which is the actor or cause of the action, and an absolutive direct object which is the patient of the action. | |||
''Realis Conjugation of '''te''''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" | |||
! scope="col" | | |||
! scope="col" | Imperfect | |||
! scope="col" | Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! | Non-past | |||
| te /te/ | |||
| tene /'te.ne/ | |||
|- | |||
! | Past | |||
| teo /'te.o/ | |||
| teno /'te.no/ | |||
|} | |||
''Irrealis Conjugation of '''te''''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" | |||
! scope="col" | | |||
! scope="col" | Imperfect | |||
! scope="col" | Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! | Non-past | |||
| ti /ti/ | |||
| tini /'ti.ni/ | |||
|- | |||
! | Past | |||
| tiu /'ti.u/ | |||
| tinu /'ti.nu/ | |||
|} | |||
'''Example:''' | |||
''Ja pocuk teo zeul a pikki.''<br> | |||
3.SG.DEF.ERG child TRN.PST.NPRF.REAL eye 3.SG.DEF.ABS cat. | |||
"The child was looking at the cat." | |||
=====Semitransitive Verbs===== | |||
'''Paradigm Verb''': noxaj, 'go'<br> | |||
'''Auxiliary Lemma''': nox | |||
Semitransitive verbs are a strange category from the point of view of English speakers (or just strange, period), but are easy enough to work with if you accept that you will have to memorize which words are semitransitive and conjugate the verbs appropriately. Actually, there is some rhyme and reason. Semitransitive verbs have two actors, just like transitive verbs. One is a subject in the absolutive case, and is the experiencer of the action. The other is in the dative case and is the recipient, purpose, destination or beneficiary of the action. | |||
Verbs of motion mostly fall into this category, with the destination of the motion as the dative object. If the dative object is omitted, the action is still considered to be purposeful towards an end. To get the sense of no specific end, as in the English expression 'go away', the "disintentive" valance change operation is performed to use the intransitive agreement instead of the semitransitive. | |||
An important category of verbs that are semitransitive, aside from verbs of motion, are verbs of abstract possession or ownership, where the owner is the absolutive subject and the thing owned is the dative indirect object. Such constructions express relatively alienable possession. | |||
''Realis Conjugation of '''nox''''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" | |||
! scope="col" | | |||
! scope="col" | Imperfect | |||
! scope="col" | Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! | Non-past | |||
| nox /noʃ/ | |||
| noxot /'no.ʒot/ | |||
|- | |||
! | Past | |||
| noxa /'no.ʒa/ | |||
| noxota /'no.ʒo.da/ | |||
|} | |||
''Irrealis Conjugation of '''nox''''' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align:center;" | |||
! scope="col" | | |||
! scope="col" | Imperfect | |||
! scope="col" | Perfect | |||
|- | |||
! | Non-past | |||
| nux /nuʃ/ | |||
| nuxut /'nu.ʒut/ | |||
|- | |||
! | Past | |||
| nuxy /'nu.ʒə/ | |||
| nuxuty /'nu.ʒu.də/ | |||
|} | |||
'''Example:''' | |||
''A atuin nux jusal ija lelu.''<br> | |||
3.SG.DEF.ABS person STRN.NPST.NPRF.IRREAL want 3.SG.DEF.DAT fish. | |||
"The person would like the fish." | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||