Aarlaansc: Difference between revisions
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The irregularities are not systematic: how it can be seen, both ''vaar'' and ''daar'' have got an infinitive in ''-aar'', but the former has got a root form ''vach-'' in the three singular persons, whereas the latter has got a root form ''doe-''. More systematic (but not ever) are the verbs whose infinitive ends in ''-Ver'': in the three singular persons the root form ends in ''-Vf'', ex.: ''id pluft'', "it rains", from ''pluer'', ''eg me laf'', "I wash (myself)", from ''laer-ze'', and so on. | The irregularities are not systematic: how it can be seen, both ''vaar'' and ''daar'' have got an infinitive in ''-aar'', but the former has got a root form ''vach-'' in the three singular persons, whereas the latter has got a root form ''doe-''. More systematic (but not ever) are the verbs whose infinitive ends in ''-Ver'': in the three singular persons the root form ends in ''-Vf'', ex.: ''id pluft'', "it rains", from ''pluer'', ''eg me laf'', "I wash (myself)", from ''laer-ze'', and so on. | ||
However it is best to control in the dictionary how the root form of the irregular verbs changes. | However it is best to control in the dictionary how the root form of the irregular verbs changes. | ||
===Simple past=== | |||
The past tense, ''preterrit'' in Aarlaansk, is used to express an action that has happened in the past, independently on when it has happened, if it is ended or not, if it affects the present and so on. It corresponds to English past simple and present perfect. | |||
====Past tense of ''zer'' and ''haar''==== | |||
The past of these two irregular verbs is, obviously, quite irregular: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Zer''' | |||
!'''Haar''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''eg''' | |||
|veu | |||
|hu | |||
|- | |||
!'''toe''' / '''is''' | |||
|veut | |||
|huut | |||
|- | |||
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe''' | |||
|veurn | |||
|huurn | |||
|} | |||
In this tense, the 2nd and the 3rd singular persons share the same ending, as in the present tense. | |||
====Past simple of regular verbs==== | |||
The past tense of regular verbs is formed by deleting the ending of the infinitive and by adding ''-ed'' for the singular first person and ''-edt'' for the other two singular persons. The plural persons voices are formed by adding ''-n'' to the infinitive form: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Wider''' | |||
!'''Rjalizer''' | |||
!'''Diever''' | |||
!'''Oder''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''eg''' | |||
|wided / wijd (!) | |||
|rjalized | |||
|dieved | |||
|oded | |||
|- | |||
!'''toe''' / '''is''' | |||
|wideudt / wijdt (!) | |||
|rjalizeudt | |||
|dieveudt | |||
|odeudt | |||
|- | |||
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe''' | |||
|widern / wijdern (!) | |||
|rjalizern | |||
|dievern | |||
|odern | |||
|} | |||
The verb ''wider'' has got two forms of this tense: a regular one, that is the most spread, and an irregular one, that is archaic and it is found mostly in books. | |||
====Past of some irregular verbs==== | |||
Irregular verbs have, of course, irregular forms for the past of indicative. It is important to remember that neither the singular forms nor the plural ones are made starting from the infinitive: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Vaar''' | |||
!'''Ijr''' | |||
!'''Daar''' | |||
!'''Duir''' | |||
!'''Vluer''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''eg''' | |||
|vech | |||
|euw | |||
|ded | |||
|duis | |||
|vlus | |||
|- | |||
!'''toe''' / '''is''' | |||
|vecht | |||
|euft | |||
|dedt | |||
|duist | |||
|vlust | |||
|- | |||
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe''' | |||
|vechern (!) | |||
|iern | |||
|deddern | |||
|duisern | |||
|vlussern | |||
|} | |||
Please, note that the radical ''-e-'' of the form ''vech/t'' is short, whereas in the form ''vechern'' it becomes long. | |||
===Present perfect and past perfect=== | |||
Beside the ''preterrit'' there is another verbal form that expresses an action that has happened in the past: the '''pervecht'''. This form is similar to the English present perfect, because it is formed with the present of the verb ''haar'' and the past participle of the main verb. In Aarlaansk, however, this form is completely interchangeable with the ''preterrit'' form: it is just a matter of style and of formality, because the ''pervecht'' is more used among friends and in colloquial speech, whereas the ''preterrit'' is more used in written language and in formal meetings. | |||
When the auxiliary ''haar'' is in its past tense, then we obtain the past perfect or '''pluispervecht'''. This tense refers to actions that happened in the past before other actions that happened in the past too. | |||
====Present perfect of ''zer'' and ''haar''==== | |||
