Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "* Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. ''auris > auricula > oricla''. ===Vulgar Latin Changes=== The following changes were under...") |
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* Loss of ''h'', e.g. ''hominem > ominem''. | * Loss of ''h'', e.g. ''hominem > ominem''. | ||
* Loss of final consonants, e.g. ''mūrum > mūru''. | * Loss of final consonants, e.g. ''mūrum > mūru''. | ||
* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > | * Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa'' | ||
* Loss of vowel quantity | * Loss of vowel quantity | ||
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsjone'' | * Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsjone'' | ||
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A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly. | A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly. | ||
* High mid vowels | * High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > trakku'' | ||
* Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes ''o'' /ɑ/ in stressed syllables and merges with ''a'' in unstressed syllables, e.g. ''homine > omine'' | |||
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' | * Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' | ||
** ''b ~ β > p > ph'' (except ''βC > uc'' | ** ''b ~ β > p > ph'' (except ''βC > uc'') | ||
** ''d > t > th'' | ** ''d > t > th'' | ||
** ''g > k > kh'' | ** ''g > k > kh'' | ||
** ''qu > qh'' | ** ''qu > qh'' | ||
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/. | |||
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''uttu'' | * Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''uttu'' | ||
** ''mn > nn'' | ** ''mn > nn'' | ||
** ''ct > tt'' | ** ''ct > tt'' | ||
** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss'' | ** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss'' | ||
* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > | * Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella'' | ||
The following are later developments within OP. | The following are later developments within OP. | ||
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, e.g. ''car'tate > | * Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > kharthaethe'' | ||
** ''a > ae'' | ** ''a > ae'' /ɛː/ | ||
** ''e > ei'' | ** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/ | ||
** ''i > ie'' | ** ''i > ie'' /iː/ | ||
** ''u > ue'' | ** ''o > au'' /ɑː/ | ||
* All other unstressed vowels lost, wherever possible, e.g. '' | ** ''u > ue'' /uː/ | ||
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/ | |||
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne'' | |||
* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakhṛmentu'' | * Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakhṛmentu'' | ||
===Middle Pulqer Changes=== | |||
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''. | |||
* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer'' | |||
* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś'' | |||
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath'' | |||
* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''. | |||
===Modern Pulqer Changes=== | |||
* Loss of vowel quantity, e.g. ''autn > atn'' | |||
** ''ae > e'' | |||
** ''ei > i'' | |||
** ''ie > i'' | |||
** ''au > a'' | |||
** ''ue > u'' | |||
* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''. | |||
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl'' | |||
Revision as of 16:31, 7 April 2020
- Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. auris > auricula > oricla.
Vulgar Latin Changes
The following changes were underway already in Vulgar Latin when it reached Jacques in 3rd century:
- Syncope of unstressed vowels adjacent to glides, e.g. solidus > soldus.
- Change of prevocalic /e, i/ > /j/, e.g. filia > filja.
- Merger of /b, w/ as allophonic /b ~ β/, e.g. vivo > bibo.
- Loss of h, e.g. hominem > ominem.
- Loss of final consonants, e.g. mūrum > mūru.
- Assimilation of ns > s with compensatory lengthening, e.g. mensa > mēsa > mẹsa
- Loss of vowel quantity
- Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ratione > ratsjone
- Palatalisation of c, g before i, e.g. cippus > tsippu
Old Pulqer Changes
A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.
- High mid vowels ẹ, ọ merge with high vowels i, u, e.g. mesa > misa, dracọ > trakku
- Low-mid ǫ becomes o /ɑ/ in stressed syllables and merges with a in unstressed syllables, e.g. homine > omine
- Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. cadere > khatere
- b ~ β > p > ph (except βC > uc)
- d > t > th
- g > k > kh
- qu > qh
- Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. j, gi) becomes /t͡ʃ/.
- Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. octō > uttu
- mn > nn
- ct > tt
- x /ks/ > ss
- Prothesis before word-initial r- or sC-, e.g. rẹge > arike, stella > astella
The following are later developments within OP.
- Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. car'tate > kharthaethe
- a > ae /ɛː/
- e > ei /ɛi/
- i > ie /iː/
- o > au /ɑː/
- u > ue /uː/
- /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. o, e.g. auru > auru /ɑːru/
- All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. aumine > aunne
- Syllabic liquids ḷ, ṛ develop between other consonants, e.g. sacramentum > sakhṛmentu
Middle Pulqer Changes
- Geminate resonants (ll, rr, nn, mm) are preoccluded (> tl, tr, tn, pm, e.g. khapallu > khapatlu.
- Final vowels are lost, e.g. mueru > muer
- f becomes h, e.g. filtś > hiltś
- Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. khatth > khath
- r and l become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. phlutś > phrutś.
Modern Pulqer Changes
- Loss of vowel quantity, e.g. autn > atn
- ae > e
- ei > i
- ie > i
- au > a
- ue > u
- Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (th, kh, ph > t, k, p), e.g. khath > kat.
- Development of epenthetic vowel y /ə/, e.g. kapatl > kapatyl