Ilithian: Difference between revisions

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| [f]
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''s''' /s/  
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ḥ''' /x/ ||  
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||  
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
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|}
|}


Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ḥ = [x], j = [ʝ~ç]
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ch = [x], j = [ʝ~ç]


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnach''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnach''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnach''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''ouštách'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkéḥ''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
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|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáḥ!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnách!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|}
|}
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťach''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agníḥ''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťaḥ''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťach''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agňéch'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''mařéḥ'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňéḥ''
|''agní'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťábhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébhou'' || ''mařéḥ''
|''maří'' || ''mařébhou'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
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|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťach!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patníḥ!''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}
|}


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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavaḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavach''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúḥ''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''výjouḥ'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''výjouch'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouḥ'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
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|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavaḥ!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavach!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenaḥ''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenach''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenáḥ'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenéḥ''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenáḥ'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenéḥ''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesáḥ'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andheséḥ''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕḥ''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕch''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patréḥ'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
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|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''taḥ'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''  
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sach'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsudhr''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''jsudhr''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''jsudhrá''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhraḥ''
|''jsudhrá''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhrach''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''jsudhraḥ''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''jsudhrach''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsudhra'' ||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhrouḥ''
|''jsudhra'' ||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhrouch''
|''jsudhrou''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhraḥ''
|''jsudhrou''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhrach''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhrá''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsudhráḥ'' ||''jsudhrabhou''  ||''jsudhrabh''
|''jsudhrách'' ||''jsudhrabhou''  ||''jsudhrabh''
|''jsudhráḥ'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábh''
|''jsudhrách'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábh''
|''jsudhráḥ'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|''jsudhrách'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsudhrý'' ||''jsudhrabhou''  ||''jsudhréḥ''
|''jsudhrý'' ||''jsudhrabhou''  ||''jsudhréch''
|''jsudhrajá'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábhi''
|''jsudhrajá'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábhi''
|''jsudhrý'' || ''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhréḥ''
|''jsudhrý'' || ''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
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|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsudhre''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''jsudhre''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhraḥ''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhrach''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''-ḥ'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-taha'' || ''-hva''
| ''-ch'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-taha'' || ''-hva''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
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|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''jejudžeḥ'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
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|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''ješventáḥ'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátaha'' || ''ješventáhvé''
| ''ješventách'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátaha'' || ''ješventáhvé''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
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|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''jejudžeḥ'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
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|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''jejudžeḥ'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
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|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''jebendheḥ'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetaha'' || ''jebendhehva''
| ''jebendhech'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetaha'' || ''jebendhehva''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
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|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| ''jebhúḥ'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''  
| ''jebhúch'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
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=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Vrn rekté, taš vnama Vrn jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľaḥ pať jest, Ouhaľáč Vrnaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýreč.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Vrn rekté, taš vnama Vrn jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľach pať jest, Ouhaľáč Vrnaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýreč.''


This is a man. The man is called Vrn, his name is Vrn. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Vrn is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Vrn, his name is Vrn. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Vrn is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
Line 1,228: Line 1,228:
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Avi ješvéč'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouḥ: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]

Revision as of 08:05, 18 April 2021

Ilithian
jľoudhišká dažvá
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Unbegotten
Indo-European
  • Ilithian

Ilithian (jľoudhišká dažvá) is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in Verse:Unbegotten. It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.

gájati = to sing

vrýž = king

Jsužan = name cognate to Eugene, Owen

Phonology

→ PoA
↓ Manner		 Labial Dental/Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ň, ni /ɲ/ [ŋ]
Plosive tenuis p /p/ t /t/ č /tʃ/ ť, ti /c/ k /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ dž /dʒ/ ď, di /ɟ/ g /g/
breathy bh /bʱ/ dh /dʱ/ džh /dʒʱ/ ďh, dhi /ɟʱ/
Fricative unvoiced [f] s /s/ š /ʃ/ [ç] ch /x/
voiced v /v/ ž /ʒ/ j /j~ʝ/ h /ɦ/
Liquid l /l/, r /r/ ř /(Czech ř)/ ľ, li /ʎ/

Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ch = [x], j = [ʝ~ç]

d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í

Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids

PIE oey, ōy > ej

Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?

Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)

initial e- > je-

ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í

all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"

mýs, mýnes- 'month'

ja > je?

Nouns

Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.

o-stems

vrk (m.) = wolf loušná (f.) = moon, month oušta (n.) = mouth
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative vrk vrků vrké loušná loušné loušnach oušta oušté ouštá
Genitive vrkaš vrkou vrkou loušnach loušnou loušnou ouštaš ouštou ouštou
Dative vrkej vrkabhou vrkabh loušnáj loušnábhou loušnábh ouštej ouštabhou ouštabh
Accusative vrka vrků vrkouch loušnou loušné loušnach oušta oušté ouštá
Ablative vrkách vrkabhou vrkabh loušnách loušnábhou loušnábh ouštách ouštabhou ouštabh
Instrumental vrký vrkabhou vrkéch loušnajá loušnábhou loušnábhi ouštý ouštabhou ouštéch
Locative vrké vrkou vrkéš loušné loušnou loušnáš oušté ouštou ouštéš
Vocative vrče! vrků! vrké! loušna! loušné! loušnách! oušte! oušté! ouštá!

i-stems

ageň (m.) = fire mať (f.) = thought mař (n.) = sea
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative ageň agňů agňé mať maťé maťach mař mařé maří
Genitive agňéš agňou agňou maťéch maťou maťou mařéš mařou mařou
Dative agňej agňébhou agňebh maťáj maťébhou maťebh mařej mařébhou mařebh
Accusative agni agňů agních mati maťé maťach mař mařé maří
Ablative agňéch agňébhou agňebh maťéch maťébhou maťebh mařéch mařébhou mařebh
Instrumental agní agňébhou agňéch matijá maťébhou maťábhi maří mařébhou mařéch
Locative agňé agňou agníš maťé maťou matíš mařé mařou maříš
Vocative agňe! agňů! agňé! maťi! maťé! maťach! maře! mařé! maří!

Feminines in -í

patní (f.) = wife
singular dual plural
Nominative patní patnijé patních
Genitive patních patnijou patnijou
Dative patní patníbhou patníbh
Accusative patní patnijé patních
Ablative patních patníbhou patníbh
Instrumental patnijá patníbhou patníbhi
Locative patnijé patnijou patníš
Vocative patní! patnijé! patních!

u-stems

výju (m.) = wind žouštú (f.) = meat medhu (n.) = honey
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative výju výjavů výjavé žouštú žoustavé žouštavach medhu medhavé medhú
Genitive výjouš výjavou výjavou žouštouch žouštavou žouštavou medhouš medhavou medhavou
Dative výjavej výjubhou výjubh žouštaváj žouštubhou žouštubh medhavej medhubhou medhubh
Accusative výjú výjavů výjúch žouštú žouštavé žouštúch medhu medhavé medhú
Ablative výjouch výjubhou výjubh žouštouch žouštubhou žouštubh medhouch medhubhou medhubh
Instrumental výjú výjubhou výjubhi žouštujá žouštubhou žouštubhi medhú medhubhou medhubhi
Locative výjáu výjavou výjúš žouštáu žouštavou žouštúš medháu medhavou medhúš
Vocative výjou! výjavů! výjavé! žouštou! žouštavé! žoustavach! medhou! medhavé! medhú!

n-stems

žmů (m.) = human
singular dual plural
Nominative žmů žmenů žmené
Genitive žmenaš žmenou žmenou
Dative žmenej žmenabhou žmenabh
Accusative žmena žmenů žmenach
Ablative žmenách žmenabhou žmenabh
Instrumental žmený žmenabhou žmenéch
Locative žmeni, žmené žmenou žmenaš
Vocative žmů! žmenů! žmené!

