Nankôre: Difference between revisions

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Like Minhast and Nahónda, Nankôre is an SOV language. However, unlike its relatives, Nankôre is not a polysynthetic language but is relatively sparse in terms of affixes for determining syntactic relations. Nouns do not receive case or number marking, nor are they marked for gender. Word order within the verb complex is rather strict, but core, patient, and obliques may occur in various orders. The verb complex consists minimally of a main verb, which possesses suffixes for marking evidentiality, and the copula, which contain a rich set of affixes to mark the core arguments for various syntactic features: number, tense, voice, agency, etc.

Nankôre displays a mixed morphosyntactic alignment. Particularly noticeable is ~~its~~ Hierarchical alignment, which ~~employs~~ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct–inverse_alignment Direct-Inverse marking] to indicate core argument roles. The nominal hierarchy is complex; at least ten noun classes based on animacy can be identified, and within those classes sub-hierarchies are observed based on semantic features, although discourse processes (e.g. the introduction of new arguments that are roughly equal in animacy with previously established arguments, or a previous argument that serves as the topic over extended discourse) may affect how direct-inverse marking is expressed. Thus hierarchical relations are primarily dependent on the semantics of the core argument and the verb class, although other factors are at play; native speakers intuit the hierarchy based on a complex interaction between the both the noun and verb classes, discourse patterns, and context.

Nankôre displays a mixed morphosyntactic alignment. Particularly noticeable is the Hierarchical alignment in its transitive verbs, which employ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct–inverse_alignment Direct-Inverse marking] to indicate core argument roles. The nominal hierarchy is complex; at least ten noun classes based on animacy can be identified, and within those classes sub-hierarchies are observed based on semantic features, although discourse processes (e.g. the introduction of new arguments that are roughly equal in animacy with previously established arguments, or a previous argument that serves as the topic over extended discourse) may affect how direct-inverse marking is expressed. Thus hierarchical relations are primarily dependent on the semantics of the core argument and the verb class, although other factors are at play; native speakers intuit the hierarchy based on a complex interaction between the both the noun and verb classes, discourse patterns, and context.

The language also displays an Active-Stative alignment of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active–stative_alignment Split-S subtype.~~] Although~~ Nahónda ~~does not employ direct-inverse marking~~, Nankôre and Nahónda, at least in terms of morphosyntactic alignment, are closer to each other than either to Minhast, an Ergative-Absolutive language. Intrinsically transitive verbs require both an agent and patient as core arguments. ~~As for the~~ intransitive verbs~~, they~~ are split into two categories, one that requires an Agent as the sole core argument, and another that takes only Patients. Two different copula paradigms are used for intransitive verb roots, the [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Active_Paradigm|''itá'']] paradigm for agentive verbs, and the [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Stative_Paradigm|''iná'']] paradigm for stative verbs.

The language also displays an Active-Stative alignment of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active–stative_alignment Split-S subtype] in its intransitive verbs. As in its relative Nahónda, Nankôre intransitive verbs are split into two categories, one that requires an Agent as the sole core argument, and another that takes only Patients. Two different copula paradigms are used for intransitive verb roots, the [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Active_Paradigm|''itá'']] paradigm for agentive verbs, and the [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Stative_Paradigm|''iná'']] paradigm for stative verbs.

==Phonology==

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 Like Minhast and Nahónda, Nankôre is an SOV language. However, unlike its relatives, Nankôre is not a polysynthetic language but is relatively sparse in terms of affixes for determining syntactic relations. Nouns do not receive case or number marking, nor are they marked for gender. Word order within the verb complex is rather strict, but core, patient, and obliques may occur in various orders. The verb complex consists minimally of a main verb, which possesses suffixes for marking evidentiality, and the copula, which contain a rich set of affixes to mark the core arguments for various syntactic features: number, tense, voice, agency, etc.
-Nankôre displays a mixed morphosyntactic alignment.  Particularly noticeable is its Hierarchical alignment, which  employs [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct–inverse_alignment Direct-Inverse marking] to indicate core argument roles.  The nominal hierarchy is  complex; at least ten noun classes based on animacy can be identified, and within those classes sub-hierarchies are observed based on semantic features, although discourse processes (e.g. the introduction of new arguments that are roughly equal in animacy with previously established arguments, or a previous argument that serves as the topic over extended discourse) may affect how direct-inverse marking is expressed.  Thus hierarchical relations are primarily dependent on the semantics of the core argument and the verb class, although other factors are at play; native speakers intuit the hierarchy based on a complex interaction between the both the noun and verb classes, discourse patterns, and context.
+Nankôre displays a mixed morphosyntactic alignment.  Particularly noticeable is the Hierarchical alignment in its transitive verbs, which  employ [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct–inverse_alignment Direct-Inverse marking] to indicate core argument roles.  The nominal hierarchy is  complex; at least ten noun classes based on animacy can be identified, and within those classes sub-hierarchies are observed based on semantic features, although discourse processes (e.g. the introduction of new arguments that are roughly equal in animacy with previously established arguments, or a previous argument that serves as the topic over extended discourse) may affect how direct-inverse marking is expressed.  Thus hierarchical relations are primarily dependent on the semantics of the core argument and the verb class, although other factors are at play; native speakers intuit the hierarchy based on a complex interaction between the both the noun and verb classes, discourse patterns, and context.
-The language also displays an Active-Stative alignment of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active–stative_alignment Split-S subtype.] Although Nahónda does not employ direct-inverse marking, Nankôre and Nahónda, at least in terms of morphosyntactic alignment, are closer to each other than either to Minhast, an Ergative-Absolutive language.   Intrinsically transitive verbs require both an agent and patient as core arguments.  As for the intransitive verbs, they are split into two categories, one that requires an Agent as the sole core argument, and another that takes only Patients.  Two different copula paradigms are used for intransitive verb roots, the  [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Active_Paradigm|''itá'']] paradigm for agentive verbs, and the  [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Stative_Paradigm|''iná'']] paradigm for stative verbs.
+The language also displays an Active-Stative alignment of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active–stative_alignment Split-S subtype] in its intransitive verbs. As in its relative Nahónda, Nankôre  intransitive verbs are split into two categories, one that requires an Agent as the sole core argument, and another that takes only Patients.  Two different copula paradigms are used for intransitive verb roots, the  [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Active_Paradigm|''itá'']] paradigm for agentive verbs, and the  [[Nankôre#Intransitive-Stative_Paradigm|''iná'']] paradigm for stative verbs.
 ==Phonology==