User:Anyar

Fourth_Linguifex_Relay/Minhast

Intro

My conlangs (a better intro to follow, one of these days...no, really, I mean it!)

Tarkandamonian
Vadi
Minhast

• Minhast/Dialectology
  
• Minhast/Noun_Incorporation
  
• Verse:Minhay

Peshpeg
Ín_Duári
Other Nahenic:

• Nahónda
  
• Nankôre
  

Corrádi
Dzvada Vezhua Dlin Late Ma'nijr

Other people's conlangs:

Tulvan
Valthungian
Celinese
Rówok
Chlouvānem
Magellanican
Attian
Tsan
Anathic
Kandi
Kihā́mmic
Dhannuá
Fén Ghír
I_Kronurum
User:Nicolasstraccia/Minhastid
Thulean
User:Frrurtu

Relays

• Fourth Linguifex Relay
• Fifth Linguifex Relay (didn't attend - out of country?)
• Sixth Linguifex Relay
• Nankôre Relay #6

Commentary on Some Random Stuff

= Minhast Units of Measurement

• Distance

1. šunum 1 step (1 yard)
2. šanum 12
3. duxtum 24
4. mentum 48
5. kaħtum 96
6. sixtum 108
7. gextum 120
8. muntum 240
9. kantum 480
10. tastum 960
11. šiktum 1,812
12. sentum 3,624 (~1.72 miles)
13. hantum 26,744 (~13 miles, 1.5 aytum)
14. aytum 43,488 (~26 miles, 12*1 sentum)

Diachronic Notes

Minhast/Diachronic_Changes

Development of the Passive Voice [DRAFT]

In comparison to the transitive pronominal affixes, the affixes for the intransitive verb are much simpler, although the passive forms demonstrate quite a bit of unexpected variability. Most noticeable in the passive forms is the occurrence of lenition, a morphophonemic alternation that occurs nowhere else in the Minhast verb, or nouns for that matter. Moreover, the passive forms show considerable polysemy. Diachronic developments explain the source for these otherwise aberrant features. Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, -ya-, which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc).

From Old Minhast, the reconstructed indefinite pronominal affix appears in the verb complex of *wušun- "to hit":

** Wušunyakyaharuna
/wuʃunyakya'haruna/
wušun-yak-ya-har-u-na
hit-1S.ACC-3INDEF.NOM-PST-do-NMZ
Someone hit me (lit. Someone did the hitting of me)

This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals. Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer -u with the Detransitivizer -an. Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker -saxt- surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs. The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:

Saxtušnexaran
/saxtuʃ'nɛxaran/
saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)

In those uncommon instances where an independent pronoun is used, the simple Absolutive form is used, eg. 1S.ABS yak, 2S.ABS tah, 3S.ABS kua, etc:

Yak saxtušnexaran
/yak saxtuʃ'nɛxaran/
yak saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
1S.ABS INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)

Just as a patient demoted by antipassivation can be retained in the clause with a postpositional clitic, in this case the Dative clitic =aran, the demoted agent of a passivized clause can be retained with a postpositional clitic, namely the Ablative clitic =yār

Duyyār saxtušnešexaran
/du:'ja:r saxtuʃnɛ'ʃexaran/
dūy=yār saxt-ušn-eš-ex-ar-an
salmon=ABL INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
I got smacked by the salmon's tail.

Despite the degree of polysemy in the passive pronominal affixes, ambiguity is resolved via the S/O pivot; in fact it is the preservation of the S/O pivot that is the primary motivation for using the passive voice:

Saxtimassašpuhaxxarammā, ruwwaššundekarun.
/saxtɪmassaʃpuhax:a'ram:a:, ruw:aʃ:un'dɛkarun/
saxt-massap-šuhap-x-ar-an-mā ruwwas-xunde-ek-ar-un
INCH-wound-sword-1S.PASS-PST-INTR-SUBORD help-wound-1S.ACC+3S.NOM-PST-TRN
I had been wounded by (the enemy's) sword, (so) then he tended to my wounds.

The forms of the Absolutive and the Passive are listed below in Table X:

Person	Absolutive	Passive/Indefinite Subject
1st Sg.	-k-	-x-
2nd Sg.	-ta-	-šši-
3rd Masculine - Common Sg.	-Ø-	-i-
3rd Feminine Sg.	-l-
3rd Neuter Animate Sg.	-Ø-, -s-	-šši-
3rd Neuter Inanimate Sg.	-m-	-nni-
1st Plural Inclusive	-hak-	-hax-
1st Pl Exclusive	-mm-	-nni-
2nd Pl.	-tam-	-tanni-
3rd Common Pl.	-km-	-kni-
3rd Neut. Anim. Pl.	-i-	-i-
3rd Neut. Inanim Pl.	-mah-, -ma-	-šša-

