Thezhmic: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 12:08, 8 August 2022

Thezhmic (/ˈθɛʒmɪk/, Native: Ŧeźmikos /ˈθeʒmikos/, Liźēnom /liˈʒeːnom/) is an Indo-European language.

Thezhmic
Created byShariifka
Indo-European
  • Thezhmic
Early form
Proto-Thezhmic

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Thezhmic is written with the Thezhmic alphabet.

In this article, the following romanization is used:

Thezhmic romanization
Letter IPA Remarks
A a a
Ā ā
B b b
C c
D d d
Đ đ ð
E e e
Ē ē
Ə ə ə
Ə̃ ə̃ ə̃
F f f
G g ɡ
Ğ ğ ɣ
Ġ ġ ʁ
H h h
Ħ ħ ħ
I i i
Ī ī
J j
K k k
L l l
M m m
N n n
O o o
Ō ō
P p p
Q q q
Q̇ q̇ ɢ
R r r
S s s
Ś ś ʃ
T t t
Ŧ ŧ θ
U u u
Ū ū
Ũ ũ ũ
V v v
W w w
X x x
Ẋ ẋ χ
Y y j
Z z z
Ź ź ʒ
Ɂ ɂ ʔ
Ҁ ҁ ʕ

Consonants

Thezhmic consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m n (ɲ) (ŋ) (ɴ)
Stop voiceless p t k q ʔ
voiced b d ɡ ɢ
Affricate voiceless
voiced
Fricative voiceless f θ s ʃ x χ ħ h
voiced v ð z ʒ ɣ ʁ ʕ
Approximant j w
Lateral l (ʎ)
Trill r

Vowels

Thezhmic vowels
Front Central Back
Close i, iː u, uː, ũ
Mid e, eː ə, ə̃ o, oː
Open a, aː

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns may have two stems, and these stems may or may not differ in accent. For these nouns, the primary stem is used in the nominative, vocative, and accusative while the secondary stem is used in the remaining cases. Depending on the noun, the nominative singular (and, for neuter nouns, the vocative and accusative singular) may also be irregular. Additionally, some neuter nouns have an irregular nominative/vocative/accusative plural.

O-stems and ā-stems almost always have a single stem, while other noun classes are more likely to have multiple stems.

The stems are given in the citation form: nominative singular, (nominative plural), genitive singular

  • The nominative plural is used in the citation form when the nominative singular and/or nominative plural is irregular.

O-stems

O-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -os -om -ōs
Vocative -e
Accusative -om -ons
Instrumental -ovom -ōis
Dative -ōi -ovos
Ablative -ōd
Genitive -ośśo -ous -ōm
Locative -ei -oizu

Ā-stems

Ā-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. m./f. m./f.
Nominative -ā, -ās -āi -ās
Vocative -a
Accusative -ām -āns
Instrumental -āvom -āvis
Dative -āi -āvos
Ablative -ās
Genitive -āus -āʕōm
Locative -āi -āzu

I-stems

I-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -is -i -eis
Vocative -i
Accusative -im -ins
Instrumental -ivom -ivis
Dative -ēi -ivos
Ablative -eis
Genitive -eyous -eyōm
Locative -ēi -isu

U-stems

U-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -us -u -ewes
Vocative -u
Accusative -um¹ -uns
Instrumental -uvom -uvis
Dative -ewei -uvos
Ablative -ewes
Genitive -ewous -ewōm
Locative -ewi -usu

Notes:

¹ When the accusative would have ended in -Vum (where V represents a vowel), the -u- instead dropped causing the preceding vowel to be lengthened.

Liquid/nasal-stems

These nouns have stems ending in a liquid (r or l) or a nasal (n or m).

In some cases, the stem-final consonant may vary betwen primary and secondary stems - the most common example is an alternation between r and n in neuter nouns.

The following shorthand symbols are used:

  • C: represents the stem-final consonant (may be r, l, n, or m).
  • S: represents the above consonant's "syllabic" counterpart. These are as follows:
Consonant Syllabic counterpart
r ər
l əl
n ə̃
m ũ
  • V: represents the vowel preceding the stem-final consonant (may be e or o).
  • L: represents the above vowel's lengthened counterpart (i.e. ē or ō).
Liquid/nasal-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -LC; -ō¹ -S -VCe -eCes -LC; -ō¹
Vocative -VC
Accusative -VCũ; -Lm² -VCə̃s
Instrumental -Cē -Svom -Svis
Dative -Cei -Svos
Ablative -Ces
Genitive -Cous -Cōm
Locative -Ci -Ssu

Notes:

¹ When V = o and C = n (i.e. expected -ōn becomes ).

² When C = m (i.e. expected -Vmũ becomes -Lm).

Consonant-stems

Consonant-stem declension
Case Singular Dual Plural
m./f. n. m./f./n. m./f. n.
Nominative -s; (irregular - -e -es -a; (irregular
Vocative -
Accusative -ə̃s
Instrumental -fom -fis
Dative -ei -fos
Ablative -es
Genitive -ous -ōm
Locative -i -su

Notes:

¹ Often irregular.

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources