Carpathian verbs: Difference between revisions

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The verb ''gidā́tei'' “to wait” has sigmatic aorist, while all other verbs from the example above have root aorist. The difference is the addition of the suffix ''-s'' with the lengthening of the previous vowel: ''kurtéi'' “to build”, ''degetéi'' “to burn” — ''kūr̃'''š'''anta'' “I built it”, ''dē'''š'''anta'' “I burnt it” (sigmatic aorist); but ''tirimtéi'' “to shiver” — ''tirìmun'' “I shivered” (root aorist).
The verb ''gidā́tei'' “to wait” has sigmatic aorist, while all other verbs from the example above have root aorist. The difference is the addition of the suffix ''-s'' with the lengthening of the previous vowel: ''kurtéi'' “to build”, ''degetéi'' “to burn” — ''kūr̃'''š'''anta'' “I built it”, ''dē'''š'''anta'' “I burnt it” (sigmatic aorist); but ''tirimtéi'' “to shiver” — ''tirìmun'' “I shivered” (root aorist).
Some irregular "e"-stem verbs have zero-grade ablaut in their root, usually those belonging to PIE bhárati-verbs: ''b'''è'''rōsa'' “I’m picking it up” — ''b'''i'''rā́hansa'' “I picked it up”, but ''g'''i'''dā́hū'' “I’m waiting” — ''g'''i'''dā́sun'' “I waited”.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]]
|+[[w:Perfect (grammar)|Perfect]]
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! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
|-
|-
!''skaistéi'' “to read”
!''skeistéi'' “to read”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
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! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
|-
|-
!''skaistéi'' “to read”
!''skeistéi'' “to read”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
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|''gidā́sianti''
|''gidā́sianti''
|''zirhḗsianti''
|''zirhḗsianti''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[w:Optative mood|Optative]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! Athematic verbs
! ''e''-stem verbs
! ''ē''-stem verbs
! ''ā''-stem verbs
! suffixed (''ēj''-stem)
|-
!''skeistéi'' “to read”
!''stèrhetei'' “to extend”
!''turḗtei'' “to hold”
!''gidā́tei'' “to wait”
!''zirhḗtei'' “to ripen, to age”
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Grammatical number|Singular]]
![[w:First person singular|1st sg]]
|''skìtiēn''
|''stèrhain''
|''tùriain''
|''gidā́hain''
|''zirhḗjain''
|-
![[w:Second person singular|2nd sg]]
|''skìtiēs''
|''stèrhais''
|''tùriais''
|''gidā́hais''
|''zirhḗjais''
|-
![[w:Third person singular|3rd sg]]
|''skìtiēs''
|''stèrhai''
|''tùriai''
|''gidā́hai''
|''zirhḗjai''
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
![[w:First person plural|1st du]]
|''skitiḗwā''
|''sterhaĩwā''
|''turiaĩwā''
|''gidahaĩwā''
|''zirhḗjaiwā''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd du]]
|''skitiḗtā''
|''sterhaĩtā''
|''turiaĩtā''
|''gidahaĩtā''
|''zirhḗjaitā''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd du}}]]
|''skitiḗtis''
|''sterhaĩtis''
|''turiaĩtis''
|''gidahaĩtis''
|''zirhḗjaitis''
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[w:Grammatical number|Plural]]
![[w:First person plural|1st pl]]
|''skitiḗmes''
|''sterhaĩma''
|''turiaĩma''
|''gidahaĩma''
|''zirhḗjaima''
|-
![[w:Second person plural|2nd pl]]
|''skitiḗte''
|''stèrhaĩte''
|''turiaĩte''
|''gidahaĩte''
|''zirhḗjaite''
|-
![[w:Third person plural|3rd pl]]
|''skitiénti''
|''sterhajín''
|''turējín''
|''gidāhín''
|''zirhḗjin''
|}
|}


[[Category:Carpathian]]
[[Category:Carpathian]]

Revision as of 14:14, 25 February 2023

Carpathian verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the nominals, with verbs categorized according to their conjugation class. Each finite verb is conjugated for person, number, tense, aspect, and mood, the last three usually being combined into a single category, called TAM. In addition to finite verbs, non-finite forms such as participles, infinitive and supine are also extensively used. Transitive verbs agree with two or more of its arguments, which is called polypersonal agreement, while intransitive verbs only agree with one argument — its subject. An extreme example of the agreement complexity can be seen in the following sentence: ei-ta-dōdah-ā-mi “He/she made me give it to them” ("to.them-that-made.give-he/she-me").

