Gemendic: Difference between revisions
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=====Vowels===== | =====Vowels===== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Monophthong Vowels | |+ Monophthong Vowels | ||
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| ''gat'' "cat" | | ''gat'' "cat" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| '''è''' | |||
| style="text-align:center;"|[ɛ] | |||
| ''gèst'' "ghost, spirit" | |||
| Always stressed. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''e''' | | '''e''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[ | | style="text-align:center;"|[e] | ||
| ''mesa'' "table" | | ''mesa'' "table" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''i''' | | '''i''' | ||
| style="text-align:center; | | style="text-align:center;" |[i] | ||
| '' | | ''rig'' "king" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
| '''y''' | | '''y''' | ||
| ''y'' "and" | | ''y'' "and" | ||
| Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction ''y'' and the homonymous adverbial pronoun. | | Rare. Only commonly used as a vowel in the conjunction ''y'' and the homonymous adverbial pronoun. | ||
|- | |--> | ||
| '''o''' | | '''o''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[ | | style="text-align:center;"|[o] | ||
| ''ora'' "hour, time" | | ''ora'' "hour, time" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| '''ò''' | |||
| style="text-align:center;"|[o] | |||
| ''òra'' "ear" | |||
| Always stressed. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''u''' | | '''u''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[u] | | style="text-align:center;"|[u] | ||
| '' | | ''atún'' "tuna" | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[j] | | style="text-align:center;"|[j] | ||
| ''bien'' "well"; ''viage'' "journey" | | <!--''bien'' "well"; ''viage'' "journey"--> | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | |⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[w] | | style="text-align:center;"|[w] | ||
| ''cueça'' "slope"; ''quatro'' "four" | | <!--''cueça'' "slope"; ''quatro'' "four"--> | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | | ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[w] | | style="text-align:center;"|[w] | ||
| ''lengües'' "tongues, languages" | | <!--''lengües'' "tongues, languages"-- | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ⟨i⟩ after a vowel | | ⟨i⟩ after a vowel | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[j] | | style="text-align:center;"|[j] | ||
| ''feit'' "made" | | <!--''feit'' "made"--> | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ⟨y⟩ after a vowel | | ⟨y⟩ after a vowel | ||
| style="text-align:center;"|[j] | | style="text-align:center;"|[j] | ||
| ''rey'' "king" | | <!--''rey'' "king"--> | ||
| Almost always word-final. ⟨-iy⟩ is pronounced [i]. | | Almost always word-final. <!--⟨-iy⟩ is pronounced [i].--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''u''' | |'''u''' | ||
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| ''autobús'' "bus" | | ''autobús'' "bus" | ||
| | | | ||
<!-- | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''w''' | |'''w''' | ||
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| style="text-align:center;"|[w] | | style="text-align:center;"|[w] | ||
| ''ochaw'' "eighth (fraction)" | | ''ochaw'' "eighth (fraction)" | ||
| Almost always word-final. ⟨-uw⟩ is pronounced [w]. | | Almost always word-final. ⟨-uw⟩ is pronounced [w].--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
#⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩. ⟨iw⟩ and ⟨uy⟩ always represent falling diphthongs. | #⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩. <!--⟨iw⟩ and ⟨uy⟩ always represent falling diphthongs.--> | ||
<!-- | |||
#When a vowel (almost always ⟨e⟩) is both preceded and followed by a glide, a triphthong is formed - e.g. ''nueit, nueu, buey''. | #When a vowel (almost always ⟨e⟩) is both preceded and followed by a glide, a triphthong is formed - e.g. ''nueit, nueu, buey''. | ||
--> | --> | ||
=====Stress===== | =====Stress===== | ||
<!-- | <!-- |
Revision as of 18:33, 18 May 2023
Gemendic (/dʒəˈmɛndɪk/, native: gemendesc /ʒemenˈdesk/) is an East Germanic language.
Gemendic | |
---|---|
razda gemendesca | |
Pronunciation | [ˈrazda ʒemenˈdeska] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Old Gemendic
|
Introduction
Gemendic is an East Germanic language with Western Germanic and Romance influence.
