Modern Gothic

Modern Gothic
Γnσɑvþɑʒɔ, Gusanrazd Γnσɜvþɑþɔ, Gusenrard
Pronunciation	[/ˈgʊ.sən.ˌrɐst/ /ˈgu.sən.ˌrart/]
Created by	sjacik
Setting	Unnamed Alternate Timeline
Native to	Gothia
Language family	Indo-European Germanic East Germanic Biblical Gothic Modern Gothic
Early form	Biblical Gothic
Official status
Official language in	Gothia

Modern Gothic is an East Germanic language descended from a language similar to Biblical Gothic. Words will be given in Standard Modern Gothic and Colloquial Modern Gothic, if they differ.

Throughout this article I will be using a combination of Greek, Cyrillic, and Latin (both regular as well as some of the Insular forms that have Unicode representations) in order to write MG in a way that resembles its native script.

Introduction

Modern Gothic is used in an alternate timeline where the Ostrogoths survived as a culture to the modern day.The point of divergence is that around the 1st century AD, magic became real. Roughly speaking, from then until the 10th c. is the same. The 10th to 16th c. are marked by differences caused by the survival or death of various powers. While the 16th c. onward has become radically different.

By the end of the 5th c. A.D., the Ostrogoths had made a kingdom in northern Italy. Unlike in our timeline, the Goths retained some strength, enough so that when the Byzantine empire tried to retake the West they were repelled, at first. In the 9th c. the Byzantines were able to conquer the Goths. From then until the 15th c. they were a subject of the Byzantines.

In the early 14th c., the Byzantine-Seljuk wars started. The two empires had a series of wars, until the 16th c. when the Eastern Roman Empire fell. The Seljuk empire followed suit in the 19th c. When the East fell, the Seljuks attempted to claim their territories, but were only able to exert control into the Balkans.

When the Ostrogoths gained independence, they did so alongside the Slovenians forming the Kingdom of Gothia-Slovenia. Relations between the groups decayed until 1933, when the nation fell into a civil war which ended in 1936 with the formal seperation of the kingdom into the Republic of Gothia and the Republic of Slovenia, the latter of which joined Yugoslavia in 1937. Gothia joined the European Confederation in 2007.

Dialects

Modern Gothic is divided into 2 branches: Coastal and Eastern. Coastal is comprised of both the Standard form of the language, as well as the Colloquial form which is closer to how the language is spoken in the modern day. Eastern Gothic is the term for a group of dialects that have diverged heavily from the coastal varieties.

From the late 19th century until 1977, there existed an artificially archaic form of the language that was used as the literary standard.

Orthography

Modern Gothic is written in a version of Wulfilas' Gothic alphabet, albeit with Greek influences. These include the use of sigma form of σɑnɥл saujl, as well as the adoption of bicameralism with the Greek minuscules being used for the majuscules that resembled the Greek uppercase. There are also Romance influences, such as the way spirantized consonants are written with a following r h (called ɑqл awl). However in the modern day it has become a diacritic above the letter that resembles an inverted breve, e.g. μıʒ̑vɑ̑ꞇ mizhnaht.