The auxiliary verb is always ''haar'': | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Zer''' | |||
!'''Haar''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''eg''' | |||
|haf zit | |||
|haf heit | |||
|- | |||
!'''toe''' / '''is''' | |||
|haft zit | |||
|haft heit | |||
|- | |||
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe''' | |||
|haan zit | |||
|haan heit | |||
|} | |||
====Present perfect of regular verbs==== | |||
Even for the regular verbs the auxiliary verb is always ''haar'': | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Wider''' | |||
!'''Rjalizer''' | |||
!'''Diever''' | |||
!'''Oder''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''eg''' | |||
|haf wijst (!) | |||
|haf rjalizit | |||
|haf dievit | |||
|haf odit | |||
|- | |||
!'''toe''' / '''is''' | |||
|haft wijst (!) | |||
|haft rjalizit | |||
|haft dievit | |||
|haft odit | |||
|- | |||
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe''' | |||
|haan wijst (!) | |||
|haan rjalizit | |||
|haan dievit | |||
|haan odit | |||
|} | |||
As it can be seen, the past participle of the regular verbs is formed by adding the ending ''-it'' to the root form. It is also true that not all the regular verbs have got a regular past participle (cf. ''wider'' > ''wijst''), in these cases it is always best to use the dictionary. | |||
====Present perfect of irregular verbs==== | |||
The irregular verbs maintain their irregularity in the form of the past participle used with the auxiliary: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Vaar''' | |||
!'''Ijr''' | |||
!'''Daar''' | |||
!'''Duir''' | |||
!'''Vluer''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''eg''' | |||
|haf vacht | |||
|haf ijt | |||
|haf daat | |||
|haf duicht | |||
|haf vlust | |||
|- | |||
!'''toe''' / '''is''' | |||
|haft vacht | |||
|haft ijt | |||
|haft daat | |||
|haft duicht | |||
|haft vlust | |||
|- | |||
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe''' | |||
|haan vacht | |||
|haan ijt | |||
|haan daat | |||
|haan duicht | |||
|haan vlust | |||
|} | |||
====Past perfect==== | |||
This tense is called ''pluispervecht'' in Aarlaansk and it corresponds to the English past perfect: it is used to express a past action that happened before another one. | |||
The ''pluispervecht'' is formed with the past of the verb ''haar'' and the past participle of the main verb, ex.: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Zer''' | |||
!'''Haar''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''eg''' | |||
|hu zit | |||
|hu heit | |||
|- | |||
!'''toe''' / '''is''' | |||
|huut zit | |||
|huut heit | |||
|- | |||
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe''' | |||
|huurn zit | |||
|huurn heit | |||
|} | |||
* ''Diepst eg hu spechtit uin plikel, eg ised'' - After I had watched a film, I went out. |
Revision as of 21:35, 18 November 2012
Aarlaansk | |
---|---|
Aarlaansk | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|'ɑ:rlɑ:nsk]] |
Created by | – |
Native to | The Aarlaans |
Native speakers | 80 millions (2012) |
Indo-European
| |
Official status | |
Official language in | The Aarlaans |
Regulated by | Ikkeddemie ies Aarlaansk Leng (Aarlaansk Language Accademy) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | aa |
ISO 639-2 | aak |
ISO 639-3 | aak |
The Aarlaans |
General informations
Aarlaansk is a language spoken in Hies Aarlaans (= The Aarlaans), a country that, in a different reality, inclues The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a part of our Germany and our Denmark. The term Aarlaansk means "(the language) of the Aarlaans". The origin of the ethnonym hasn't been completely explained yet: the most probable hypothesis explains that "Aarlaans" is a contraction of "Aarvers plaans", that is "plains of the tree", aarvers is an archaic genitive case of the term aarf, "tree", and plaans is the plural form of the term plaan, "plain". The fact that in old documents, the ethnonym Aarlane is also found and that the word plaan has got an archaic plural form plane, supports this hypothesis. But why should the Romans have given this place the name of "plains of the tree"? The explanation was found only in 2609 ab U.c. (that is circa 1856 of our era): during an archaeological excavation it was found a table that dates back to 867 ab U.c. (circa 114 of our era), on this table was written the anecdote of the defeat of Germanic Tribes in a Northern territory by the Roman army of Trajan. According to this narration, the emperor had a prophetic dream: the Roman army would have won, only if it had attacked the Germanic tribes far from the forest, in an endless plain. The sign that would have shown the right place would have been a solitary tree, the only one within this immense plain. History teaches us that in the Battle of Vloerijgen (866 ab U.c., that is 113 d.C.) the future country of Aarlaans became a part of Roman Empire.
