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Daùnare: Difference between revisions

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==Derivational morphology==
==Derivational morphology==
Derivations are achieved in Daùnare either through one of three methods:
* '''Compounding''' – combining two lemmas to create a new lemma
* '''Class derivation''' – forming new nouns by altering the class of an existing noun
* '''Affixation''' – adding a bound morpheme to a lemma to create a new lemma. This latter can be further subdivided into:
** '''Ciscategorical''' affixation, where the lexical category stays the same (e.g. deriving a new adjective from an existing adjective)
** '''Transcategorical''' affixation, where the lexical category changes (e.g. deriving a noun from a verb)
===Derivational noun class===
===Derivational noun class===
===Noun compounding===
===Noun compounding===
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However, in many ways the abstract singulative can be regarded more as a derivational than inflectional process, as it isn't universally productive (there are many collective-only abstract nouns).
However, in many ways the abstract singulative can be regarded more as a derivational than inflectional process, as it isn't universally productive (there are many collective-only abstract nouns).


Masculine, feminine, and concrete nouns decline for six '''cases''': absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, ablative, and vocative. Abstract nouns feature the same cases except for the vocative, i.e. a total of five. Declension suffixes are shown in the table below – for an overview of what the parenthesised letters indicate, please see the above sections on [[#Class-dependent anaptyxis|→class-dependent anaptyxis]] and the [[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→methelcystic t and the definite clitic]].
Masculine, feminine, and concrete nouns decline for six '''cases''': absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, ablative, and vocative. Abstract nouns feature the same cases except for the vocative, i.e. a total of five. Declension suffixes are shown in the table below – for an overview of what the parenthesised letters indicate, please see the above sections on [[#Class-dependent anaptyxis|→ class-dependent anaptyxis]] and the [[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→methelcystic t and the definite clitic]].


{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"
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|}
|}


'''Definiteness''' is expressed using the definite clitic, for which see above ([[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→methelcystic t and the definite clitic]]).
'''Definiteness''' is expressed using the definite clitic, for which see above ([[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→Morphophonology of nouns § Methelcystic t and the definite clitic]]).
 
===Pronouns===
Personal pronouns in Daùnare decline according to person, number, case, formality (second person only) and class (third person only). The vocative case only exists in the second person.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="5" | {{sc|first person}}
! colspan="6" | {{sc|second person}}
! colspan="12" | {{sc|third person}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{sc|sg}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|dl}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|pl}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|sg}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|dl}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|pl}}
! colspan="4" | {{sc|sg/col}}
! colspan="3" | {{sc|dl}}
! colspan="4" | {{sc|pl/sgv}}
|-
! {{sc|inc}}
! {{sc|exc}}
! {{sc|inc}}
! {{sc|exc}}
! {{sc|infor}}
! {{sc|for}}
! {{sc|infor}}
! {{sc|for}}
! {{sc|infor}}
! {{sc|for}}
! {{sc|masc}}
! {{sc|fem}}
! {{sc|conc}}
! {{sc|abst}}
! {{sc|masc}}
! {{sc|fem}}
! {{sc|conc}}
! {{sc|masc}}
! {{sc|fem}}
! {{sc|conc}}
! {{sc|abst}}
|-
! {{sc|abs}}
| kon
| noın
| moın
| nin
| min
| hun
| huvun
| huın
| huvin
| hin
| hivin
| san
| sini
| ten
| tunu
| saın
| sinis
| teın
| sana
| sin
| tene
| tunur
|-
! {{sc|erg}}
| ko
| noı
| moı
| ni
| mi
| hut
| huv
| huıt
| huvi
| hit
| hiv
| sas
| si
| tes
| tu
| saıs
| sis
| teıs
| sara
| sir
| tere
| turu
|-
! {{sc|dat}}
| kom
| noım
| moım
| nim
| mim
| hum
| huvum
| huım
| huvim
| him
| hivim
| sam
| simi
| tem
| tumu
| saım
| simis
| teım
| sama
| sim
| teme
| tumur
|-
! {{sc|gen}}
| kor
| nori
| mori
| nir
| mir
| hur
| huvur
| huri
| huvir
| hir
| hivir
| sar
| siri
| ter
| tru
| sari
| siris
| teri
| sā
| sī
| tē
| tū
|-
! {{sc|abl}}
| kol
| noıl
| moıl
| nil
| mil
| hul
| huvul
| huıl
| huvil
| hil
| hivil
| sal
| sli
| tel
| tulu
| saıl
| slis
| teıl
| sā
| sī
| tē
| tū
|-
! {{sc|voc}}
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| hutu
| huvu
| huti
| huvi
| hiti
| hivi
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |
|}
 
Possessive pronouns decline the same way, except that there are no vocative possessive pronouns (in any person).