ma-stems

vnama (n.) = name
singular dual plural
Nominative vnama vnamené vnamená
Genitive vnamenaš vnamenou vnamenou
Dative vnamenej vnamenabhou vnamenabh
Accusative vnama vnamené vnamená
Ablative vnamenách vnamenabhou vnamenabh
Instrumental vnamený vnamenabhou vnamenéch
Locative vnameni, vnamené vnamenou vnamenaš
Vocative vnama! vnamené! vnamená!

s-stems

andh (n.) = spring (season)
singular dual plural
Nominative andh andhesé andhesá
Genitive andhes, andhesaš andhesou andhesou
Dative andhesej andhesabhou andhesabh
Accusative andh andhesé andhesá
Ablative andhesách andhesabhou andhesabh
Instrumental andhesý andhesabhou andheséch
Locative andhesi, andhesé andhesou andhesaš
Vocative andh! andhesé! andhesá!

Also: nebh 'cloud'

Other athematics

Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, vrýž 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular i-stem masculine noun.

-ýr nouns

TODO: Family members patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr

patýr (m.) = father
singular dual plural
Nominative patýr paterů pateré
Genitive patreš patrou patrou
Dative patrej patrbhou patrbh
Accusative patra paterů patŕch
Ablative patréch patrbhou patrbh
Instrumental patrý patrbhou patrbhi
Locative patři, patré patrou patrš
Vocative patre! paterů! pateré!

Pronouns

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. 1pl. 2pl. 3pl.
m. f. n. m. f. n.
nom. aha tú sa sá tach véch júch sí sach tá
acc. me te
gen.
dat. meži tebhi
abl.
ins.
loc.

Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid (distance-neutral)

Adjectives

o-stem adjectives

Declension of jsudhr 'good'
masc. fem. neut.
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative jsudhr jsudhrů jsudhré jsudhrá jsudhré jsudhrach jsudhra jsudhré jsudhrá
Genitive jsudhraš jsudhrou jsudhrou jsudhrach jsudhrou jsudhrou jsudhraš jsudhrou jsudhrou
Dative jsudhram jsudhrabhou jsudhrabh jsudhráj jsudhrábhou jsudhrábh jsudhram jsudhrabhou jsudhrabh
Accusative jsudhra jsudhrů jsudhrouch jsudhrou jsudhré jsudhrach jsudhra jsudhré jsudhrá
Ablative jsudhrách jsudhrabhou jsudhrabh jsudhrách jsudhrábhou jsudhrábh jsudhrách jsudhrabhou jsudhrabh
Instrumental jsudhrý jsudhrabhou jsudhréch jsudhrajá jsudhrábhou jsudhrábhi jsudhrý jsudhrabhou jsudhréch
Locative jsudhrami jsudhrou jsudhréš jsudhré jsudhrou jsudhráš jsudhrami jsudhrou jsudhréš
Vocative jsudhre jsudhrů jsudhré jsudhra jsudhré jsudhrach jsudhra jsudhré jsudhrá

u-stem adjectives

Verbs

Affixes

TODO: optative endings

Infinitive -ti from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic

Primary endings

Indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st -ů, -m, -mi -va -me -mé -vahé -mahé
2nd -š, -si -ta -te -sé -tahé -hvé
3rd -t -tou -nt -té -touhé -nté

Secondary endings

Indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji -va -me -má -vaha -maha
2nd -ch -ta -te -tá -taha -hva
3rd -Ø -tou -n -ta -touha -anta

Imperative endings

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st - - - - - -
2nd -Ø, -dhi -ta -te -se -tá -dhvá
3rd -tu -tou -ntu -tá -toudhá -antá


Verb classes

Past perfective comes from PIE perfects or root aorists

Nasal infix class

Infinitive: jugti = to join, to connect

Participles:

  • jungas, junganť = pres. active participle
  • jungam = passive participle
  • jungšas, jungšanť = future active ptcp.