Aarlaansk is a Romance language that descends from Vulgar Latin, even if, in spite of other languages of the same family, in Aarlaansk many common terms derive from Classical latin. The lexicon is almost completely of Latin origin (99% of Aarlaansk words derive from Latin).
Phonology
Alphabet
The Aarlaansk alphabet contains 23 letters and 1 digraph that is considered a distinct letter:
Letters | Pronunciation | Further informations |
---|---|---|
a | short [a] - long [ɑ:] | - |
b | [b] | - |
c | [k] | it is used only in digraphs and trigraphs |
d | [d] | - |
e | short [ɛ] - long [e:] | - |
f | [f] | - |
g | [g] | - |
h | [h] | - |
i | [ɪ] | always short |
j | [j] | a palatal approximant |
ij | [ɛi̯] | when unstressed it is a schwa [ə] |
k | [k] | - |
l | [l] | - |
m | [m] | - |
n | [n] | - |
o | short [ɔ] - long [o:] | - |
p | [p] | - |
r | [r] | trilled as in Italian |
s | [s] | - |
t | [t] | - |
u | short [œ] - long [y:] | - |
v | [v] | - |
w | [v] | - |
z | [z] | - |
When voiced consonants are found in final position, they are devoiced and become voiceless. The g, z and v can be pronounced respectively [χ], [s] and [f] when at the beginning of a word, this pronounciation is not compulsory and is rather dialectal.
Vowels
The vocalic phonemes of Aarlaansk are the following:
Phonemes | Short | Long | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Back | Front | Back | |
Closed | ɪ | ʊ | i: y: | u: |
Mid-closed | e: ø: | o: | ||
Mid-open | ɛ œ | ɔ | ||
Open | a | ɑ: |
The [a] and the [ɑ:] are rather centralised.
Diphthongs, false diphthongs and vowel length
In Aarlaansk there are only three diphthongs:
- ei [ɛi̯];
- ou [au̯];
- ui [œy].
There are also other "vocalic combinations" that represent a long vowel instead, thus they are called false diphthongs or just long vowels:
- eu [ø:];
- ie [i:];
- oe [u:].
A diaeresis divides two vowels that, otherwise, would form a diphthong, ex.: ïe [‘ie], "they"; zoüüt [zo'y:t], "greeting". The diphthongs, the false diphthongs and the letter ij (that really indicates the same diphthong as ei) are always long in Aarlaansk, while the letters i and y are always short. The letters a, e, o, and u can be both short and long, instead. To indicate the vowel length of these four vowels, this language uses a special system that is based on the kind of syllables.
There are two kind of syllables: they can be both open and closed. A syllable is open when it ends with a vowel (so ma, te, ko, su are all open syllables); a syllable is closed when it ends with a consonant (so mat, tek, kos, sum are all closed syllables).
The rules to indicate the length of a, e, o, and u says that:
«When a long vowel is found in an open syllable, it is written once, whereas if it is found in a closed syllable, it is written twice.»
That is to say that short vowels are never found in open syllables, but only in closed ones. In both these cases (short vowel in closed syllable and long vowel in open syllable) the vowels are written once. When a long vowel occurs in a closed syllable, then it is written twice,ex.:
- in ma and maat the a's are long; in mat the a is short;
- in te and teek the e's are long; in tek the e is short;
- in ko and koos the o's are long; in kos the o is short;
- in su and suum the u's are long; in sum the u is short.
