Tocharian D/Nouns

Nouns in Tocharian D infect for number(singular/plural) and case

case

Nouns inflect for twelve cases, and the six “primary” cases are of PIE date: Nominative, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Instrumental. The other six “secondary” case suffixes are agglutinative, added to the accusative: Perlative, Comitative, Allative, Ablative, Locative, and Causative.

primary case

• Nominative
• Vocative
• Genitive
• Dative
• Accusative
• Instrumental

secondary case

• Locative and perlative are used when an action is accomplished by way of someone’s agency.
• Comitative is often used with the word ‘with’, in terms of accompaniment.
• Allative is used when expressing motion towards something.
• Ablative is used when expressing motion away from something. It implies a separation.
• Causative is often used with the word mic(with), but in terms of referencing the tool in which something is accomplished.

Gruppenflexion

The “secondary” case suffix attached only to the last element of a noun phrase.

declension

Conjugation in nouns have largely taken over the system of Proto-Indo-European languages. They are classified into four types according to their stem: /a/type, /n/type, /i/type, and /u/type. There are a small number of other three types, root nouns (ending with a consonant), kinship nouns (ending with /er/), and /s/type nouns.

/a/type

Case	yähwa "horse"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	yähwa	yähwi
Vocative	yahw	—
Accusative	yähwa	yähwan
Genitive	yähway	yähwan
Dative	yähway	yähwama
Instrumental	yähwa	yähwami

/n/type

Case	kwäma "man"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kwäma	kwämañ
Vocative	kwäm	—
Accusative	kwämanu	kwämanun
Genitive	kwämañ	kwämana
Dative	kwämañ	kwämama
Instrumental	kwämañe	kwämami

/i/type

Case	kašä "guest"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kašä	kaši
Vocative	kaš	—
Accusative	kašä	kašän
Genitive	kaši	kašäya
Dative	kaši	kašäma
Instrumental	kaši	kašämi

/u/type

Case	sänu "son"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sänu	sänäy
Vocative	sän	—
Accusative	sänu	sänun
Genitive	säno	sänäwa
Dative	säno	sänäma
Instrumental	säno	sänämi

kinship nouns (/er/ type)

Case	macer "mother"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	macer	matŕ
Vocative	macer	—
Accusative	macäru	matru
Genitive	matär	matra
Dative	matŕ	maträma
Instrumental	matŕe	maträmi

/s/ type

Case	lampia "lamb"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lampia	lampisa
Vocative	lampi	—
Accusative	lampia	lampisan
Genitive	lampiasi	lampisa
Dative	lampiasi	lampisäma
Instrumental	lampiasi	lampisämi

root nouns

Case	faθ "foot"
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	faθ	fac
Vocative	fat	—
Accusative	fatu	fatun
Genitive	fac	fata
Dative	fac	fatäma
Instrumental	fac	fatämi