Gothic				Name	IPA	Latin
Uppercase		Lowercase				Uppercase	Lowercase
	Ʌ		ɑ	ɑσp ask	a	A	a
	B		η	ηεþp berk	b	B	b
	Γ		c	cb gy	g	G	g
	Δ		ɔ	ɔɑp̑ dach	d	D	d
	Є		ε	bε ioe	e	E	e
	Ɵ		ɵ	ɵþϕɑσσ eurthass	ɪ	Eu	eu
	Ɛ		e	eþϕ eorth	ø	Eo	eo
	Э		ɜ	σ̇ƚɑɑ shfaa	ə	A	a
	Z		ʒ	b io	z	Z	z
	Һ		r	ɑqл awl	h	H	h
	Ψ		ϕ	ϕuϕ thiuth	θ	Th	th
	I		ı	εıε eie	ɪ	I	i
	U		u	μup̑ miuch	ɨ	Iu	iu
	Ю		b	cebл geiol	ʏ	Io	io
	P		p	pnσɑμ kusam	k	K	k
	λ		л	лɑq law	l	L	l
	M		μ	μɑvv mann	m	M	m
	N		v	vɑnϕ nauth	n	N	n
	G		ɥ	ɥεεþ jeer	j	J	j
	Ƞ		n	onþε oure	ʊ	U	u
	Ɱ		m	ponı koui	ʊ	Ui	ui
	Π		ϖ	ϖεþϕ perth	p	P	p
	Ꙡ		þ	þɑıɔ̑ raidh	r	R	r
	Σ		σ	σɑnɥл saujl	s	S	s
	T		ꞇ	ꞇεın teiu	t	T	t
	Ч		q	qıvɥ winj	w	W	w
	Y		ɣ	ɣε ve	v	V	v
	F		ƚ	ƚɑɑ faa	f	F	f
	O		o	ooϕɑл oothal	o	O	o

== Phonology

Development

Grammar Changes

The Dative merged with either the Genitive, or the Accusative in some cases. Which it does originally depended on the number and the declension class. However, for most words this was leveled out so that the Genitive became the norm.

• 'ɑσ ɑ̑þɥɑσ' in the singular, but 'ɑσ ɑ̑þɥɑv' with the Oblique in the plural.

In the dialects surrounding Trette (Trent), the Oblique and the Nominative merged, as well.

While the Genitive has become the case to use when using prepositions, a new Genitive has emerged used 'ɑƚ' with the Common case.

In the eastern dialects, the dual pronouns were kept. Their retention in Standard Modern Gothic is an artificial archaicism.

Sound changes from Biblical Gothic to Middle Gothic

General

/kʷ/ was re-analyzed as /kw/.

• Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 qiman → *kwiman → pbμɑʒ kiomaz / pıμɜσ kimes / pbμσ küms, 'to come'.
  

/mn/ assimilated to /mː/.

• Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 himins → *himms → εμμ emm, 'heaven'.

/iV/ becomes /jV/.

• Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌿𐍃 diabaulus → *djawala → ʒ̇ɑɣл zhawl, 'demon'.

Metathesis

This primarily happened with liquids. if /l r/ are adjacent to /h/, they are switched so /h/ is either directly before or after a vowel.

• Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 marhs → *mahrs → μɑ̑ɑ̑þ mȃȃr, 'horse'.
  
• Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 hlahjan → *lhahjn → лɑ̑ɑ̑ɥʒ / лɑ̑ɑ̑ɥσ lȃȃjz / lȃȃjs, 'to laugh'.

Glottalization

Geminate stops are fortified to glottal stops.

• Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌺𐍉𐌽 wikkon → *ioʔon → ɣbrɑ wioha, 'witch'. N.b. ɣbrɑ is a learned form from Middle Gothic, the CMG and EMG forms are ı and ǿj, respectively.

This is later dropped in most cases, and in the ones that don't it becomes /h/.

Elision

Unstressed, short vowels are elided when near stressed and/or long occurrences of the same vowel.

• Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍃 alamanns → *almanns → ɑлμɑvv almann, 'German'.

Vocalic Effects

H-Shift

V + h clusters, or h + V, caused the vowel to be lowered. If the /h/ was after the vowel, said vowel gets lengthened.

• Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 hardus → ɑ̑þɔ ȃrd, 'hard'.
  
• Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 saihs → *saas → σɑɑ saa, 'six'.