This rule has got one last implication: if the syllabic division changes, then there could be grafic changes, ex.:
- maat (a is long) > mate (a remains long, but it is now found in an open syllable, so it is written once);
- mat (a is short) > matte (a remains short, but a short vowel occurs never in an open syllable, so we need to double the following consonant to maintain the syllable closed).
Digraphs and trigraphs
Aarlaansk has got two digraphs, that are ch, that is read [χ], and ck, that is read [k] and represents the double k. There is only a trigraph, sch that is read [ʃ].
Stress
The stress usually falls on the last syllable, this is particularly true for the infinitive and for the simple past of the verbs, for the feminine nouns that end in -el, for the nouns that end in -ie. Generally the nouns and the adjective ending in e-, -em, -en, -el (except for the feminine nouns) and -er are stressed on the last but one syllable. However it is advisable to learn the pronunciation of every word as you learn them.
Grammar
Nouns, gender and number
Nouns in Aarlaansk can be either common or neuter: the previously masculine and feminine genders have merged into the common one, whereas the neuter has remained the same. Nouns have got two forms: singular, that indicates one object, person, animal, concept, and so forth, and plural, that indicates more than one object, person, animal, concept, and so on.
Generally the plural is formed with the terminations:
1) -s, if the noun ends with a vowel or -l, -n, -r;
2) -e, if the noun ends with a consonant (except -l, -n, -r).
The substantives that end with -f or -s mutate f into v and s into z, ex.: zilf, "wood, forest", has got a plural zilve, "woods, forests"; tens, "time", has got a plural tenze, "times".
Here are some nouns with their gender, their plural and their meaning:
Singular | Plural | Gender | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
vloer | vloers | common | flower |
luin | luins | common | moon |
lup | luppe | common | wolf |
zoel | zoels | common | sun |
nocht | nochte | common | night |
rikel | rikels | neuter | ear |
koul | kouls | common | horse |
stiel | stiels | common | star |
zilf | zilve | common | wood, forest |
vijl | vijls | common | son |
vijlel | vijlels | common | daughter |
tens | tenze | neuter | time |
zier | ziers | common | lord |
zierel | zierels | common | lady |
masie | masies | common | home, house |
taat | tate | common | father |
mam | mamme | common | mother |
baas | baze | neuter | kiss |
vraat | vrate | common | brother |
zoer | zoers | common | sister |
oor | oors | neuter | gold |
keel | keels | common | sky |
kor | kors | neuter | heart |
ouw | ouwe | common | bird |
mijster | mijsters | common | master, male teacher |
meistrel | meistrels | common | mistress, female teacher |
Some nouns show some changes in their structure:
- zilf > zilve;
- baas > baze.
This is due to the phonetic rules: in the word zilf, the f becomes voiced due to its position between a voiced consonant and a vowel, so zilf becomes zilve. The last word, baas, shows a change in the written form of the long vowel and at the same time a voicing of the last consonant.
Articles
In Aarlaansk there are two kinds of article: definite article and indefinite article. The first is used to talk about things, people, concepts that are already known by both the speaker and the listener, whereas the indefinite article introduces concepts, things, people that are new. The indefinite article is just one: uin and it is used with both common and neuter nouns, it hasn't got a plural form, so the only way to make an indefinite plural is to omit it, ex.: uin masie, "a house", masies, "houses", but also "some houses".
The definite article has got a gender differentiation in the singular but a common form in the plural:
Gender | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Common | hij | hies |
Neuter | hoe | hies |
The articles always precede the noun they are referred to.
Adjectives
The adjectives always precede the noun they are referred to and they don't change according to gender nor number, ex.:
- Hij kat est magen - The cat is big.
- Uin magen kat - A big cat;
- Hij magen kat - The big cat;
- Nuin magen kat - No big cat;
- Gouvin oor - Yellow gold;
- Hoe gouvin oor - The yellow gold.
Comparative and superlative
The lower degree comparative is formed with the pattern min + adjective + de + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:
- Noes zunt min vackiet de toe - We are less beautiful than you.