Most Carpathian verbs have three or four distinct basic stems, i.e. the stems of the imperfective, the aorist, the perfect and the infinitive. All forms of the verb were based on those stems: “sit” — sēdē- (infinitive and aorist), sēdi- (imperfective) and sōd- (perfect); “remain” — lik- (infinitive), leik- (present), likā- (aorist) laik- (perfect).

Personal Endings

Carpathian has two different categories of verbs, based on their present tense personal endings: athematic and thematic, the latter category being much larger and still productive, consisting of every class of verbs but one. The subject endings of the two categories (for the M-type accent paradigm) are:

Athematic Thematic Athematic Thematic Athematic Thematic
Present Aorist Perfect
Singular 1st -mi -ū -ùn -ùn -ai -a
2nd -si -ei -s -is -tai -ta
3rd -ti -e -∅/-a -e -ei -e
Dual 1st -wā́ -(e)wā́ -awā́ -(a)wā́ -wā́ -wā́
2nd -tā́ -(e)tā́ -atā́ -(a)tā́ -tā́ -tā́
3rd -tìs -(e)tìs -atìs -(a)tìs -tìs -tìs
Plural 1st -mès -(e)mùn/-mà -amè -(a)mè -mè -mè
2nd -tè -(e)tè -atè -(a)tè -tè -tè
3rd -eñti -añti -iñ -añ -ínti -ín
  • In Western Carpathian the 1st plural present thematic ending is -mun, while in Eastern Carpathian it is -ma.

Conjugation

The following conjugations of verbs exist in the present tense: athematic, simple thematic ("e"-stem verbs) and suffixed ("ī"-stem, "ē"-stem, and "ā"-stem verbs, as well as derived "jā"-stem, "ej"-verbs, "au"-stem, "nō"-stem among others). The future tense is formed using the si- suffix attached to the infinitive stem. The aorist tense has "ā"- and "ē"-stems. With a few exceptions, all verb endings were at some point of Carpathian history influenced by the ending of the present tense.

Present
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē/ī-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skeistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skeĩmi stèrhū turiū́ gidā́hū zirhḗjū
2nd sg skeĩsi stèrhei turiéi gidā́hei zirhḗjei
3rd sg skeĩsti stèrhe tùrie gidā́ zirhḗje
Dual 1st du skeitwā́ sterhewā́ turiewā́ gidewā́ zirhējewā́
2nd du skeistā́ sterhetā́ turietā́ gidetā́ zirhējetā́
3rd du}} skeistìs sterhetìs turietìs gidetìs zirhējetìs
Plural 1st pl skeimès sterhemà turiemà gidemà zirhējemà
2nd pl skeistè sterhetè turietè gidetè zirhējetè
3rd pl skeiteñti sterhañti turiañti gidañti zirhējañti

The verb stèrhetei “to extend” has tone-3 in Eastern Carpathian, because sonorant clusters with /h/ are treated as a single segment. This is not the case in Western Carpathian, where this verb has tone-2 on the root instead: ster̃hetei. In present tense the root vowel of the e-stem verbs often undergoes ablaut: lìktei “to remain” — leĩkū “I remain”.