Some Dialectal Comparisons

The following all mean, "Yes, the markings of my clan" (see story "The Detective and the Deer")

Modern Standard:

- Eyla, huzzaktešim baktemtakkemt
- eyla, huzzakteš=min baktet-makkem=de
- yes clan=CONN tattoo-3P.COMM+3P.INAN=ERG

Osprey Speaker:

- Ayle,izzakšim baktektemme
- ayle,izzakš=min baktet-kemm=e
- yes clan=CONN tattoo-3P.COMM+3P.COMM=ERG

Upper Minhast:

- Ēlā, huzzakteš min baktemtakkemmide
- ēlā, huzzakteš min baktet-makkem=de
- yes clan CONN tattoo-3P.COMM+3P.INAN=ERG

Gull Speaker:

- Ellay, uzzaktešin baktetunkemp
- ellay, uzzakteš=min baktet-unkem=de
- yes clan=CONN tattoo-3P.COMM+3P.INAN=ERG

• For whatever reason, the Osprey speakers treat tattoo ("baktet") as an animate noun. Like the IE languages that retain gender distinctions, gender can be discordant in Minhast too.
• The ergative also is used as a genitive marker, as in Yup'ik (Iiirc Inupiaq shares this feature, hence why I presume other Eskimoan languages share this feature)

Noun Incorporation

• This is an example of Minthun's Classificatory NI (Class IV) being exploited by Minhast. Here, it is essentially creating the equivalent of a locative noun in other languages, e.g. English "Within the interior of the beast...", which is essentially an Inessive-like case construction. Here, nua means "side", and has been incorporated into the verb complex. The implicit head is suharak (deerskin), which was mentioned in a previous line in the passage, which is what the Locative applicative naħk- is referring to. This construction is equivalent to saying "Next to it", "By its side", etc.

Tayyamakim tayyapte naħkixripuxnutartimmahabu
tayyamak min tayyap=de naħk-xr-pux-nua-tar-timmah-ab-u
thunder CONN ball=ERG LOC.APPL-ITER-boom-side-3S.ANIM.ABS+3S.ANIM.ERG-IMPF-TRANS
Thunder-balls explode next to it.

• Putting this here before I forget, more NI stuff. Many (most?) of the NI forms of Minhast nouns are irregular, the majority of which exhibit what I call "truncation". I've never seen this term in the NI literature before, but here's an example from the Sora language (Munda family, India). The first example shows the analytic version of the sentence "Will they eat the buffalo/ Do they eat buffalo?". The second example shows the noun incorporated-version of the same sentence:

bɔŋtɛlәnәdɔŋ jomtɛji pɔ
bɔŋtɛl-әn-әdɔŋ jom-t-ɛ-ji pɔ
buffalo-/әn/3-ACC eat-NPST-3S-PL.S Q
Will they eat the buffalo/ Do they eat buffalo?

jombɔŋtɛnji pɔ
jom-bɔŋ-t-ɛ-n-ji pɔ
eat-buffalo-NPST-3S-INTR-PL.S Q
Will they eat the buffalo/ Do they eat buffalo?

Notice in the independent form of buffalo, bɔŋtɛl, loses its final syllable in its incorporated form, -bɔŋ-. Minhast exhibits extensive truncation when nouns undergo incorporation, e.g. sussagarānī > -suggan- (big toe), hispawak > -hispak- (birch), izzesparak > -spark- (canoe).

Nouns of three syllables or more are almost always truncated, and the pattern of truncation is unpredictable; syllable loss may occur in initial, medial, or final positions, although nouns with tri-syllabic roots tend to lose either their medial or final syllables and retain the initial syllable, but exceptions abound, such as allāga > -lgagg- (conch) .

EDIT: Muro's term for this behaviour is weak suppletion

- Sora examples taken from "NOUN INCORPORATION: A NEW THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE" (Alessio Muro, 2009)

Anyar (talk) 23:41, 10 February 2019 (CET)

Vadi

Early (i.e. first) test sentences:

1. "Isasro ka munek ki bára emtol yal" = He did not hit or shout at any visitor yesterday.
2. "Manetór ki pidá daşélek mi" = He was indeed stung from the poison ivy/He experienced pain (from) the poison plant indeed.
3. "Manjate ki nihlave" = He likes apples.
4. "Os kánáto bihók şilmá" = I sow wheat every day.
5. "Os kánárato bihók şilmá" = I used to sow wheat every day.

Verb Template for Vadi

Agent			Patient
	Singularsss
		Person	Singular						Pluralsss
			First	Second	Masc	Fem	Neuter Animate	Neuter Inanimate	First	Second	Third	M	F	Anim	Inanim
		First	--	júla	jáka	--	julta	jikata
		Second	uláji	--	uláka	ulajta	--	ulkata
		Third ---	kaji	kúla	káka	katáji	kulta	katá
		M	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
		F	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
		M	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
		F	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
	Plural
		First	--	jitúla	jitakta	--	jitulta	jitkata
		Second	ultaji	--	ultakta	ultajta	--	ultakta
		Third	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
		M	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
		F	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
		M	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta
		F	kataji	katúla	katáta	katajta	katulta	kakta

HELP!!!

User talk:Chrysophylax
User_talk:Waahlis

How to gloss: Template:Gloss

Some helpful tools:

http://www.tablesgenerator.com/mediawiki_tables (WYSIWYG - Use to quickly create wiki tables)

http://www.ebruni.it/en/software/os/i_love_wiki/index.mpl
http://bmanolov.free.fr/html2wiki-tables.php

Templates

User:Anyar/Sandbox

Template:Minhast_Vowels_IPA

Template:Minhast_Portmanteau_Pronominal_Affixes1

Template:Minhast_Portmanteau_Pronominal_Affixes2

Template:Nankore_Vowels_IPA

Template: Gloss

Template Page: Go to Templates

Scratch Pad

Example of linking to a within-page topic

[[Nankôre#Verbs|Verbs]]

Sample Gloss Template

Example:

{{Gloss
|phrase = hatāʔ
| IPA = /ha.'ta:ʔ/
| morphemes = whatevs
| gloss = INTERROG-evs-NUMB
| translation = Whatever
}}

Sample Inline Linking

[[Vadi#Ad-Hominems and Other Insults|''Waškixrapmakirimērumbustikmaban'']]

Sample Paradigm Template

Example:

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Peshpeg Agreement Markers'''
!   
! colspan="2"|Header #1
! colspan="2"|Header #2
! Header #3
! colspan="2" | Header #4
|-
!  
! Item #1
! Item #2
! colspan="2"| column span
! Row Span
! Colspan + Rowspan
|-
! Row #1:
| style="text-align:center"|su-
| style="text-align:center"|ve-
| style="text-align:center"|ve-
| style="text-align:center"|ve-
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"|rowspan-
| style="text-align:center" colspan="2" rowspan="2"|d
|-
! Row #2:
| style="text-align:center"|s-
| style="text-align:center"|v-
| style="text-align:center"|m-
| style="text-align:center"|jor-
|-
|}

...yields...

Peshpeg Agreement Markers

	Header #1		Header #2		Header #3	Header #4
	Item #1	Item #2	column span		Row Span	Colspan + Rowspan
Row #1:	su-	ve-	ve-	ve-	rowspan-	d
Row #2:	s-	v-	m-	jor-

Basic Clade

{{clade
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=Leaf1|state1=dashed
      |2=Leaf2
      }}
   |2=Leaf3
   }}
}}

Clade - Traditional Minhast Dialectal Grouping

Classical Minhast	Upper Minhast Salmonic Salmon Speaker Wolf Speaker Horse Speaker Bear Speaker Fox Speaker Dog Speaker Elk Speaker Seal Speaker Lower Minhast Osprey Speaker Egret Speaker Gull Speaker Stone Speaker

Actual Markup:

{{clade
|label1=''Classical Minhast''
|1={{clade
         |label1=''Upper Minhast''
            |1={{clade   
               |1={{clade
                      |label1=''Salmonic''
                      |1={{clade
                               |1=Salmon Speaker
                               |2=Wolf Speaker
                           }}
                      |2=Horse Speaker
                      |3=Bear Speaker
                      |4=Fox Speaker
                      |5=Dog Speaker 
                      |6=Elk Speaker
                      |7=Seal Speaker
                    }}

      }}<!-- Close node for Upper Minhast-->


   |label2=''Lower Minhast''
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
              |1=Osprey Speaker
              |2=Egret Speaker
              |3=Gull Speaker
              |4=Stone Speaker
      }}



   }}<!-- Close node for Lower Minhast-->



   }}<!-- Close node for Classical Minhast-->
}}

Clade - Niccola's Crane Speakers

Minhastic Languages

Regional Historical Dialects Upper Minhast Mainland Dialects Salmon Speakers ("Gaššarat", Northeastern Coast) Dog Speakers ("Hisašarum", Northeastern Plains) Horse Speakers ("Gannasia", Central Plateau) Crane Speaker Dialect (Ryu Kyu) 1 Lower Minhast Gull Speakers (Senzil and Rēgum Prefectures) Osprey Speakers (Kings' Bay) Stone Speakers (Neskud and Yaxparim prefectures) Crane Speaker Dialect (Ryu Kyu) 2 NCR Modern Dialects Modern Standard Minhast [variant of Upper Minhast] Modern Colloquial Minhast ("City Speaker Dialect") [admixture of Upper and Lower Minhast]