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[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]


In the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline,  '''Ăn Yidiș''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or א גֿאָלג'־יידאך ''ă Gholj-Yidăch'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (''năh Yidi Galți'') in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from Greek, Persian, Brythonic, and Galatian.
In the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline,  '''Ăn Jidisz''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אן ייִדיש ''ăn Jidisz'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or א גֿאָלג'־יידאך ''ă Gholgz-Jidăch'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" (''năh Yidi Galți'') in Eastern and Southeastern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew and Talmudic Aramaic, but also from Greek, Persian, Brythonic, and Galatian.


Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian and more Polish."
Its aesthetic is "Scottish Gaelic but more Romanian and more Polish."
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==Names==
==Names==
===Given names (non-Hebrew)===
===Given names (non-Hebrew)===
Nicknames may be formed with the diminutive ''-in''. For example, ''Yacăv'' 'Jacob' may become ''Yancin'', ''Yałcin'' or ''Yacin''.
Nicknames may be formed with the diminutive ''-in''. For example, ''Jacăv'' 'Jacob' may become ''Jancin'', ''Jałcin'' or ''Jacin''.
====Male====
====Male====
*Art, Artin 'bear'
*Art, Artin 'bear'
*Mathin (Mahin) 'bear'
*Mathin (Mahin) 'bear'
*Așlin (Ashlin): 'vision, dream'
*Aszlin (Ashlin): 'vision, dream'
====Female====
====Female====
*כּלין Calin (Colleen) 'little bride'?
*כּלין Calin (Colleen) 'little bride'?
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*Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
*Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
*Riphic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
*Riphic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
*Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod
*Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimdzadăth, Chaimian, Chaiminegzod


===Famous people===
===Famous people===
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==Todo==
==Todo==
*Interrogatives: ''Cad ă to o zean agăt?'' 'What are you doing?'
*Interrogatives: ''Cad ă to o dzean agăt?'' 'What are you doing?'
*Cleft construction: '''''Îș''' zean leșắnăs '''ă''' tom ă zean anéș'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
*Cleft construction: '''''Ysz''' dzean leszắnăs '''ă''' tom ă zean anész'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b c ch c̦ d f g gh j h l ł m n p r ŗ s ș t th ț v y z  /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r ʒ s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/
*Consonants: b c ch cz d f g gh gz h l ł m n p r rz s sz t th tz w j z  /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r ʒ s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/
**Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final.
**Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final.
*''ț z c̦ j l ŗ'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l.
*''tz dz cz gz l rz'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l.
*Lenitions:
*Lenitions:
**b /b/ > bh /v/
**b /b/ > bh /v/
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**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
**g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
**c /k/ > ch /χ/
**c /k/ > ch /χ/
**c̦ /tʃ/ > c̦h /ʃ/
**cz /tʃ/ > czh /ʃ/
**m /m/ > mh /v/
**m /m/ > mh /v/
**p /p/ > ph /f/
**p /p/ > ph /f/
**s /s/ > sh /h/
**s /s/ > sh /h/
**t /t/ > th /h/
**t /t/ > th /h/
**ț /ts/ > țh /h/
**tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
**j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
**gz /dʒ/ > gzh /j/
*Vowels: ''a e i o u ai ei oi ea oa ie ua ă î'' /a e i o u ai ei oi~y eə oə iə uə ə ɨ/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. /eə oə/ are [ei ou] dialectally.  
*Vowels: ''a e i o u aj ej oj ea oa ie ua ă y'' /a e i o u ai ei oi~y eə oə iə uə ə ɨ/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common. /eə oə/ are [ei ou] dialectally.  
*Stress is transcribed if not initial
*Stress is transcribed if not initial
*OIr oí > oi
*OIr oí > oj
*short i > î (some other sources pls)
*short i > y (some other sources pls)
*short o > ă
*short o > ă
===Allophonic vowel length===
===Allophonic vowel length===
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
An Yidiș is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
Ăn Jidisz is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:
Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:


א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ר' ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f ț c̦ c r ŗ ș /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h ʒ t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʒ ʃ/.
א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ר' ש = zero b v g gh d h th dz t j l ł m n s p f tz cz c r rz sz /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h ʒ t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʒ ʃ/.


Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh țh c̦h ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh dzh th ch mh sh ph fh tzh czh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/


/j/ between two vowels is written יי.
/j/ between two vowels is written יי.


''ŗ'' is pronounced /ʃ/ after voiceless fricatives and stops: e.g. ''scŗiv'' /skʃiv/ 'write! (sg.)'
''rz'' is pronounced /ʃ/ after voiceless fricatives and stops: e.g. ''scrziv'' /skʃiv/ 'write! (sg.)'


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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:{{heb|נאָהּ סקר'יבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}}
:{{heb|נאָהּ סקר'יבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}}
:'''''Noh scŗivu do oas ăr zi șabăs!'''''
:'''''Noh scrzivu do oas ăr zi szabăs!'''''
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
:PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
:''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
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The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.


*''to șe ag îth'' = he eats; he is eating
*''to sze ag yth'' = he eats; he is eating
**''vîl șe...'' = does he...?
**''vyl sze...'' = does he...?
**''chal șe...'' = he does not...
**''chal sze...'' = he does not...
**''nachîl șe...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
**''nachyl sze...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
**''gu vîl șe...'' = COMP he...
**''gu vyl sze...'' = COMP he...
**''ă to șe...'' = REL he...
**''ă to sze...'' = REL he...
*''to șe nei îth'' = he ate/has eaten
*''to șe nej yth'' = he ate/has eaten
*''bei șe ag îth'' = he will eat
*''bej sze ag yth'' = he will eat
**''bei șe...'' = will he...?
**''bej sze...'' = will he...?
**''cha bhea șe...'' = he will not...
**''cha bhea sze...'' = he will not...
**''nach bhea șe...'' = won't he...?
**''nach bhea sze...'' = won't he...?
**''ă vi șe...'' = REL he will...
**''ă vi sze...'' = REL he will...
*''vă șe ag îth'' = he was eating/he would eat
*''vă sze ag yth'' = he was eating/he would eat
**''răv șe...'' = was he...?/would he?
**''răv sze...'' = was he...?/would he?
**''cha răv șe...'' = he was not.../he would not...
**''cha răv sze...'' = he was not.../he would not...
**''nach răv șe...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
**''nach răv sze...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
*''îth!'' = Eat! (2sg)
*''yth!'' = Eat! (2sg)
*''îthu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
*''ythu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *ithebh)
*''noh îth(u)!'' = Don't eat!
*''noh yth(u)!'' = Don't eat!


For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''î mă-, î dă-, înă-, etc.'' + VN is used:
For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''y mă-, y dă-, ynă-, etc.'' + VN is used:
*''tom î mă-chadăl'' = I sleep
*''tom y mă-chadăl'' = I sleep
*''tom î mă-thi'' = I sit
*''tom y mă-thi'' = I sit
*''tom î mă-șesăv'' = I stand
*''tom y mă-szesăv'' = I stand
*''tom î mă-li'' = I lie (somewhere)
*''tom y mă-li'' = I lie (somewhere)
*''tom î mă-fhiŗăch'' = I live (I dwell)
*''tom y mă-fhirzăch'' = I live (I dwell)


====Conjugation====
====Conjugation====
*''to'', ''vîl'', ''chal'', and ''nachîl'' are conjugated as follows:  
*''to'', ''vyl'', ''chal'', and ''nachyl'' are conjugated as follows:  
**''tom, toŗ, to șe/și, toj, tohi, to șîd''
**''tom, torz, to sze/szi, togz, tohi, to szyd''
**''vîlim, vîliŗ, vîl șe/și, vîlij, vîlhi, vîl șîd''
**''vylim, vylirz, vyl sze/szi, vyligz, vylhi, vyl szyd''
**''chalim, chaliŗ...''
**''chalim, chalirz...''
**''nachîlim, nachîliŗ...''
**''nachylim, nachylirz...''
*''va, rov'':  
*''va, rov'':  
**''vas, vaș, va șe/și, vimăr, vyur, va șîd''
**''vas, vasz, va sze/szi, vimăr, vyur, va szyd''
**''rovăs, rovăș, rov șe/și, roamăr, rovyur, rov șîd''
**''rovăs, rovăsz, rov sze/szi, roamăr, rovjur, rov szyd''
*''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea șe/și, beaj, beahi, bea șîd''
*''bea'': ''beam, bear, bea sze/szi, beagz, beahi, bea szyd''


