単亜語: Difference between revisions

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|iso2 = dny
|iso2 = dny
|iso3 = dny
|iso3 = dny
|script        = [[w:新字体|新字体]], [[w:Hangul|Hangul]] (with two diacritics)
|script        = [[w:新字体|新字体]] and [[w:Hangul|Hangul]]++
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
|creator = [[User:aquatiki|明帥]]
|creator = [[User:aquatiki|明帥]]
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|-
|-
! 塞/Stops
! 塞/Stops
|'''ㅂ''' <small>/p~b/</small>
|'''ㅂ''' <small>/p~b (ʔ)/</small>
|'''ㄷ''' <small>/t~d/</small>
|'''ㄷ''' <small>/t~d (ʔ)/</small>
|
|
|'''ㄱ''' <small>/k~g/</small>
|'''ㄱ''' <small>/k~g (ʔ)/</small>
|-
|-
! 塞擦/Affricates
! 塞擦/Affricates
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! 清/Fricatives
! 清/Fricatives
|
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| '''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ x (ɸᵝ)/</small>
| '''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ x (ɸᵝ)/</small>
|-
|-
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=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
Across the region, there is no clear majority position on syllable structure.  WALS misleadingly labels all our languages as "moderately complex"<ref>http://wals.info/feature/12A#4/25.80/112.06</ref>.  Hence, there are many gaps in the phonetic system.  A syllable may start with any sounds except /ŋ/ (Japanese /ɴ/)<ref>http://wals.info/feature/9A#3/25.80/130.61</ref>.  The rime must be a plain vowel, or /ya/.  The coda can be /i/, /u/, an underspecified nasal, or an underspecified stop (including the not-otherwise-present /ʔ/).  Both the coda stop and the coda nasal assimilate before subsequent consonants in order to be homorganic.  
Across the region, there is no clear majority position on syllable structure.  WALS misleadingly labels all our languages as "moderately complex"<ref>http://wals.info/feature/12A#4/25.80/112.06</ref>.  Hence, there are many gaps in the phonetic system.  A syllable may start with any sounds except /ŋ/ (Japanese /ɴ/)<ref>http://wals.info/feature/9A#3/25.80/130.61</ref>.  The rime must be a plain vowel, or /ya/.  The coda can be /i/, /u/, an underspecified nasal, or a stop.  The coda nasal assimilates before subsequent consonants in order to be homorganic.  A coda stop can do one of three things
# before any non-identical consonant, it is realized as a glottal stop
# before an identical stop, it is realized as gemination of that stop
# before a syllable with no onset, it moves to be the onset of that syllable.


Off-glides will be pronounced as separate syllables by everyone except Chinese and Vietnamese speakers, but again, tolerance is indicated.  Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime.  Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime.  CH-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime (since many with pronounce /t/ + /j/ that way).  Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/.
Off-glides will be pronounced as separate syllables by everyone except Chinese and Vietnamese speakers, but again, tolerance is indicated.  Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime.  Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime.  ㅈ-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime (since many with pronounce /t/ + /j/ that way).  Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/.


