Lax An: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 02:26, 18 May 2014


The Lax-An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary.

The existence of LA was first proved in the (*** century) by (name), who observed the use of a unique, well-defined language used by the first (wave) of (Humans) while researching historical records held by (the First). Efforts have since been made to continue analysis and documentation of both the culture and the language used by this first era of (Humans) whenever possible.

Phonology

Consonants

PIE Labiovelar consonants include [kw, gw, xw, ngw] which are pronounced like [k, g, x, ng] but with rounded lips. Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). They include [k, g, x, ng]. Palatovelar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue against the hard palate. They include [k', g', x', ng']. For example, [k'] is pronounced as the k in keen.

voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives; a glottal stop that is used to distinguish word meaning; a three-way contrast between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants which may be realized as velarized, glottalized, pharyngealized, ejective, orimplosive. use of semivowels /w/ and /j/ in the role of consonants


Alternative notations: The aspirated stops are sometimes written as *bh, *dh, *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh; for the palatals, *k̑, *g̑ are often used; and *i̯, *u̯ can replace *y, *w.

The following are the main characteristics of PIE consonants:


Correspondences in Afro-Asian languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Semitic Egyptian Berber
*b *b b *β, ? *b, *-∅-
*p *p p *f, ? *b
*f f f
*d *d d *d
*t *t t *t
*ṭ *ṭ d(~t) *ḍ [dˁ] / *ṭ (→ *ṭṭ [tˁː])
*ð ?? d *z
*θ s, ?? š}} *s
*θ̣ ḏ- *ẓ [zˁ]
*z z *z
*s *s s *s- ?
*ṣ [(t)sʼ] ḏ *ẓ [zˤ]
*š s *s
*ś (*s) [ɬ] š, ? s *s, *z-
*ṣ́ (*ṣ [(t)ɬʼ] ḏ, ? d-
*g g, ḏ *g
*k k, ṯ *k, ? *ɣ
*ḳ q, ḏ *ɣ, ? *ḳ (→ *ḳḳ [kˤː])
*ɣ χ-, ʕ- ? *h
*χ χ, ẖ, ħ *H-
*ʕ ʕ *H-
*ħ ħ *H-
*h ı͗- *h, *h
*ʔ ı͗, ? ꜣ *ʔ
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Semitic Egyptian Berber
Labial Coronal Palatal Dorsal Laryngeal
"palato-velar" "plain velar" "labiovelar"
Nasal *m *n
Plosive

voiceless

*p *t *ḱ *k *kʷ  
Voiced *b *d *ǵ *g *gʷ  
Aspirated *bʰ *dʰ *ǵʰ *gʰ *gʷʰ  
Fricative *s *h₁, *h₂, *h₃
Liquid r, l
Semivowel y w

Vowels

Lax An used an seven-vowel system which consisted of the short vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and long /e/, /ii/, /o/, /uu/

Vowels
  Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High /ɪ/ /iː/   /ʊ/ /uː/
Mid /eː/   /oː/
Low   /a/  