===Copula===
===Copula===
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Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ănt'', before a labial ''ăm'', otherwise ''ăn''
Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ănt'', before a labial ''ăm'', otherwise ''ăn''
*אנט אישצשע ''ănt îșc̦ă'' = the water
*אנט אישצשע ''ănt yszcză'' = the water
*אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food
*אם בּיא ''ăm bia'' = the food
*אן ל'אַהּ ''ăn łath'' = the day
*אן ל'אַהּ ''ăn łath'' = the day
*אן צעך ''ăn țech'' = the house
*אן צעך ''ăn tzech'' = the house
*אן נס ''ăn nes'' = the miracle
*אן נס ''ăn nes'' = the miracle


Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite and take ''ă'';
Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite and take ''ă'';
*א גּֿעלעך ''ă jhełăch'' = the moon
*א גּֿעלעך ''ă gzhełăch'' = the moon
*א מֿען ''ă mhen'' = the woman/wife
*א מֿען ''ă mhen'' = the woman/wife
*אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character)
*אן אות ''ăn oas'' = the letter (character)
*אנט סֿוכּה ''ănt sîcă'' = the booth
*אנט סֿוכּה ''ănt sycă'' = the booth


Plural nouns take ''năh-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
Plural nouns take ''năh-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
*נאה טיש ''năh tîș'' = the houses
*נאה טיש ''năh tysz'' = the houses
*נאה ל'אַהן ''năh łathăn'' = the days
*נאה ל'אַהן ''năh łathăn'' = the days
*נאה מנאָ ''năh mno'' = the women/wives
*נאה מנאָ ''năh mno'' = the women/wives
*נאה אותיות ''năh usyăs'' = the letters
*נאה אותיות ''năh usjăs'' = the letters
*נאה סוכּות ''năh sîcăs'' = the booths
*נאה סוכּות ''năh sycăs'' = the booths
*נאה ניסים ''năh nisim'' = the miracles
*נאה ניסים ''năh nisim'' = the miracles


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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives always have ''-e'' in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-i'': the plural of ייִדעך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי ''Yidi''.
Adjectives always have ''-e'' in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-i'': the plural of ייִדעך ''Jidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי ''Jidi''.


*pred: טאָם בּעגּ ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
*pred: טאָם בּעגּ ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
*m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ ''fer beg'' = a short man; אם ףער בּעג ''ǎm fer beg'' = the short man
*m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ ''fer beg'' = a short man; אם ףער בּעג ''ǎm fer beg'' = the short man
*f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ ''fyuŗ bheg'' = a short sister; אן ףֿיור בֿעגּ ''ǎn fhyuŗ bheg'' = the short sister
*f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ ''fjurz bheg'' = a short sister; אן ףֿיור בֿעגּ ''ǎn fhjurz bheg'' = the short sister
*pl.: ףערן אָרדע ''ferăn ordă'' = tall men; נאה ףערן אָרדע ''nǎh ferăn ordă'' = the tall men
*pl.: ףערן אָרדע ''ferăn ordă'' = tall men; נאה ףערן אָרדע ''nǎh ferăn ordă'' = the tall men


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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu șe și șîn șîv șîd
conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu sze szi szyn szyv szyd


disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i șîn șîv îd
disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i szyn szyv yd


emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן mișă, tusă, șeșăn, șișă, șînyă, șîvșă, șîțăn
emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן misză, tusă, szeszăn, szisză, szynjă, szyvsză, szytzăn


emphatic suffixes: -șă -să -șăn -șă -yă -șă -săn
emphatic suffixes: -sză -să -szăn -sză -yă -sză -săn