Primary conjugation

Present indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jungů jungava jungame jungamé jungavahé jungamahé
2nd jundžeš jundžeta jundžete jundžesé jundžetahé jundžehvé
3rd jundžet jundžetou jungant jundžeté jundžetouhé junganté

Secondary conjugation

Imperfect indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jejugou jejugava jejugame jejugamá jejugavaha jejugamaha
2nd jejudžech jejudžeta jejudžete jejudžešá jejudžetaha jejudžehvé
3rd jejudže jejudžetou jejugan jejudžeta jejudžetouha jejuganta

Future indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jungšů jungšava jungšame jungšamé jungšavahé jungšamahé
2nd jungšaš jungšata jungšate jungšasé jungšatahé jungšahvé
3rd jungšat jungšatou jungšant jungšaté jungšatouhé jungšanté

Imperative endings

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st - jungava! jungame! - jungavá! jungamahá!
2nd jundže! jundžedhi! jundžeta! jundžete! jundžese! jundžetá! jundžehvé!
3rd jundžetu! jundžetou! jungantu! jundžetá! jundžetouhá! jungantá!

-áti verbs

Infinitive: šventáti = to worship

Participles:

  • šventous, šventánť = pres. active participle
  • šventám = passive participle
  • šventášas, šventášanť = future active ptcp.

Primary conjugation

Present indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st šventám šventáva šventáme šventámé šventávahé šventámahé
2nd šventáš šventáta šventáte šventásé šventátahé šventáhvé
3rd šventát šventátou šventánt šventáté šventátouhé šventánté

Secondary conjugation

Imperfect indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st ješventou ješventáva ješventáme ješventámá ješventávaha ješventámaha
2nd ješventách ješventáta ješventáte ješventášá ješventátaha ješventáhvé
3rd ješventá ješventátou ješventán ješventáta ješventátouha ješventánta

Future indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st šventášů šventášava šventášame šventášamé šventášavahé šventášamahé
2nd šventášaš šventášata šventášate šventášasé šventášatahé šventášahvé
3rd šventášat šventášatou šventášant šventášaté šventášatouhé šventášanté

Imperative endings

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st - šventáva! šventáme! - šventává! šventámahá!
2nd šventá! šventádhi! šventáta! šventáte! šventáse! šventátá! šventáhvé!
3rd šventátu! šventátou! šventántu! šventátá! šventátouhá! šventántá!

-ejeti

Infinitive: harejeti = to anger

Participles:

  • harejas, harejanť = pres. active participle
  • harejam = passive participle
  • haréšas, haréšanť = future active ptcp.

Primary conjugation

Present indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st harejů harejava harejame harejamé harejavahé harejamahé
2nd hareješ harejeta harejete harejesé harejetahé harejehvé
3rd harejet harejetou harejant harejeté harejetouhé harejanté

Secondary conjugation

Imperfect indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jejugou jejugava jejugame jejugamá jejugavaha jejugamaha
2nd jejudžech jejudžeta jejudžete jejudžešá jejudžetaha jejudžehvé
3rd jejudže jejudžetou jejugan jejudžeta jejudžetouha jejuganta

Future indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jungšů jungšava jungšame jungšamé jungšavahé jungšamahé
2nd jungšaš jungšata jungšate jungšasé jungšatahé jungšahvé
3rd jungšat jungšatou jungšant jungšaté jungšatouhé jungšanté

Imperative endings

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st - jungava! jungame! - jungavá! jungamahá!
2nd jundže! jundžedhi! jundžeta! jundžete! jundžese! jundžetá! jundžehvé!
3rd jundžetu! jundžetou! jungantu! jundžetá! jundžetouhá! jungantá!

-jeti

Infinitive: chšoušeti = to hear

Participles:

  • chšoušís, chšoušenť = pres. active participle
  • chšoušem = passive participle
  • chšoušas, chšoušanť = future active ptcp.

Primary conjugation

Present indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st chšoušem chšouševa chšoušeme chšoušemé chšouševahé chšoušemahé
2nd chšoušeš chšoušeta chšoušete chšoušesé chšoušetahé chšoušehvé
3rd chšoušet chšoušetou chšoušent chšoušeté chšoušetouhé chšoušenté

Secondary conjugation

Imperfect indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jejugou jejugava jejugame jejugamá jejugavaha jejugamaha
2nd jejudžech jejudžeta jejudžete jejudžešá jejudžetaha jejudžehvé
3rd jejudže jejudžetou jejugan jejudžeta jejudžetouha jejuganta

Future indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jungšů jungšava jungšame jungšamé jungšavahé jungšamahé
2nd jungšaš jungšata jungšate jungšasé jungšatahé jungšahvé
3rd jungšat jungšatou jungšant jungšaté jungšatouhé jungšanté

Imperative endings

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st - jungava! jungame! - jungavá! jungamahá!
2nd jundže! jundžedhi! jundžeta! jundžete! jundžese! jundžetá! jundžehvé!
3rd jundžetu! jundžetou! jungantu! jundžetá! jundžetouhá! jungantá!

Thematic root class

Infinitive: bensti = to bind

Participles:

  • bendhas, bendhanť = pres. active participle
  • bandham = passive participle
  • benšas, benšanť = future active ptcp.

Primary conjugation

Present indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st bendhů bendhava bendhame bendhamé bendhavahé bendhamahé
2nd bendheš bendheta bendhete bendhesé bendhetahé bendhehvé
3rd bendhet bendhetou bendhant bendheté bendhetouhé bendhanté

Secondary conjugation

Imperfect indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st jebendhou jebendhava jebendhame jebendhamá jebendhavaha jebendhamaha
2nd jebendhech jebendheta jebendhete jebendhešá jebendhetaha jebendhehva
3rd jebhende jebendhetou jebhendan jebhendeta jebendhetouha jebendhanta

Future indicative

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st benšů benšava benšame benšamé benšavahé benšamahé
2nd benšaš benšata benšate benšasé benšatahé benšahvé
3rd benšat benšatou benšant benšaté benšatouhé benšanté

Imperative endings

Active Passive
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
1st - bendhava! bendhame! - bendhavá! bendhamahá!
2nd bendhe! bendheta! bendhete! bendhese! bendhetá! bendhehvé!
3rd bendhetu! bendhetou! bendhantu! bendhetá! bendhetouhá! bendhantá!

Root athematic

  • důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
  • státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
  • dhýti (to do): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
  • anešti (to get): anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant

bhúti 'to be'

Participles:

  • present jsas (m), jsanť (f)
  • future bhúšas, bhúšanť

Present

Singular Dual Plural
1st jesmi jsva jsme
2nd jesi jsta jste
3rd jest jstou jsant

Forms beginning with js- are pronounced with [çs-] if not after a vowel. (The j is a reflex of PIE h₁.)

Future

Singular Dual Plural
1st bhúšů bhúšava bhúšame
2nd bhúšaš bhúšata bhúšate
3rd bhúšat bhúšatou bhúšant

Past ipfv.

Singular Dual Plural
1st jebhúm jebhúva jebhúme
2nd jebhúch jebhúta jebhúte
3rd jebhú jebhútou jebhún

Imperative

Singular Dual Plural
1st - bhúva! bhúme!
2nd bhú! bhúdhi! bhúta! bhúte!
3rd bhútu! bhútou! bhúntu!

Numerals

jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
septa - 7
aštů = 8
jneva = 9
deša = 10
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
třijurdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
šešurdeša = 16
septurdeša = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
vížati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
třížat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
šata = 100
žílí = 1000

Syntax

Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is Džená gájma gájet. (Using gájma 'song' as an object of gájeti 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be gájet.)

Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:

  • Džená gájma gájet = Onna wa uta wo utau
  • Gájma gájet džená = Uta wa onna ga utau
  • Žmenou dvů jstou = Hito wa futari ga iru (Of humans, there are two)
  • Tam švů jest = Kare wa inu ga iru

The -č or -eč Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Ilithian.

Sample text

Ilithian textbook

Lesson 2

Ši vír jest. Vír Vrn rekté, taš vnama Vrn jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľach pať jest, Ouhaľáč Vrnaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýreč.

This is a man. The man is called Vrn, his name is Vrn. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Vrn is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.

Schleicher's Fable

Avi ješvéč

Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.

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