The same degree comparative is formed with the pattern tam + adjective + kant + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:
- Noes zunt tam vackiet kant toe - We are as beautiful as you.
The higher degree comparative is formed with the pattern pluis + adjective + de + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronouns), ex.:
- Noes zunt pluis vackiet de toe - We are more beautiful than you.
The superlative is formed with the pattern wou(d) + adjective, ex.:
- Toe est wou vackiet - You are most beautiful.
If it is used as a relative superlative, wou(d) is substituted for hij/hoe pluis + adjective + de, ex.:
- Toe est hij pluis vackiet de hij uurf - You are the most beautiful in the world.
Some adjectives: koud (hot), vrijcht (cold), zimplek (simple), vackel (easy), veed (ugly), zacker (sacred), verroek (fierce), kruidiel (cruel).
There are also adjectives that have got irregular higher degree comparative and superlative:
Normal degree | Comparative | Superlative | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
bon | mellier / pluis bon | optem / wou bon | good |
emprof | peier / pluis emprof | pessem / woud emprof | bad |
magen | maier / pluis magen | massem / wou magen | big, great |
parf | minoer / pluis parf | minem / wou parf | little |
out | pluis out | zupriem / woud out | high, tall |
kurt | pluis kurt | infem / wou kurt | low, short |
The higher degree comparatives are always used with de, ex.:
- Toe est mellier de eg - You are better than I.
The synthetic forms are more used in the written language, whereas the analytical ones are found mostly in the spoken language.
Pronouns and other kinds of adjectives
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are the only words that inflect according to case. They have a nominative case, that is the case of the subject, and two kinds of accusative case, the case of the object - both direct and indirect. The accusative case has an unstressed form and a stressed one. The reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of the action are the same, as in "I wash (myself)":
Pronouns | Nominative | Unstressed accusative | Stressed accusative | Reflexive | Comitative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | eg | me | mie | me | miek |
thou | toe | te | tie | te | tiek |
he | is | im | iem | ze | ziek |
she | ëe | em | eem | ze | ziek |
it | id | id | id | ze | ziek |
we | noes | ne | noes | ne | nuusk |
you | woes | we | woes | we | wuusk |
they | ïe | es | ees | ze | ziek |
The unstressed accusative form precedes the verb, while the stressed one follows it. The stressed forms are used after prepositions or to emphasize complements. The comitative forms represent the locution with + pronouns.
Some examples:
- Me oodt toe? - Do you hear me?
- Toe widt ym - You see him.
- Eg ood im, nek tie - I hear him, not you.
- Eg zom tiek - I am with you.
- Is dijkt id ar noes - He says it to us.
- Noes ne laen - We wash (ourselves).
- Eg me klaam Toen - My name is Tony.
- Went toe nuusk? - Do you come with us?
Possessives
Possessive adjectives are never preceded by article and they always precede the noun they are referred to:
Possessive | Adjective | Pronouns |
---|---|---|
my | mies | hij / hoe mies |
thy | tuis | hij / hoe tuis |
his / its | zuis | hij / hoe zuis |
her | ijs | hij / hoe ijs |
our | noost | hij / hoe noost |
your | weest | hij / hoe weest |
their | zuis | hij / hoe zuis |
Possessive pronouns are always preceded by article, ex.:
- Is est mies mijk, nek hij tuis - He's my friend, not yours.
Sometimes the possessor is specified with de + pronoun to avoid ambiguity, above all in the case of the 3rd person, ex.:
- Zuis mijk de iem or Hij mijk de iem - His friend (of him);
- Zuis mijks de ees or Hies mijks de ees - Their friends (of them).
In the speech the possessive pronouns are usually formed without using the article, but using the pronouns uin after the possessive, ex.:
- Is est mies mijk, nek tuis uin - He's my friend, not your one.
Demonstratives
In this language, demonstratives always follow the name they are referred to when they are used as adjectives. Demonstratives are never preceded by article, not even if they are used as pronouns. There are three kinds of demonstratives:
- those that show proximity to the speaker;
- those that show proximity to the hearer;
- those that show distance from both the speaker and the hearer.