Possessive prefixes:
Possessive prefixes:
*מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mă-bhrohăŗ'' /mə vrohəʒ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-ahăŗ'' /mahəʒ/ 'my father'
*מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mă-bhrohărz'' /mə vrohəʒ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-ahărz'' /mahəʒ/ 'my father'
*דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''dă-bhrohăŗ'' /də vrohəʒ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-ahăŗ'' /dahəʒ/ 'thy father'
*דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''dă-bhrohărz'' /də vrohəʒ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-ahărz'' /dahəʒ/ 'thy father'
*אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhrohăŗ'' /ə vrohəʒ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-ahăŗ'' /a ahəʒ/ 'his father'
*אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhrohărz'' /ə vrohəʒ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-ahărz'' /a ahəʒ/ 'his father'
*אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-brohăŗ'' /ə brohəʒ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-ahăŗ'' /əh ahəʒ/ 'her father'
*אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-brohărz'' /ə brohəʒ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-ahărz'' /əh ahəʒ/ 'her father'
*אָר־בּראָהער ''or-brohăŗ'' /oɾ brohəʒ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-ahăŗ'' /oɾn ahəʒ/ 'our father'
*אָר־בּראָהער ''or-brohărz'' /oɾ brohəʒ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-ahărz'' /oɾn ahəʒ/ 'our father'
*באַר־בּראָהער ''văr-brohăŗ'' /vəɾ brohəʒ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-ahăŗ'' /vəɾn aheʒ/ 'your father'
*באַר־בּראָהער ''văr-brohărz'' /vəɾ brohəʒ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-ahărz'' /vəɾn aheʒ/ 'your father'
*אַ־בּראָהער ''a-brohăŗ'' /ə brohəʒ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-ahăŗ'' /ən ahəʒ/ 'their father'
*אַ־בּראָהער ''a-brohărz'' /ə brohəʒ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-ahărz'' /ən ahəʒ/ 'their father'


''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fyuŗ'' /fjuʒ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhyuŗ''  /mjuʒ/ 'my sister'.
''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fjurz'' /fjuʒ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhjurz''  /mjuʒ/ 'my sister'.


A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mă-mhohăr îs m-ahăr'', not ''*mo-moher is aher''.
A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mă-mhohăr ys m-ahăr'', not ''*mo-mohăr ys ahăr''.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*ag 'at': agom, agăt, ejă, ec̦i, agăn, agăv, acu
*ag 'at': agom, agăt, egză, eczi, agăn, agăv, acu
*de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
*de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
*ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
*dze 'off, away from': dzom, dzit, dze, dzi, dzin, dziv, dzu
*ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uan, uav, uahu
*ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uan, uav, uahu
*î(n) 'in': înom, înăt, on, înți, înăn, înăv, întu [''în'' is used before a vowel]
*y(n) 'in': ynom, ynăt, on, yntzi, ynăn, ynăv, yntu [''yn'' is used before a vowel]
*ăr 'on': orom, orăt, eŗ, eŗi, orăn, orăv, oru
*ăr 'on': orom, orăt, eŗ, erzi, orăn, orăv, oru
*ăs 'from': asom, asăt, as, ași, asăn, asăv, asu
*ăs 'from': asom, asăt, as, aszi, asăn, asăv, asu
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, revă, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
*ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, revă, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
*rzî 'with': rzum, rzet, rzeș, rzei, rzin, rziv, rzu
*rzy 'with': rzum, rzet, rzeș, rzei, rzin, rziv, rzu
*um 'around': umom, umăt, emă, empi, umăn, umăv, umpu
*um 'around': umom, umăt, emă, empi, umăn, umăv, umpu
*fi 'under': fum, fut, fi, fithi, fun, fuv, fithu
*fi 'under': fum, fut, fi, fithi, fun, fuv, fithu
====Combinations====
====Combinations====
''î(n), ŗi'' before a definite article becomes ''îns, ŗis'':
''y(n), rzy'' before a definite article becomes ''yns, rzyns'':


*אינס אן צעך ''îns ăn țech'' 'in the house'
*אינס אן צעך ''yns ăn tzech'' 'in the house'
*''To șîd înă-fiŗăch îns ă bhelă șo'' 'They live in this town'
*''To szyd ynă-firzăch yns ă bhelă szo'' 'They live in this town'
*אינס נאה ציראן ''îns năh țiŗăn'' 'in the countries'
*ר'ינס נאה ציראן ''rzyns năh țiŗăn'' 'with the countries'


''î'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''îna(n)-''
''y'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''yna(n)-''


