Yutch: Difference between revisions
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*The schwa in ''-(e)t'' is inserted after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.--> | *The schwa in ''-(e)t'' is inserted after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.--> | ||
Irregular verbs form | Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.<!-- | ||
*'''Present stem:''' When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion. | *'''Present stem:''' When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion. | ||
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem. | *'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem. | ||
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist. | *'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.--> | ||
A few verbs have a past participle distinct from the past stem. For those verbs, the past tense is included as a citation form between the present and the past participle. | |||
====Personal endings==== | ====Personal endings==== |
Revision as of 14:09, 5 January 2023
Yutch (/jʌtʃ/) is a Gallo-Romance language closely related to Twench.
Yutch | |
---|---|
Yutch | |
Pronunciation | [jʌtʃ] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Introduction
Etymology
Yutch is ultimately derived from Iuti, the Latin name for the Jutes.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).
Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.
Articles
Precede the noun they modify.
- Definite article: le
- Indefinite article (only in the singular): a (before consonants), an (before vowels)
Pronouns
Person/ Number | Subject | Object | Possessive | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjective | Pronoun | |||
1S | you | me | my | mine |
2S (arch.) | tou | te | ty | tine |
3SM | el | el | sy | sine |
3SF | lay | lay | lay | lays |
3SN | lou | lou | louse | louse |
1P | noose | noose | noster | nosters |
2S+P | woose | woose | woster | wosters |
3P | else | else | lour | lours |
Numerals
Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | null | nullem | — |
1 | une | prime | — |
2 | doose | second | demy |
3 | treece | terce | terce |
4 | quatter | quart | quart |
5 | cink | kint | kint |
6 | six | sixem | sixem |
7 | set | settem | settem |
8 | ought | oughtem | oughtem |
9 | noove | noovem | noovem |
10 | deace | deacem | deacem |
11 | onze | onzem | onzem |
12 | dozz | dozzem | dozzem |
13 | trezz | trezzem | trezzem |
14 | quatterze | quatterzem | quatterzem |
15 | kinze | kinzem | kinzem |
16 | sezz | sezzem | sezzem |
17 | setdiss | setdissem | setdissem |
20 | waint | waintem | waintem |
21 | waint-une | waint-prime | waint-unem |
30 | traint | traintem | traintem |
40 | quarant | quarantem | quarantem |
50 | cinkant | cinkantem | cinkantem |
60 | sixant | sixantem | sixantem |
70 | settant | settantem | settantem |
80 | oughtant | oughtantem | oughtantem |
90 | noovant | noovantem | noovantem |
100 | cent | centem | centem |
1000 | mill | millem | millem |
10⁶ | million | millionem | millionem |
Verbs
Principal parts
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from two principal parts: the infinitive and past participle.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
Verb classes
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
In regular verbs, the past stem is derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffix -et (-t after final -e).
Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.
A few verbs have a past participle distinct from the past stem. For those verbs, the past tense is included as a citation form between the present and the past participle.
Personal endings
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final -i if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in -i, the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
Person/number | Ending |
---|---|
1S | -(i) |
2S | -(e)s |
3S | -(e)t |
1P | -(e)ns |
2P | -(e)ts |
3P | -(e)n |
Note:
¹ Schwa -(e)- may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels.
- In -(e)s: Schwa is kept after -s-, -z-, -sj-, -zj-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.
- In -(e)t: Schwa is kept after -t-, -d-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.
- In -(e)n, -(e)ns, and -(e)ts: Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.
.
Examples of verbs
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Toot human esters nasce liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Else son endootet of raison et conscience, et else deve at age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstəɹz næs ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ ɛls sʌn ənˈdutət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət ɛls diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/