Aorist
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skeistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skeĩtun stèrhun turḗjun gidā́sun zirhḗjun
2nd sg skeĩs stèrhis turḗjis gidā́sis zirhḗjis
3rd sg skeĩ stèrhe turḗ gidā́s zirhḗje
Dual 1st du skeitawā́ sterhawā́ turēwā́ gidāsawā́ zirhējawā́
2nd du skeitatā́ sterhatā́ turētā́ gidāsatā́ zirhējatā́
3rd du}} skeitatìs sterhatìs turētìs gidāsatìs zirhējatìs
Plural 1st pl skeitamè sterhamè turēmè gidāsamè zirhējamè
2nd pl skeitatè sterhatè turētè gidāsatè zirhējatè
3rd pl skeitiñ sterhañ turējañ gidāsañ zirhējañ

The verb gidā́tei “to wait” has sigmatic aorist, while all other verbs from the example above have root aorist. The difference is the addition of the suffix -s with the lengthening of the previous vowel: kurtéi “to build”, degetéi “to burn” — kūr̃šanta “I built it”, dēšanta “I burnt it” (sigmatic aorist); but tirimtéi “to shiver” — tirìmun “I shivered” (root aorist).

Some irregular "e"-stem verbs have zero-grade ablaut in their root, usually those belonging to PIE bhárati-verbs: bèrōsa “I’m picking it up” — birā́hansa “I picked it up”, but gidā́hū “I’m waiting” — gidā́sun “I waited”.

Perfect
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skeistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skaĩtai stàrha turḗja gidā́ha zirhḗja
2nd sg skaĩstai stàrta turḗta gidā́ta zirhḗta
3rd sg skaĩtei stàrhe turḗje gidā́he zirhḗje
Dual 1st du skaitwā́ stárwā turḗwā gidā́wā zirhḗwā
2nd du skaistā́ stártā turḗtā gidā́tā zirhḗtā
3rd du}} skaistìs stártis turḗtis gidā́tis zirhḗtis
Plural 1st pl skaimè stárme turḗme gidā́me zirhḗme
2nd pl skaistè stárte turḗte gidā́te zirhḗte
3rd pl skaitínti starhin turḗjin gidā́hin zirhḗjin

In perfect the root vowel of athematic and e-stem thematic verbs undergoes qualitative ablaut: leikū “I remain” — laika “I have remained/I am preserved”; pasadḗdemi “I’m putting it down” — pasadṓdai “I’ve put it down”.

Future
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skeistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skeĩsiū stèrhesiū turḗsiū gidā́siū zirhḗsiū
2nd sg skeĩsiei stèrhesiei turḗsiei gidā́siei zirhḗsiei
3rd sg skeĩs stèrhis turḗs gidā́s zirhḗs
Dual 1st du skeĩsiwā stèrhesiwā turḗsiwā gidā́siwā zirhḗsiwā
2nd du skeĩsitā stèrhesitā turḗsitā gidā́sitā zirhḗsitā
3rd du}} skeĩsitis stèrhesitis turḗsitis gidā́sitis zirhḗsitis
Plural 1st pl skeĩsima stèrhesima turḗsima gidā́sima zirhḗsima
2nd pl skeĩsite stèrhesite turḗsite gidā́site zirhḗsite
3rd pl skeĩsianti stèrhesianti turḗsianti gidā́sianti zirhḗsianti
Optative
Athematic verbs e-stem verbs ē-stem verbs ā-stem verbs suffixed (ēj-stem)
skeistéi “to read” stèrhetei “to extend” turḗtei “to hold” gidā́tei “to wait” zirhḗtei “to ripen, to age”
Singular 1st sg skìtiēn stèrhain tùriain gidā́hain zirhḗjain
2nd sg skìtiēs stèrhais tùriais gidā́hais zirhḗjais
3rd sg skìtiēs stèrhai tùriai gidā́hai zirhḗjai
Dual 1st du skitiḗwā sterhaĩwā turiaĩwā gidahaĩwā zirhḗjaiwā
2nd du skitiḗtā sterhaĩtā turiaĩtā gidahaĩtā zirhḗjaitā
3rd du}} skitiḗtis sterhaĩtis turiaĩtis gidahaĩtis zirhḗjaitis
Plural 1st pl skitiḗmes sterhaĩma turiaĩma gidahaĩma zirhḗjaima
2nd pl skitiḗte stèrhaĩte turiaĩte gidahaĩte zirhḗjaite
3rd pl skitiénti sterhajín turējín gidāhín zirhḗjin
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