{| width="50%"
{| width="50%"
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| i, u <br /> e, o <br /> a, ya
| i, u <br /> e, o <br /> a, ya
| +
| +
| N <br /> P <br /> y, w
| Nasal <br /> Stop <br /> y, w
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! ㄱ  
! ㄱ  
| 가 || 강 || 각 || 가̞ || 가̩ || 갸 || 걍 || 갹 || 갸̞ || 갸̩ || 게 || 겡 || 겍 || 고 || 공 || 곡 || 구 || 궁 || 국 || 구̩ || 기 || 깅 || 긱
| 가 || 강 || 각/갑/갇 || 가̞ || 가̩ || 갸 || 걍 || 갹/걉/갿 || 갸̞ || 갸̩ || 게 || 겡 || 겍/겝/겓 || 고 || 공 || 곡/곱/곧 || 구 || 궁 || 국/굽/굳 || 구̩ || 기 || 깅 || 긱/깁/긷
|-
|-
!ㄴ  
!ㄴ  
| 나 || 낭 || 낙 || 나̞ || 나̩ || 냐 || 냥 || 냑 || 냐̞ || 냐̩ || 네 || 넹 || 넥 || 노 || 농 || 녹 || 누 || 눙 || 눅 || 누̩ || 니 || 닝 || 닉
| 나 || 낭 || 낙/납/낟 || 나̞ || 나̩ || 냐 || 냥 || 냑/냡/냗 || 냐̞ || 냐̩ || 네 || 넹 || 넥/넵/넫 || 노 || 농 || 녹/놉/녿 || 누 || 눙 || 눅/눕/눋 || 누̩ || 니 || 닝 || 닉/닙/닏
|-
|-
!ㄷ  
!ㄷ  
| 다 || 당 || 닥 || 다̞ || 다̩ || 댜 || 댱 || 댝 || 댜̞ || 댜̩ || 데 || 뎅 || 덱 || 도 || 동 || 독 || 두 || 둥 || 둑 || 두̩ || 디 || 딩 || 딕
| 다 || 당 || 닥/답/닫 || 다̞ || 다̩ || 댜 || 댱 || 댝/댭/댣 || 댜̞ || 댜̩ || 데 || 뎅 || 덱/뎁/덷 || 도 || 동 || 독/돕/돋 || 두 || 둥 || 둑/둡/둗 || 두̩ || 디 || 딩 || 딕/딥/딛
|-
|-
!ㄹ  
!ㄹ  
| 라 || 랑 || 락 || 라̞ || 라̩ || 랴 || 량 || 략 || 랴̞ || 랴̩ || 레 || 렝 || 렉 || 로 || 롱 || 록 || 루 || 룽 || 룩 || 루̩ || 리 || 링 || 릭
| 라 || 랑 || 락/랍/랃 || 라̞ || 라̩ || 랴 || 량 || 략/럅/랻 || 랴̞ || 랴̩ || 레 || 렝 || 렉/렙/렏 || 로 || 롱 || 록/롭/롣 || 루 || 룽 || 룩/룹/룯 || 루̩ || 리 || 링 || 릭/립/릳
|-
|-
!ㅁ  
!ㅁ  
| 마 || 망 || 막 || 마̞ || 마̩ || 먀 || 먕 || 먁 || 먀̞ || 먀̩ || 메 || 멩 || 멕 || 모 || 몽 || 목 || 무 || 뭉 || 묵 || 무̩ || 미 || 밍 || 믹
| 마 || 망 || 막/맙/맏 || 마̞ || 마̩ || 먀 || 먕 || 먁/먑/먇 || 먀̞ || 먀̩ || 메 || 멩 || 멕/멥/멛 || 모 || 몽 || 목/몹/몯 || 무 || 뭉 || 묵/뭅/묻 || 무̩ || 미 || 밍 || 믹/밉/믿
|-
|-
!ㅂ  
!ㅂ  
| 바 || 방 || 박 || 바̞ || 바̩ || 뱌 || 뱡 || 뱍 || 뱌̞ || 뱌̩ || 베 || 벵 || 벡 || 보 || 봉 || 복 || 부 || 붕 || 북 || 부̩ || 비 || 빙 || 빅
| 바 || 방 || 박/밥/받 || 바̞ || 바̩ || 뱌 || 뱡 || 뱍/뱝/뱓 || 뱌̞ || 뱌̩ || 베 || 벵 || 벡/벱/벧 || 보 || 봉 || 복/봅/볻 || 부 || 붕 || 북/붑/붇 || 부̩ || 비 || 빙 || 빅/빕/빋
|-
|-
!ㅅ  
!ㅅ  
| 사 || 상 || 삭 || 사̞ || 사̩ || 샤 || 샹 || 샥 || 샤̞ || 샤̩ || 세 || 셍 || 섹 || 소 || 속 || 송 || 수 || 숭 || 숙 || 수̩ || 시 || 싱 || 식