Morphology

Syntax

Vocabulary

Lax An Vocabulary
Number Lax An Word Lax An Word Meaning Proto-Afroasiatic Word Proto-AA Word Meaning Proto-Indoeuropean Word Proto-IE Word Meaning
1 ama I ʾanā I me I
2 atuu you (sing) atta you túh₂ you
3 huu he hú he * *
4 wuva we nəħna we wéy we
5 uuton you (pl) attōn you yū you
6 hum they hum they * *
7 kad this hāðē this kod this
8 tad that hāhu that tód that
9 uuna here hunā here * *
10 uunag there hunāka there * *
11 manus who mannu who kʷis who
12 me what mā what * *
13 egu where ʾaykā where * *
14 mofe when mâθay when * *
15 egun how ʾaykan how * *
16 na not ma not ne not
17 duum all tVm all * *
18 hal many HawVl many * *
19 kalo some kmā some kaylo, solwo some
20 adat few ḫədāṭ few * *
21 elfru other ʾaħér other h₂el-yó other
22 vonuu one, 1 ʾaħadu one (H)óynos one
23 bwash two, 2 baʕiĉ̣ two dwóh₁ two
24 xeyas three, 3 šalāš three tréyes three
25 tworba four, 4 ʾarbaʿ four kʷetwóres four
26 uubun five, 5 ḫ/ḥup/bin five pénkʷe five
27 kof big kabVr big * *
28 luug long ĉaʔd long dluh₂gʰós long
29 leufo wide rəħub wide * *
30 fun thick ʿvīṭā thick bʰenǵʰ thick
31 jaluu heavy ɣaluč̣ heavy gʷer(h₂) heavy
32 gus small kus small mey small
33 rugos short qâṣâr short mreǵʰú short
34 hunga narrow qatnu narrow h₂enǵʰ narrow
35 tanuus thin rVḳ thin ténh₂us thin
36 gamun female ʔamin woman gʷḗn woman
37 xuro male ʒ/ǯa man wiHrós man
38 manica human being ga/ič(-aʔ) human being mánus human being
39 puwuud child w/yVd child nepeh₃t grandson/nephew
40 uxo wife ʾiššâ wife snúsos daugter-in-law
41 dawa husband ḥawVy husband *daywe husband's brother
42 mamu mother ʔVma mother méh₂tēr mother
43 papu father bab father ph₂tḗr father
44 oneum animal ʕum-ʕam animal * *
45 kuu fish bus fish dʰǵʰu fish
46 suwa bird sabaḥ bird h₂éwis bird
47 kor dog kayar dog ḱwṓ dog
48 niin louse ʔint louse knid louse
49 sufan snake sVf snake h₂engwi snake
50 rom worm dVm worm wr̥mi worm
51 dowuu tree rVwVy tree dóru tree
52 cuur forest suʕVr forest * *
53 gadso stick guʕad stick ǵhasto stick
54 bar fruit pi/ar fruit * *
55 xul seed či/ul seed * *
56 sup leaf ĉap leaf * *
57 sura root ĉVr root wréh₂ds root
58 gog bark ḳaw(ḳ) bark of tree * *
59 uumpa flower ʔanbab flower * *
60 sen grass sayam grass koino grass
61 suul rope sur rope * *
62 apu skin ʔad-Vm skin pel skin
63 mux meat fVʔ meat mēms meat
64 uxa blood dam blood h₁ésh₂r̥ blood
65 gas bone ḳ(ʷ)as bone kost bone
66 taruu fat pidar fat smeru fat
67 zaho egg sawVḥ egg h₂ōwyóm egg
68 ko horn ḳar horn koru horn
69 cu tail č̣ihr tail * *
70 sa feather ŝakʷ feather * *
71 fol hair sVʔVm hair pulh₂ hair
72 kal head gVl(gVl) head kaput head
73 os ear sim ear h₂ows ear
74 ehuuk eye ʕayVn eye h₃ekʷ eye
75 niiha nose naḫVr nose hnéh₂s nose
76 ufas mouth ʔa-pay mouth h₁oh₁s mouth
77 aduus tooth kV(ʔ)Vs tooth h₃dónts tooth
78 lax tongue lis tongue dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s tongue
79 nak fingernail gu/iĉ fingernail h₃nógʰ(r)o fingernail
80 gob foot ĉayṗ foot pṓds foot
81 rosgo leg wa(ʕ)r leg kroksko leg
82 kuna knee g(ʷ)inʒ knee ǵónu knee
83 tepa hand ṭapiḥ hand man hand
84 gam wing ganVḥ wing * *
85 huuduu belly hun belly udero belly
86 iita guts * * eh₁ter guts
87 gad neck ḳard neck mon neck
88 ya back yiʔ back * *
89 sdam breast ʔa-nwan breast psten breast
90 kiil heart li/ubb heart ḱḗr heart
91 uhiiwa liver tiraw/ʔ liver yeh₁kwr̥ liver
92 ag drink ʕab drink h₁egʷʰ to drink
93 ud eat birVh eat h₁ed to eat
94 kuk bite ḳVḳ bite denḱ to bite
95 ok suck ni/uḳ suck dʰeh₁(i) to suck
96 piix spit pičw to spit sp(y)eu to spit
97 gun vomit ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ vomit wem to vomit
98 suwu blow fiwaq blow weh₁ to blow
99 nuusu breathe nVsVp breathe pneu to breathe
100 mi laugh * * (s)mei to laugh
101 no see naʔ see weyd to see
102 gluu hear * * ḱlew to hear
103 uwa know siwan know ǵneh₃ to know
104 rag think lak think tong to think
105 sune smell sVn smell h₃ed to smell
106 fuuru fear furVh fear * *
107 wam sleep wiʕan sleep drem to sleep
108 guw live gir live gʷeiH₃w to live
109 mat die mawVt die mer to die
110 kun kill ɣVwar kill gʷʰen to kill
111 lam fight laḥm fight * *
112 xohu hunt c̣ayad hunt * *
113 plu hit nig(ʕ) strike pleh₂k to hit
114 tag cut dac cut * *
115 fudak split fVṭVḳ split * *
116 taka stab dagwaṣa stab * *
117 kolb scratch ʔakul scratch gerbʰ to scratch
118 hot dig hut dig * *
119 nuhuu swim nVbVy swim néh₂-u to swim
120 pur fly pVr fly pet to fly
121 krod walk ŝVʔŝVʔ walk gʰredʰ to walk
122 jam come may come gʷem to come
123 luk lie * * legʰ to lie
124 sdus sit tis sit sed to sit
125 sta stand ĉawVʔ stand steh₂ to stand
126 han turn ʕVn turn * *
127 du fall diḥ fall * *
128 bula give barVʕ give deh₃ to give
129 suk hold kum hold segʰ to hold
130 xad squeeze ĉVḥaṭ squeeze * *
131 malu rub ʕVruk rub melh₁ to rub
132 luw wash waʕab wash leh₂w to wash
133 fut wipe fVtt wipe * *
134 ta pull ʔitaḥ pull * *
135 tuu push tur push * *
136 fup throw ĉVl throw swep to throw
137 kanuu tie ḳanVw tie * *
138 siihuup sew ʕVḳVp sew syuh₁ to sew
139 uud count ʕud count * *
140 ka say kaw say * *
141 gan sing gaʔ sing kan to sing
142 ruh play riw play * *
143 daf float ṭaf float * *
144 balal flow bVl(Vl) flow * *
145 gurux freeze ḳVrVs freeze * *
146 ba swell bVʕ swell * *
147 azo sun ʔaǯ sun sóh₂wl̥ sun
148 muhiin moon ḳiḥ moon mḗh₁n̥s moon
149 ustiir star suhw star h₂stḗr star
150 ma water maʔ water h₂ekʷeh₂ water
151 muun rain buʕun rain h₂ekmon rain
152 uke river siw/ʔVn river h₂ekw-eh₂ river
153 hup lake wVʕVr lake h₂ep lake
154 uam sea yam sea * *
155 ham salt ḥamʕ/ʔ salt sal salt
156 akmo stone ḥak stone h₂ekmon stone
157 bor sand bur sand * *
158 fe dust fay/ʔ sand pers dust
159 aric earth ʔariĉ̣ earth dʰéǵʰōm earth
160 nebo cloud ɣay/wb cloud nébʰos cloud
161 snuuf fog luf fog sneudh fog
162 ra sky raw sky * *
163 sawa wind sa(w/yV)ḥ wind ḱewero wind
164 snu snow * * sneigwh snow
165 uk ice * * yeg ice
166 damo smoke daʕar smoke dʰuh₁mós smoke
167 jur fire gir fire h₁égnis fire
168 juur ash gur ash h₃és-i ash
169 iir burn ʔu/ir burn swel to burn
170 pan road darib road pent road
171 wuur mountain ḫurs mountain gʷerh₃ mountain
172 ton red dVm red h₁rewdʰós red
173 uurug green wVraḳ green * *
174 kam yellow caḥm yellow k(e)nhkos yellow
175 abos white c̣aḥ white h₂elbʰós white
176 cum black č̣ilam black h₂ems black
177 naku night naw/yn night nókʷts night
178 ura day hVraw/y day h₂eǵh day
179 san year san year yeHr year
180 surs warm sirVf warm tep warm
181 juuwa cold ḥVwas cold gel cold
182 uuro full ḫVr full pl̥h₁nós full
183 meho new may/ʔ new néwos new
184 hasun old yas old senh₁ó old
185 mor good mVr good h₁su good
186 awab bad yaway bad h₂wap bad
187 pog rotten buḳ be rotten * *
188 suud dirty suʔit be dirty * *
189 iisar straight yasar straight * *
190 topol round dVbVl round * *
191 zud sharp ħadd sharp h₂eḱ sharp
192 bwado dull pVṭVs flatten * *
193 ulak smooth ḥalaḳ be smooth * *
194 uda wet daʔ wet wed wet
195 tuuz dry kVʒ dry ters dry
196 maro correct marVʕ be true * *
197 kerf near qâróv near * *
198 wu far way far wi far
199 duluum right walyam right deḱs right
200 xuwas left šimāl left sewyós left
201 apii at ba at opi at
202 pun in bi in (h₁?)en in
203 bu with bi with pe with
204 kwa and wa and kʷe and
205 am if ʾim, if * *
206 budal because biğlal because * *
207 xiinam name sim name h₁nómn̥ name
* an ancestor * * h₂en- ancestor
* dudar brother di/ad brother bʰréh₂tēr brother
* susar sister si/ut sister swésōr sister
* zanuu son ʒ/ǯaʔ son suHnús son
* datu daughter si/ut daughter dʰugh₂tḗr daughter
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * *

Nanyse

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