Proximity to the speaker | ||
---|---|---|
Common singular | Neuter singular | Plural |
heik | huuk | hieske |
Proximity to the hearer | ||
Common singular | Neuter singular | Plural |
ist | stud | sties |
Proximity to the hearer | ||
Common singular | Neuter singular | Plural |
ill | lud | lies |
Ex.:
- Ill kat est nit - That cat is cute;
- Ist liver est hij tuis - That book (near you) is yours;
- Eg wol huuk maal - I want this apple.
Indefinites
These pronouns and adjectives neither determine nor specify the substantives, that is they don't tell us anything about their quantity or identity:
Singular pronoun | Plural pronoun | Meaning | Adjective | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
nuin | - | nobody | nuin | no |
ries | - | nothing | - | - |
kiduin | - | everyone | om | every |
oukuin | - | anyone | ouk | any |
oukries | - | anything | - | - |
kwaal | kwaals | which one(s) | kwaal | which / what |
- | - | - | taal | such |
pook | pooks | a little / few | pook | a little / few |
muut | mute | much / many | muut | much / many |
tant | tante | so much / so many | tant | so much / so many |
kuucht / toet | kuuchte / toete | all / everybody | kuucht / toet | all |
Some pronominal forms have got both a singular and a plural voice, but adjective forms have got ONLY one voice, that is both singular and plural. Except for nuin / ries and oukuin / oukries, indefinites don't have a gender distinction.
Verbs
Simple present
The present tense, or 'prezent in Aarlaansk, expresses an action that happens regularly, that is habitual or that happens around the moment of the speech.
Present of zer ("to be") and haar ("to have")
The verbs zer and haar are two of the main verbs in Aarlaansk and they are irregular as in most other languages. Here it is the conjugation of these two verbs in the present tense:
Person | Zer | Haar |
---|---|---|
eg | zom | haf |
toe / is | est | haft |
noes / woes / ïe | zunt | haan |
In Aarlaansk the subject is always expressed, with impersonal verbs it is used the dummy subject id, ex.:
- Id pluft - It rains.
Present of regular verbs
The infinitive form of almost all verbs ends with -er. The regular verbs are formed adding particular endings to the root form. The root form of a verb is obtained just dropping the infinitive ending and adding the personal endings. Of course to obtain the root form is necessary to pay attention to the vowel length, that must be maintained (unless the verb is irregular). Moreover if the verb root ends with -v or -z, these letters become unvoiced in the three singular persons voices.
Here are four verbs: wider (to see), rjalizer (to realize), diever (to have to), oder (to hear):
Person | Wider | Rjalizer | Diever | Oder |
---|---|---|---|---|
eg | wid | rjalis | dief | ood |
toe / is | widt | rjalist | dieft | oodt |
noes / woes / ïe | widen | rjalizen | dieven | oden |
The endings of the present tense of indicative are thus:
Person | Ending |
---|---|
eg | - |
toe / is | -t |
noes / woes / ïe | -en |
Pay attention the the verbs whose root form ends with a long vowel or a diphthong followed by -d: in the 1st and 2nd singular persons of the present of indicative the -d(t) ending is often omitted in the speech, ex.: toe rij(dt), "you laugh".
Present of some irregular verbs
Aarlaansk has got some irregular verbs too. Often the infinitive of these verbs doesn't end with -er, but with slightly different endings. Some other verbs have got the regular infinitive ending -er, but are irregular. Here it can be seen the present tense of the verbs vaar (to do), ijr (to go), daar (to give), duir (to lead) and vluer (to flow, to slip by):
Person | Vaar | Ijr | Daar | Duir | Vluer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
eg | vach | wa(ad) | doe | duich | vluf |
toe / is | vacht | wa(adt) | doet | duicht | vluft |
noes / woes / ïe | vaan | waan | daan | duin | vluen |
The irregularities are not systematic: how it can be seen, both vaar and daar have got an infinitive in -aar, but the former has got a root form vach- in the three singular persons, whereas the latter has got a root form doe-. More systematic (but not ever) are the verbs whose infinitive ends in -Ver: in the three singular persons the root form ends in -Vf, ex.: id pluft, "it rains", from pluer, eg me laf, "I wash (myself)", from laer-ze, and so on. However it is best to control in the dictionary how the root form of the irregular verbs changes.