| 사 || 상 || 삭/삽/삳 || 사̞ || 사̩ || 샤 || 샹 || 샥/샵/샫 || 샤̞ || 샤̩ || 세 || 셍 || 섹/셉/섿 || 소 || 송 || 속/솝/솓 || 수 || 숭 || 숙/숩/숟 || 수̩ || 시 || 싱 || 식/십/싣
|-
|-
!ㅈ  
!ㅈ  
| 자 || 장 || 작 || 자̞ || 자̩  
| 자 || 장 || 작/잡/잗 || 자̞ || 자̩  
| colspan="5" |  || 제 || 젱 || 젝 || 조 || 종 || 족 || 주 || 중 || 죽 || 주̩ || 지 || 징 || 직
| colspan="5" |  || 제 || 젱 || 젝/젭/젣 || 조 || 종 || 족/좁/졷 || 주 || 중 || 죽/줍/줃 || 주̩ || 지 || 징 || 직/집/짇
|-
|-
!ㅎ  
!ㅎ  
| 하 || 항 || 학 || 하̞ || 하̩ || 햐 || 향 || 햑 || 햐̞ || 햐̩ || 헤 || 헹 || 헥 || 호 || 홍 || 혹 || 후 || 훙 || 훅 || 후̩ || 히 || 힝 || 힉
| 하 || 항 || 학/합/핟 || 하̞ || 하̩ || 햐 || 향 || 햑/햡/햗 || 햐̞ || 햐̩ || 헤 || 헹 || 헥/헵/헫 || 호 || 홍 || 혹/홉/혿 || 후 || 훙 || 훅/훕/훋 || 후̩ || 히 || 힝 || 힉/힙/힏
|-
|-
!ㅇ  
!ㅇ  
| 아 || 앙 || 악 || 아̞ || 아̩ || 야 || 양 || 약 || 야̞ || 야̩ || 에 || 엥 || 엑 || 오 || 옹 || 옥 || 우 || 웅 || 욱 || 우̩ || 이 || 잉 || 익
| 아 || 앙 || 악/압/앋 || 아̞ || 아̩ || 야 || 양 || 약/얍/얃 || 야̞ || 야̩ || 에 || 엥 || 엑/엡/엗 || 오 || 옹 || 옥/옵/옫 || 우 || 웅 || 욱/옵/옫 || 우̩ || 이 || 잉 || 익/입/읻
|-
|-
!w/y  
!w/y  
| 와 || 왕 || 왁 ||  || 와̩  
| 와 || 왕 || 왁/왑/왇 ||  || 와̩  
| colspan="5" |   
| colspan="5" |   
| 예 || 옝 || 옉 || 요 || 용 || 욕 || 유 || 융 || 육 || 유̩  
| 예 || 옝 || 옉/옙/옏 || 요 || 용 || 욕/욥/욛 || 유 || 융 || 육/윱/윧 || 유̩  
| colspan="3" |  
| colspan="3" |  
|}
|}
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=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verb phrases consist of an optional negative particle {{ruby|不|북}}, any number of simple verbs for serialization (each with the particle {{ruby|還|항}} suffixed}}, the one (or only) head verb, with optional honorific marker ({{ruby|尊|종}}), and aspect marker (ø for imperfective, {{ruby|了|랴̞}} for perfective, {{ruby|過|가}} for historic past, or {{ruby|就|주}} for irrealis).
Verb phrases consist of an optional negative particle {{ruby|不|붇}}, any number of simple verbs for serialization (each with the particle {{ruby|還|항}} suffixed}}, the one (or only) head verb, with optional honorific marker ({{ruby|尊|종}}), and aspect marker (ø for imperfective, {{ruby|了|랴̞}} for perfective, {{ruby|過|가}} for historic past, or {{ruby|就|주}} for irrealis).
<references />
<references />


