Plevian: Difference between revisions
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| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
! Grapheme !! Environment !! IPA !! Remarks | ! Grapheme !! Environment !! IPA !! Remarks | ||
|- | |- | ||
| a || | | a || everywhere || {{IPA|a}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| b || | | b || everywhere || {{IPA|b}} || May be pronounced {{IPA|[β]}} between vowels | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| c || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || || | | rowspan="2"| c || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || || | ||
| Line 88: | Line 88: | ||
| cj || before a consonant; word-finally || || | | cj || before a consonant; word-finally || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| d || | | d || everywhere || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dz | | dz || everywhere || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| e | | e || everywhere || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| f | | f || everywhere || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| g || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || || | | rowspan="2"| g || before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ || || | ||
| Line 108: | Line 108: | ||
| gj || before a consonant; word-finally || || | | gj || before a consonant; word-finally || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| h | | h || all || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| i | | rowspan="2"| i || before vowels || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | otherwise || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| j | | j || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| k | | k || in loanwords || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| l | | l || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| li | | rowspan="2"| li || before vowels || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | otherwise || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| m | | m || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| n | | n || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan="2"| ni || before vowels | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | otherwise || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | o || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | p || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | qu || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | r || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan="2"| s || between vowels; before voiced consonants || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | otherwise || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | t || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan="2"| u || before vowels || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | otherwise || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | v || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | w || in loanwords || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan="2"| x || before vowels; before voiced consonants || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | otherwise || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | rowspan="2"| y || in loanwords before vowels || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | in loanwords otherwise || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | z || everywhere || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 17:20, 20 January 2023
Plevian (native: pleviano, sa dengua pleviana) is an Italic language descended from Old Latin.
| Plevian | |
|---|---|
| sa dengua pleviana | |
| Pronunciation | [sa ˈdeŋɡwa pleˈvjana] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Old Latin
|
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
| Grapheme | Environment | IPA | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | everywhere | a | |
| b | everywhere | b | May be pronounced [β] between vowels |
| c | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ | ||
| before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally | |||
| ch | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ | ||
| ci | before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩ | ||
| otherwise | |||
| cj | before a consonant; word-finally | ||
| d | everywhere | ||
| dz | everywhere | ||
| e | everywhere | ||
| f | everywhere | ||
| g | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨y⟩, or vocalic ⟨i⟩ | ||
| before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩; before a consonant; word-finally | |||
| gh | before ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩ | ||
| gi | before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, or ⟨u⟩ | ||
| otherwise | |||
| gj | before a consonant; word-finally | ||
| h | all | ||
| i | before vowels | ||
| otherwise | |||
| j | everywhere | ||
| k | in loanwords | ||
| l | everywhere | ||
| li | before vowels | ||
| otherwise | |||
| m | everywhere | ||
| n | everywhere | ||
| ni | before vowels | ||
| otherwise | |||
| o | everywhere | ||
| p | everywhere | ||
| qu | everywhere | ||
| r | everywhere | ||
| s | between vowels; before voiced consonants | ||
| otherwise | |||
| t | everywhere | ||
| u | before vowels | ||
| otherwise | |||
| v | everywhere | ||
| w | in loanwords | ||
| x | before vowels; before voiced consonants | ||
| otherwise | |||
| y | in loanwords before vowels | ||
| in loanwords otherwise | |||
| z | everywhere |
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar/ Guttural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʃ | ||
| voiced | dz | dʒ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | χ |
| voiced | v | (z) | (ʒ) | ||
| Approximant | j | w | |||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
In addition to the monopthongs above, the following diphthongs are possible:
- Rising: ia, ie, io, iu, ua, ue, uo, ui
- Falling: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
The most common diphthongs are ia, ua, ue, and io. Additionally, ui is common after /k/ and /ɡ/. The remaining diphthongs are rare.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns may be masculine or feminine.
Nouns are pluralized in -x. After a consonant, this ending becomes -ex.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the noun they govern in gender and number.
Adjectives whose masculine forms end in -o are feminized in -a. Otherwise, the masculine and feminine forms are identical.
Like nouns, adjectives are pluralized in -(e)x.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Person/ Number | Subject | Object | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weak | Strong | |||
| 1S | mu | me | mo | miaxxo |
| 2S | tu | te | to | tiaxxo |
| 3SM | gio | gio | gio | giuaxxo |
| 3SF | gia | gia | gia | giaxxo |
| 3R | su | se | so | siaxxo |
| 1P | nox | nox | nox | nuastro |
| 2P | gox | gox | gox | guastro |
| 3PM | giox | giox | giox | goro |
| 3PF | giax | giax | giax | giaro |