Simple past
The past tense, preterrit in Aarlaansk, is used to express an action that has happened in the past, independently on when it has happened, if it is ended or not, if it affects the present and so on. It corresponds to English past simple and present perfect.
Past tense of zer and haar
The past of these two irregular verbs is, obviously, quite irregular:
Person | Zer | Haar |
---|---|---|
eg | veu | hu |
toe / is | veut | huut |
noes / woes / ïe | veurn | huurn |
In this tense, the 2nd and the 3rd singular persons share the same ending, as in the present tense.
Past simple of regular verbs
The past tense of regular verbs is formed by deleting the ending of the infinitive and by adding -ed for the singular first person and -edt for the other two singular persons. The plural persons voices are formed by adding -n to the infinitive form:
Person | Wider | Rjalizer | Diever | Oder |
---|---|---|---|---|
eg | wided / wijd (!) | rjalized | dieved | oded |
toe / is | wideudt / wijdt (!) | rjalizeudt | dieveudt | odeudt |
noes / woes / ïe | widern / wijdern (!) | rjalizern | dievern | odern |
The verb wider has got two forms of this tense: a regular one, that is the most spread, and an irregular one, that is archaic and it is found mostly in books.
Past of some irregular verbs
Irregular verbs have, of course, irregular forms for the past of indicative. It is important to remember that neither the singular forms nor the plural ones are made starting from the infinitive:
Person | Vaar | Ijr | Daar | Duir | Vluer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
eg | vech | euw | ded | duis | vlus |
toe / is | vecht | euft | dedt | duist | vlust |
noes / woes / ïe | vechern (!) | iern | deddern | duisern | vlussern |
Please, note that the radical -e- of the form vech/t is short, whereas in the form vechern it becomes long.
Present perfect and past perfect
Beside the preterrit there is another verbal form that expresses an action that has happened in the past: the pervecht. This form is similar to the English present perfect, because it is formed with the present of the verb haar and the past participle of the main verb. In Aarlaansk, however, this form is completely interchangeable with the preterrit form: it is just a matter of style and of formality, because the pervecht is more used among friends and in colloquial speech, whereas the preterrit is more used in written language and in formal meetings. When the auxiliary haar is in its past tense, then we obtain the past perfect or pluispervecht. This tense refers to actions that happened in the past before other actions that happened in the past too.
Present perfect of zer and haar
The auxiliary verb is always haar:
Person | Zer | Haar |
---|---|---|
eg | haf zit | haf heit |
toe / is | haft zit | haft heit |
noes / woes / ïe | haan zit | haan heit |
Present perfect of regular verbs
Even for the regular verbs the auxiliary verb is always haar:
Person | Wider | Rjalizer | Diever | Oder |
---|---|---|---|---|
eg | haf wijst (!) | haf rjalizit | haf dievit | haf odit |
toe / is | haft wijst (!) | haft rjalizit | haft dievit | haft odit |
noes / woes / ïe | haan wijst (!) | haan rjalizit | haan dievit | haan odit |
As it can be seen, the past participle of the regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -it to the root form. It is also true that not all the regular verbs have got a regular past participle (cf. wider > wijst), in these cases it is always best to use the dictionary.
Present perfect of irregular verbs
The irregular verbs maintain their irregularity in the form of the past participle used with the auxiliary:
Person | Vaar | Ijr | Daar | Duir | Vluer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
eg | haf vacht | haf ijt | haf daat | haf duicht | haf vlust |
toe / is | haft vacht | haft ijt | haft daat | haft duicht | haft vlust |
noes / woes / ïe | haan vacht | haan ijt | haan daat | haan duicht | haan vlust |
Past perfect
This tense is called pluispervecht in Aarlaansk and it corresponds to the English past perfect: it is used to express a past action that happened before another one. The pluispervecht is formed with the past of the verb haar and the past participle of the main verb, ex.:
Person | Zer | Haar |
---|---|---|
eg | hu zit | hu heit |
toe / is | huut zit | huut heit |
noes / woes / ïe | huurn zit | huurn heit |
- Diepst eg hu spechtit uin plikel, eg ised - After I had watched a film, I went out.