=== Sentence Final Particles ===
=== Sentence Final Particles ===
Every utterance other than simple, declarative sentences must end in a sentence final particle.
Every utterance other than simple, declarative sentences must end in a sentence final particle.

Revision as of 23:23, 28 December 2014


East Asian Cultural Sphere.png

単亜語 is a zonal auxlang[1] intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the w:East Asian cultural sphere. It uses Chinese characters for all of its native writing, with some forms being simplified according to the w:Shinjitai/新字体 standards of Japan. w:Hangul is used for foreign sounds or phonetic spelling. It is not tonal, mostly analytic, SVO, topic-prominent, uses classifiers, is pro-drop, and uses postpositions.

Simple Asian Language
単亜語
East asian flag.png
Pronunciation[/tan.a.jo/]
Created by明帥
Native toChina, w:Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam
Native speakersUnknown (2014)
Language codes
ISO 639-1dny
ISO 639-2dny
ISO 639-3dny
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology

単亜語 has 5 vowels and 12 consonants. Immediately upon seeking a common ground across East Asia, one encounters a great deal of diversity. Japanese is definitely the outlier, with the most restrictive sound inventory of all. Only Japanese does not contrast aspirated and unaspirated stops[2], instead opting for the more European-sounding voicing contrast[3]. This distinction is difficult for Japanese-speakers to learn, but if the feature is not contrastive in affricates, it is easier[4]. The operating principle of sound selection is, no other sounds than Japanese has, but including Japanese allophones. Japanese and Korean speakers will experience the same difficulty with /l/ vs /ɾ/ as they do with Europeans.

単亜語 Consonants
Consonants
唇/Labial 舌/Alveolar 齒/Coronal 牙/Velar
次/Nasals ㅁ /m/ ㄴ /n/ ㅇ /ŋ~ɴ/
塞/Stops ㅂ /p~b (ʔ)/ ㄷ /t~d (ʔ)/ ㄱ /k~g (ʔ)/
塞擦/Affricates ㅈ /t͡s~t͡ɕ/
清/Fricatives ㅅ /s ~ ɕ/ ㅎ /h ~ x (ɸᵝ)/
次濁/Approximants 와 /w~ɰᵝ/ ㄹ /l ~ ɾ/ 야 /j/

Vowels are also difficult to achieve consensus on. Mandarin and Japanese have the most limited systems[5]. The world's most common and usable system -- with five, cardinal vowels -- was chosen for maximum compatiblity, and some combinations are excluded (see below). Again, much allophony and tolerance will be used and needed between parties. There are two ways to write /u/, but only one (우) is used in native transcription. The other (으) is used in transliteration, to break up consonant clusters. It is whatever epenthetic vowel is common for the speaker. Japanese will realize these as /ɯᵝ/, Koreans as /ɯ/, Mandarin-speakers as /ɨ/, Cantonese as /ʊ/, and Vietnamese as /ə̆/.

単亜語 Vowels
Vowels
Front Central Back
High 이 /i ~ ɪ/ 우/으 /u ~ ʊ/
Mid 에 /e ~ ɛ / 오 /o ~ ɔ/
Low 아 /a ~ ä ~ ɑ/

Because tone is not present in all languages[6] and learning tone is extremely prohibitive, tone is not phonemic in 単亜語, and prosody is not specified. Sentence Final Particles (SFPs) are mandatory to indicate any modality other than simple, declarative sentences.

Phonotactics

Across the region, there is no clear majority position on syllable structure. WALS misleadingly labels all our languages as "moderately complex"[7]. Hence, there are many gaps in the phonetic system. A syllable may start with any sounds except /ŋ/ (Japanese /ɴ/)[8]. The rime must be a plain vowel, or /ya/. The coda can be /i/, /u/, an underspecified nasal, or a stop. The coda nasal assimilates before subsequent consonants in order to be homorganic. A coda stop can do one of three things

  1. before any non-identical consonant, it is realized as a glottal stop
  2. before an identical stop, it is realized as gemination of that stop
  3. before a syllable with no onset, it moves to be the onset of that syllable.