Phonology
Orthography
Latin orthography
Alphabet
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|
|
Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [b] | bad "bed"; lambes "lamb" | |
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | [β̞] | pebre "pepper" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [p] | domb "mute" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [ɸ̞] | scab "form, condition" | ||
c | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [tʃ] | cenno "cheek, jaw" | |
elsewhere else | [k] | cara "care, concern" | ||
before voiced consonants | [ɣ̞] | anécdota "anecdote" | ||
in the cluster ⟨ct⟩ | [ɣ̞] or [k] | actual "current" | ||
ch | everywhere | [tʃ] | chosen "to choose" | |
ç | everywhere | [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) | naçón "nation" | |
d | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [d̪] | doitre "daughter"; hando "hand" | |
elsewhere | [ð̞] | boda "benefit, use" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [t̪] | cald "cold" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [θ̞] | bad "bed" | ||
f | everywhere | [f] | fada "fence" | |
g | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [ʒ] | gèst "ghost, spirit" | |
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | ganguen "to go" | ||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | agre "field" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨n⟩ | [k] | sang "song" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [x̞] | rig "king" | ||
gu | before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | lenguage "language" | |
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | Paraguay "Paraguay" | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | guitarra "guitar" | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞] | ángueda "distress" | ||
gü | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | sengüen "to sing" | |
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | següey "Segway" | ||
h | everywhere | [x] or [h] or [ħ] | hando "hand" | |
everywhere (rare) | Ø | honest "honest" | Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation. | |
j | everywhere | [ʒ] | ja "yes, (positive emphasis)" | |
utterance-final | [ʃ] | haj "Hajj" | ||
k | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | [k] | kilogram "kilogram" | Can generally be replaced with c or qu. |
l | everywhere | [l] | lag "lake" | |
ll | everywhere | [ʎ] | all "all" | |
l•l | everywhere | [lː] | il•logical "illogical" | |
m | everywhere except word-finally | [m] | mesa "table" | |
word-final | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | Adam "Adam" | ||
n | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | [n] | nad "net" | |
before other consonants | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | ango "narrow, distressing" | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | |
word-finally | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | con "family, tribe" | ||
nn | everywhere | [ɲ] | cenno "cheek, jaw" | |
n•n | everywhere | [nː] | in•novaçón "innovation" | |
p | everywhere | [p] | pèda "shirt" | |
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | [β̞] or [ɸ̞] | baptista "baptist" | ||
q | everywhere | [k] | Qátar "Qatar" | In loanwords. |
qu | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [k] | quen "woman" | |
elsewhere | [kw] | quart "quarter" | ||
qü | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [kw] | qüestón "question" | |
r | word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) |
[r] | rat "rat" | |
elsewhere | [ɾ] | xèro "sword" | ||
rr | only occurs between vowels | [r] | carro "cart" | |
s | word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final | [s] | sono "son" | |
everywhere else | [z] | mesa "table" | ||
ss | only occurs between vowels | [s] | passon "to pass" | |
sc | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [ʃ] | sceldo "shield" | |
elsewhere else | [sk] | scura "tornado, windstorm" | ||
t | everywhere | [t̪] | tu "you" | |
before voiced consonants | [ð̞] | atmósfera "atmosphere" | ||
v | everywhere | [v] | vend "wind" | |
w | in loanwords | [v] | wolfram "tungsten" | |
x | everywhere | [ʃ] | oxa "ox" | |
in loanwords | [ks] | examen "exam" | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | |
y | everywhere except when acting as a vowel | [j] | yac "yak" | |
z | utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant | [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) | alcaduz "bucket" | |
everywhere else | [z] or [ð] (depending on the dialect) | dioza "beast" |
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
a | [ä] | gat "cat" | |
è | [ɛ] | gèst "ghost, spirit" | Always stressed. |
e | [e] | mesa "table" | |
i | [i] | rig "king" | |
o | [o] | ora "hour, time" | |
ò | [o] | òra "ear" | Always stressed. |
u | [u] | atún "tuna" |
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|
In rising diphthongs | ||||
i | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | [j] | ||
u | ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | ||
ü | ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | ||
y | ⟨y⟩ after a vowel | [j] | Almost always word-final. | |
u | ⟨u⟩ after a vowel | [w] | autobús "bus" |
Notes:
- ⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩.
Stress
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Alles tes vésanes manesques borsen fríes o sambres en verde o reites. Esses están scencedes me frèta o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.
IPA: /ˈaʎes tes ˈvesanes maˈneskes ˈboɾsen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈveɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan ʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾɛta o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/