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|+ Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="5" | {{sc|first person}}
! colspan="6" | {{sc|second person}}
! colspan="12" | {{sc|third person}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{sc|sg}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|dl}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|pl}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|sg}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|dl}}
! colspan="2" | {{sc|pl}}
! colspan="4" | {{sc|sg/col}}
! colspan="3" | {{sc|dl}}
! colspan="4" | {{sc|pl/sgv}}
|-
! {{sc|inc}}
! {{sc|exc}}
! {{sc|inc}}
! {{sc|exc}}
! {{sc|infor}}
! {{sc|for}}
! {{sc|infor}}
! {{sc|for}}
! {{sc|infor}}
! {{sc|for}}
! {{sc|masc}}
! {{sc|fem}}
! {{sc|conc}}
! {{sc|abst}}
! {{sc|masc}}
! {{sc|fem}}
! {{sc|conc}}
! {{sc|masc}}
! {{sc|fem}}
! {{sc|conc}}
! {{sc|abst}}
|-
! {{sc|abs}}
| kron
| norin
| morin
| nirin
| mirin
| hrun
| hruvun
| hrutin
| hruvin
| hrin
| hrivin
| saran
| sirni
| tren
| trunu
| sarin
| sirnis
| trisen
| sāsan
| sisni
| tēsen
| tutnu
|-
! {{sc|erg}}
| koros
| noris
| moris
| niris
| miris
| hrut
| hruv
| hurit
| huriv
| hirit
| hiriv
| saras
| siri
| tres
| tru
| saris
| siris
| tris
| sās
| sisi
| tēs
| tut
|-
! {{sc|dat}}
| krom
| norim
| morim
| nirim
| mirim
| hrum
| hruvum
| hrutim
| hruvim
| hrim
| hrivim
| saram
| sirmi
| trem
| trumu
| sarim
| sirmis
| trisem
| sāsam
| sismi
| tēsem
| tutmu
|-
! {{sc|gen}}
| krōs
| norīs
| morīs
| nirīs
| mirīs
| hrūt
| hrūv
| hūrit
| hūriv
| hĭrit
| hĭriv
| săr
| sĭri
| trēs
| trū
| săris
| sĭris
| trīs
| săs
| sĭsi
| tĕs
| tūt
|-
! {{sc|abl}}
| krol
| noril
| moril
| niril
| miril
| hrul
| hruvul
| hrutil
| hruvil
| hril
| hrivil
| saral
| sirli
| trel
| trul
| saril
| sirlis
| trisel
| sāsal
| sisli
| tēsel
| tutlu
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Tense and aspect====
====Tense and aspect====
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The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (''preterite'' or simple past, ''imperfect'' or progressive past, and ''habitual [past]'') has its own set of person-number inflections.
The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (''preterite'' or simple past, ''imperfect'' or progressive past, and ''habitual [past]'') has its own set of person-number inflections.


Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb ([[#Thematic anaptyxis|→thematic anaptyxis]]). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the declensional suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of ''double thematic anaptyxis''.
Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb ([[#Thematic anaptyxis|→Morphophonology of verbs § Thematic anaptyxis]]). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the declensional suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of ''double thematic anaptyxis''.


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==== Mood ====
==== Mood ====
The default mood is the indicative; other moods are expressed through modal particles:
Mood in Daùnare is best analysed as being composed through three modal dimensions, comprising ''factual-intentional modality'' (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional, or optative), ''syntactic modality'' (declarative, interrogative, relative, or subordinate) and ''negativity'' (positive or negative).
 
The default/unmarked mood is the positive declarative indicative; other moods are expressed through modal particles, for which see below ([[#Modal particles|→Particles § Modal particles]])
 
===Adjectives===
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
 
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
===Adverbs===
===Conjunctions===
===Determiners===
===Particles===
====Modal particles====
Modal particles, placed at the beginning of clauses, express grammatical mood. For an overview of mood, please see ([[#Mood|&rarr;Verbs § Mood]])
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;"
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;"
!  
! colspan=2 |
! Indicative
! Indicative
! Imperative
! Imperative
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! Optative
! Optative
|-
|-
! Declarative
! rowspan=2 | Declarative
! Positive
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |  
| style="background-color: #aaa;" |  
| lo
| lo
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| nek
| nek
|-
|-
! Interrogative
! rowspan=2 | Interrogative
! Positive
| um
| um
| mol
| mol
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| um ki
| um ki
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;"
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;"
! Negative-Interrogative
! Negative
| num
| num
| nemol
| nemol
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| num ki
| num ki
|-
|-
! Relative
! rowspan=2 | Relative
! Positive
| sa
| sa
| slo
| slo
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| sa ki
| sa ki
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;"
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;"
! Negative-Relative
! Negative
| nes
| nes
| neslo
| neslo
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| nes ki
| nes ki
|-
|-
! Subordinate
! rowspan=2 | Subordinate
! Positive
| ge
| ge
| glo
| glo
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| ge ki
| ge ki
|-
|-
! Negative-Subordinate
! Negative
| neg
| neg
| neg lo
| neg lo
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| ne ki
| ne ki
|}
|}
===Adjectives and adverbs===
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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