Off-glides will be pronounced as separate syllables by everyone except Chinese and Vietnamese speakers, but again, tolerance is indicated. Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime. Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime. ㅈ-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime (since many with pronounce /t/ + /j/ that way). Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/.

m, n
p, t, k
s, h
y, l, w 		+ i, u
e, o
a, ya 		+ Nasal
Stop
y, w

Writing

単亜語 recognizes that while Chinese characters may be common in Japan and China, they are less so in Korea and absent from Vietnamese popular education. Therefore, the total number of logograms in use in 単亜語 is kept to under 2000. Pronunciations are regularly derived from Middle Chinese, and then adapted to a consensus position between Mandarin, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese.

The form of Chinese characters have changed in the last century, with the development of Simplified Characters in Mainland China. However, these are not taught in Korea and elsewhere. Therefore, a medial position has been chosen, that of Japanese w:Shinjitai (新字体).

Because Chinese characters do not contain enough phonetic information, and because transcribing sounds is also needed, a phonetic alphabet is also needed. Katakana is useful, but is not helpful in spelling foreign words. The Latin alphabet is not indigenous enough. Hangul was chosen because it required the least modification. Whenever possible, in order to facilitate learning by newcomers, Hangul should be written as Ruby, like this: 東京(동공). Only words which are not 単亜語 should be written as 韓文 alone: 도오교오 (日本). Foreign words maybe spelled with Korean characters and combinations not used in 単亜語.

The 単亜語 system of Hangul is slightly different from standard Korean. Some syllables must be written with one of two diacritical marks. Syllables may end in an off-glide, which has to be written as as   ̩ (\0329) or   ̞ (\031E). When these special characters are unavailable, the simple Korean vowels ㅣ (\3163), ㅜ (\315C) may follow the text. As a last resort, a Latin capital 'T' and a "pipe" may be used.

単亜語 Syllables
rime
ㅏ ㅑ ㅔ ㅗ ㅜ ㅣ
鼻 塞 W Y 鼻 塞 W Y 鼻 塞 鼻 塞 鼻 塞 Y 鼻 塞
ㄱ 가 강 각/갑/갇 가̞ 가̩ 갸 걍 갹/걉/갿 갸̞ 갸̩ 게 겡 겍/겝/겓 고 공 곡/곱/곧 구 궁 국/굽/굳 구̩ 기 깅 긱/깁/긷
ㄴ 나 낭 낙/납/낟 나̞ 나̩ 냐 냥 냑/냡/냗 냐̞ 냐̩ 네 넹 넥/넵/넫 노 농 녹/놉/녿 누 눙 눅/눕/눋 누̩ 니 닝 닉/닙/닏
ㄷ 다 당 닥/답/닫 다̞ 다̩ 댜 댱 댝/댭/댣 댜̞ 댜̩ 데 뎅 덱/뎁/덷 도 동 독/돕/돋 두 둥 둑/둡/둗 두̩ 디 딩 딕/딥/딛
ㄹ 라 랑 락/랍/랃 라̞ 라̩ 랴 량 략/럅/랻 랴̞ 랴̩ 레 렝 렉/렙/렏 로 롱 록/롭/롣 루 룽 룩/룹/룯 루̩ 리 링 릭/립/릳
ㅁ 마 망 막/맙/맏 마̞ 마̩ 먀 먕 먁/먑/먇 먀̞ 먀̩ 메 멩 멕/멥/멛 모 몽 목/몹/몯 무 뭉 묵/뭅/묻 무̩ 미 밍 믹/밉/믿
ㅂ 바 방 박/밥/받 바̞ 바̩ 뱌 뱡 뱍/뱝/뱓 뱌̞ 뱌̩ 베 벵 벡/벱/벧 보 봉 복/봅/볻 부 붕 북/붑/붇 부̩ 비 빙 빅/빕/빋
ㅅ 사 상 삭/삽/삳 사̞ 사̩ 샤 샹 샥/샵/샫 샤̞ 샤̩ 세 셍 섹/셉/섿 소 송 속/솝/솓 수 숭 숙/숩/숟 수̩ 시 싱 식/십/싣
ㅈ 자 장 작/잡/잗 자̞ 자̩ 제 젱 젝/젭/젣 조 종 족/좁/졷 주 중 죽/줍/줃 주̩ 지 징 직/집/짇
ㅎ 하 항 학/합/핟 하̞ 하̩ 햐 향 햑/햡/햗 햐̞ 햐̩ 헤 헹 헥/헵/헫 호 홍 혹/홉/혿 후 훙 훅/훕/훋 후̩ 히 힝 힉/힙/힏
ㅇ 아 앙 악/압/앋 아̞ 아̩ 야 양 약/얍/얃 야̞ 야̩ 에 엥 엑/엡/엗 오 옹 옥/옵/옫 우 웅 욱/옵/옫 우̩ 이 잉 익/입/읻
w/y 와 왕 왁/왑/왇 와̩ 예 옝 옉/옙/옏 요 용 욕/욥/욛 유 융 육/윱/윧 유̩