''î'' + possessive ''or-'': ''înăr-''
''y'' + possessive ''or-'': ''ynăr-''


''oh'' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' : ''oan-/oam-/oan-''
''oh'' + ''ăn-/ăm-/ă-'' : ''oan-/oam-/oan-''


====Syntax====
====Syntax====
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol năh fŗegărțăn oh mă-mhohăŗ îs oh mă-bhrohăŗ'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nej fol năh frzegărtzăn oh mă-mhohărz ys oh mă-bhrohărz'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
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0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero)
0 = אפס ''efăs'', אַה אפס ''ah efăs'' (number zero)


counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טר'י, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעפֿט, אַה אָפֿט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש  ah oin, ah du, ah tŗi, ah c̦ehăr, ah cuj, ah șea, ah șeft, ah ăft, ah noi, ah zeș
counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טר'י, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעפֿט, אַה אָפֿט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש  ah oin, ah du, ah trzi, ah czehăr, ah cugz, ah szea, ah szeft, ah ăft, ah noj, ah dzesz


11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tŗi yeg...
11, 12, ... = ojn jeg, du jeg, trzi jeg...


20, 30, 40, ... = fișăd, tŗișăd, doișăd, cujăd, șescăd, șeftăd, ăftăd, noiăd
20, 30, 40, ... = fiszăd, trziszăd, dojszăd, cujăd, szescăd, szeftăd, ăftăd, noiăd


21, 22, ... = fișăd îs oin, fișăd îs du, ...
21, 22, ... = fiszăd ys oin, fiszăd ys du, ...


100, 200, ... = c̦ead, du c̦head, tŗi c̦head, ...
100, 200, ... = czead, du czhead, trzi czhead, ...


1000 = milă
1000 = milă
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attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites
attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites


Counting humans: (fer/men), bert, tŗur, čehrăr, cujăr, șeșăr, șeftăr, ăftăr, noinăr, zeșăr
Counting humans: (fer/men), bert, trzur, czehrăr, cugzăr, szeszăr, szeftăr, ăftăr, nojnăr, dzeszăr


ordinals: ''tăsi, elă, tŗiăv, c̦ehrăv, cujăv,...'' or just ''ăh N''
ordinals: ''tăsi, elă, trziăv, czehrăv, cugzăv,...'' or just ''ăh N''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified:
An Yidiș syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified:


:'''''To Yidi înă-firăch î sach țirăn.'''''
:'''''To Yidi ynă-firăch y sach tzirăn.'''''
:''Jews live in many countries.''
:''Jews live in many countries.''


In transitive sentences, the direct object immediately follows the verbal noun:
In transitive sentences, the direct object immediately follows the verbal noun:
:'''''To năh Yidi ag fołîm ăn Tură coch łath.'''''
:'''''To năh Yidi ag fołym ăn Tură coch łath.'''''
:''Jews study the Torah every day.''
:''Jews study the Torah every day.''
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
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===Predicate nouns===
===Predicate nouns===
*"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Îș men me'' = I'm a woman
*"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Ysz men me'' = I'm a woman
*"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Îș men i Rîvcă'' = Rîvcă (Rebekah) is a woman
*"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Ysz men i Ryvcă'' = Ryvcă (Rebekah) is a woman
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Îș mișă ă mhen ag Mușă'' = I am Mușă's (Moses') wife
*"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Ysz misză ă mhen ag Musză'' = I am Musză's (Moses') wife
*"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Și ă mhen ag Mușă i'' = She is Mușă's wife
*"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Sz i ă mhen ag Musză i'' = She is Musză's wife
**שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Și ă mhen ag Mușă i Rîvcă'' (or ''și Rîvcă i ă mhen ag Mușă'') = Rîvcă is Mușă's wife
**שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Și ă mhen ag Musză i Ryvcă'' (or ''szi Ryvcă i ă mhen ag Musză'') = Ryvcă is Musză's wife
*For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָרית אַ טאָ אי רבקה ''Îș munțoris ă to î Rîvcă'' 'Rîvcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
*For topics or focused predicatives: איש מונצאָרית אַ טאָ אי רבקה ''Ysz muntzărzis ă to i Ryvcă'' 'Ryvcă is a (female) teacher (not some other job)'
*Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'':  
*Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'':  
**טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Rîvcă ord'' 'Rîvcă is tall'
**טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Ryvcă ord'' 'Ryvcă is tall'
**טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To Rîvcă îns ăn chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'
**טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To Ryvcă yns ăn chedăr cadăl'' 'Rivcă is in the bedroom'


===Infinitive phrases===
===Infinitive phrases===
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Examples:
Examples:
*''ă thavărț matonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'')
*''ă thavărtz matonă'' (NB: does not follow Irish!) = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'')
*''o-thavărț dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me
*''o-thavărtz dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me
*''o-tavărț dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me
*''o-tavărtz dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me
===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
*When the head is the subject: ă to (present), ăv (imperfect)
*When the head is the subject: ă to (present), ăv (imperfect)
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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Derivation===
===Derivation===
*־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-iyăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'
*־ית ''-is'', pl. ־יות ''-ijăs'' or ־יתאן ''-isăn'' 'feminine occupational suffix'
*''-in'': diminutive
*''-in'': diminutive
*''-ăg'': augmentative
*''-ăg'': augmentative
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==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
*שלום ''Șolăm'' = Hello, goodbye
*שלום ''Szolăm'' = Hello, goodbye
*שלום עליכם ''Șolăm aléachăm'' = Hello
*שלום עליכם ''Szolăm aléachăm'' = Hello
*עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm șolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm aléachăm'')
*עליכם שלום ''Aléachăm szolăm'' = Hello (in response to ''șolăm aléachăm'')
*סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye
*סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye
*בּיאָנאפֿט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Byonăft agăt/agăv'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
*בּיאָנאפֿט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Bjonăft agăt/agăv'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
*ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Folță rut/ruv'' = Welcome
*ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Foltză rut/ruv'' = Welcome
*צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע ''c̦ead milă folță'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
*צ'עאד מילע ףאָלצע ''czead milă foltză'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
*קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ănt enim ret?'' = What is your name?
*קאַרד ע אנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ănt enim rzet?'' = What is your name?
*דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid șe ănt enim ryom'' = My name is David
*דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid sze ănt enim rzum'' = My name is David
*ביל אַן ענגּליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil ăn Engliș agăt/agăv?'' = Do you speak English?
*ביל אַן ענגּליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vyl ăn Englisz agăt/agăv?'' = Do you speak English?
*כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal ăn Yidiș agom'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
*כאַל אַן יידיש אַגּאָם ''Chal ăn Jidisz agom'' = I can't speak Ăn Yidiș
*כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim ă ticșinț'' = I don't understand
*כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim ă ticszintz'' = I don't understand
*ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דא־טֿעל = ''Łavăr nis melă, rî dă-thel'' = Please speak more slowly
*ל'אַבער' ניס מעלע, ר'י דא־טֿעל = ''Łavărz nis melă, rzy dă-thel'' = Please speak more slowly
**ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באר־טעל ''Łavru nis melă, rî văr-tel'' = above, 2pl
**ל'אַבר'ו ניס מעלע, ר'י באר־טעל ''Łavrzu nis melă, rzy văr-tel'' = above, 2pl
*טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To ieri agom ă łavăr ăs Yidiș, ach chal cumăs dom.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
*טאָ איאַר'י אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To ierzi agom ă łavărz ăs Yidisz, ach chal cumăs dom.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
*בּליאן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year
*בּליאן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blien mhath bhjonitză'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year
===Dates and time===
===Dates and time===
====Civil months====
====Civil months====
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====Days of the week====
====Days of the week====
Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
Note: in {{PAGENAME}} a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
*Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-soal''
*Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''dzi-soal''
**Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin soal''
**Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''madzin soal''
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal''  
**Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescăr soal''  
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!)
**Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!)
**Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן ''eașă łuan'' (!)
**Sunday night: עאשע ל'ואַן ''easză łuan'' (!)
*Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan''
*Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''dzi-łuan''
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-morț''
*Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''dzi-mortz''
*Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין ''zi-c̦eadin''
*Wednesday: זי־צ'עאדין ''dzi-czeadin''
*Thursday: זי־זעארעדין ''zi-zearădin''
*Thursday: זי־זעארעדין ''dzi-dzearădin''
*Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haină''
*Friday: זי־היינע ''zi-hejnă''
*Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-șabăs''
*Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-szabăs''


====Telling the time====
====Telling the time====
*טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To și tri șo.'' = It's 3:00.
*טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To szi trzi szo.'' = It's 3:00.
*טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To și du șo yeag'' = It's 12:00.
*טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To szi du szo jeag'' = It's 12:00.