Syntax

(NounPhraseTOPIC + 者(자))? (NounPhraseSUBJ.)? PostpositionalPhrase* VerbPhrase (NounPhraseOBJ.)? SentenceFinalParticle*

単亜語 is has a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. The languages of Asian are split SVO/SOV[9] but because SOV requires making the nominative and accusative, SVO was chosen. Adverbial phrases and oblique arguments must precede the verb[10]. The language uses postpositions, genitives precede their noun, as do adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses. 単亜語 is a topic-prominent language, featuring pro-drop, wh-word in situ, and copula-drop.

Nouns

象(샹)者(자) 飛行機(비항기) 用(용) 汽油(기유)

Regarding elephants, airplanes use gasoline.

Unlike English, most of the languages of Asia are verb-centric. This can be discerned by the fact that adjectives are stative verbs, not substantive nouns. In all the languages of our region, nouns are not marked for number, gender, or case.

Word order determines a great deal of meaning. Topics must come first in the sentence and be marked with the postposition 者(자). The subject may be dropped. Postpositional phrases must come before the verb. Objects must come after the verb. Topics serve a variety of grammatical roles, but one of the most important is possession, which is indicated by POSSESSOR-topic POSSESSEE exist.

The Noun Phrase

(Determiner - [ 此(지) or 其(기) or 彼(비) ])? AdjectivalPhrase* Noun (Honorific Suffix - 尊(종))? ClassifierPhrase

The noun phrase consists of an optional determiner (此(지), 其(기), or 彼(비)), any adjectival phrases, the noun itself, an optional honorific suffix (尊(종)), an optional plural suffix (simple or associative), and an optional classifier phrase.

Pronouns

The most polite thing to do is drop the pronoun. This is humble if you are speak about yourself, and it is middle-ground for speaking to another. To be polite, use the person's title. Using their name or "you" is much more intimate.

Verbs

Verb phrases consist of an optional negative particle 不(붇), any number of simple verbs for serialization (each with the particle 還(항) suffixed}}, the one (or only) head verb, with optional honorific marker (尊(종)), and aspect marker (ø for imperfective, 了(랴̞) for perfective, 過(가) for historic past, or 就(주) for irrealis).

  1. ^ http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/
  2. ^ http://wals.info/feature/4A#4/28.77/115.93
  3. ^ http://wals.info/feature/5A#4/25.40/121.38
  4. ^ http://www.conforg.fr/acoustics2008/cdrom/data/fa2005-budapest/paper/505-1.pdf
  5. ^ http://wals.info/feature/2A#4/24.37/120.06
  6. ^ http://wals.info/feature/13A#4/25.72/126.39
  7. ^ http://wals.info/feature/12A#4/25.80/112.06
  8. ^ http://wals.info/feature/9A#3/25.80/130.61
  9. ^ http://wals.info/feature/81A#4/27.29/130.08
  10. ^ http://wals.info/feature/84A#4/25.80/126.04

Sentence Final Particles

Every utterance other than simple, declarative sentences must end in a sentence final particle.

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