===Colors===
===Colors===
*ףין ''fin'' = white
*ףין ''fin'' = white
*דוב ''duv'' = black
*דוב ''duv'' = black
*זערעגּ ''zerăg'' = red
*זערעגּ ''dzerăg'' = red
*בּוייע ''buyă'' = yellow
*בּוייע ''bujă'' = yellow
*גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green
*גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green
*גּאָרעם ''gărăm'' = blue
*גּאָרעם ''gărăm'' = blue
*בּאַנעש ''banăș'' = violet; purple
*בּאַנעש ''banăsz'' = violet; purple
*דוֹן ''doan'' = brown
*דוֹן ''doan'' = brown


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===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)===
===Ma Nishtana (from the Haggadah)===
:קאַרד א טאָ ניי אַהראב אר אן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישאן עלא?
:קאַרד א טאָ ניי אַהראב אר אן איישע שאָ אוֹ קאָך איישאן עלא?
:'''''Card ă to nei ahrăv ăr ăn eașă șo oh coch eașăn elă?'''''
:'''''Card ă to nei ahrăv ăr ăn easză szo oh coch easzăn elă?'''''
:''What has changed on this night from all other nights?''
:''What has changed on this night from all other nights?''
:'''''Gur nach ag tum głasrăn afílu oin łer ă toj ăr coch eașăn elă, ach îș du łer ă toj ănắft.'''''
:'''''Gur nach ag tum głasrăn afílu oin łer ă togz ăr coch easzăn elă, ach ysz du łer ă togz ănắft.'''''
:''That we don't dip vegetables even once on all other nights, but we do so twice tonight.''
:''That we don't dip vegetables even once on all other nights, but we do so twice tonight.''
:'''''Gur îș izir chomăț îs mață ă toj ag îth ăr coch eașăn elă, ach chalij ach mață ănắft.'''''
:'''''Gur ysz idzir chomătz ys matză ă togz ag yth ăr coch easzăn elă, ach chalij ach matză ănắft.'''''
:''That we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo on all other nights; but we eat only matzo tonight.''
:''That we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo on all other nights; but we eat only matzo tonight.''
:'''''Gur îș coch c̦inăł głasrăn ă toj ag îth ăr coch eașăn elă, ach îș morăr ă toj ag îth ănắft.'''''
:'''''Gur ysz coch czinăł głasrăn ă togz ag yth ăr coch easzăn elă, ach ysz morăr ă togz ag yth ănắft.'''''
:''That we eat all kinds of vegetables on all other nights; but tonight, it's bitter herbs that we eat.''
:''That we eat all kinds of vegetables on all other nights; but tonight, it's bitter herbs that we eat.''
:'''''Gur toj ag îth îs toj ciz înăr-ti îs toj ciz înăr-li șier ăr coch eașăn elă, ach toj cochnă înăr-li șier ănắft.'''''
:'''''Gur toj ag yth ys toj cidz ynăr-ti ys toj cidz ynăr-li szier ăr coch easzăn elă, ach togz cochnă ynăr-li szier ănắft.'''''
:''That we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline on all other nights, but all of us recline tonight.''
:''That we eat while some of us sit and some of us recline on all other nights, but all of us recline tonight.''
===Warming Up to You===
===Warming Up to You===
'''''Țeav dit'''''
'''''Tzeav dyt'''''


===From "Dirge Without Music"===
===From "Dirge Without Music"===
<poem>
<poem>
'''{{rtl|קינה ג'אן צֿ'אָל'}}'''
'''{{rtl|קינה ג'אן צֿ'אָל'}}'''
'''''Cină jăn c̦hoł'''''
'''''Cină gzăn czhoł'''''
</poem>
</poem>


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