Caption H-shift

𐌷
Root Vowel	Outcome 1	Outcome 2	Root Vowel	Outcome 1	Outcome 2
a	ɑ	ɑː	ɛː	aː	aːː
ɛ	a	aː	eː	ɛː	ɛːː
i	e	eː	iː	eː	eːː
ɨ	ɘ	ɘː	uː	oː	oːː
u	o	oː	oː	ɔː	ɔːː
ɔ	ɑ	ɑː	ɔː	ɑː	ɑːː
aː	ɑː	ɑːː

W-Shift

V + w clusters, or w + V, caused the vowel to be rounded. If the /w/ or /u̯/ was after the vowel, said vowel gets lengthened. Back vowels, /u ɔ uː oː ɔː/, became longer regardless if /w/ followed or preceded.

• Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 wintrus → *iontr → bꞇꞇþɑ iottra / ıꞇꞇɜþ itter / bꞇꞇþ NMG yttr, 'winter'.
  
• Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 fidwor → ƚıɔoɑþ / ƚıɔoþ fidoar / fidor , 'four'.
  

Caption W-shift

𐍅
Root Vowel	Outcome 1	Outcome 2	Root Vowel	Outcome 1	Outcome 2
a	ɔ	ɔː	ɛː	œː	œːː
ɛ	œ	œː	eː	øː	øːː
i	y	yː	iː	yː	yːː
ɨ	ʉ	ʉː	uː	uːː	uːː
u	uː	uːː	oː	oːː	oːː
ɔ	ɔː	ɔːː	ɔː	ɔːː	ɔːː
aː	ɔː	ɔːː

Ƕ-Shift

Both of the previous shifts can be combined.

Caption Ƕ-shift

𐌷
Root Vowel	Outcome 1	Outcome 2	Root Vowel	Outcome 1	Outcome 2
a	ɔ	ɔː	ɛː	ɔː	ɔːː
ɛ	ɔ	ɔː	eː	œː	œːː
i	ø	øː	iː	yː	yːː
ɨ	ɵ	ɵː	uː	oːː	oːː
u	oː	oː	oː	ɔːː	ɔːː
ɔ	ɑ	ɔː	ɔː	ɑːː	ɔːː
aː	ɔ	ɔːː

Nasal Lenition

At the end of words, /m/ and /n/ are softened to /ṽ z̃/.

• Gothic -𐌰𐌽 -an → -az̃ → -ɑσ

Middle Gothic to Western Gothic

/ɣ/ softening

Near front vowels /ɣ/ becomes /j~i̯/. Otherwise, it becomes /w~u̯/.

• Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 fugls → *fuwl → ƚonл foul, 'bird'

In the dialects around Titshin (Pavia), this interacts with the high vowels to create diphthongs.

• Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 rign → *rejn → þεɥσ rejs, 'rain'. Compare this to those in east Gothia, which served as the basis of CMG, þεıσ 'reis'.

Plosive Shift

Step one: the consonants /p t k/ lenite to /f s x/ between vowels and after a vowel at the end of a word. /x/ later becomes /ç/ when near front vowels.

• Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐌰 batiza → *basiz → SMG ηɑσɑσ CMG ηɑσɜþ basas baser, 'better'.
• Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 leik → *leikh → лεıp̑ leich, 'body'.
• Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 skip → *skif → σıƚ sif, 'ship'.

Step two: the nasal-stop clusters coalesce into geminate stops

• Gothic asdf → *asdf → asdf, 'asdf'. No words currently suitable for an example.
• Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 sinteins → *sittin → σıꞇꞇɑv sittan, 'daily'.
• Gothic asdf → *asdf → asdf, 'asdf'. No words currently suitable for an example.
• Gothic asdf → *asdf → asdf, 'asdf'. No words currently suitable for an example.
• Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 grundus → *grudda → cþovɔɔɑ grouda, 'ground'.
• Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 tuggo → *tugga → ꞇonccɑ touga, 'tongue'. No words currently suitable for an example.

Palatalization

/Cj/ clusters are palatalized, except for those that start with a labial consonant.

• Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌿𐍃 fotjus → *footja → ƚooσ̇ɑ foosja, 'feet'.
• Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 wasjan → *osjas → oσ̇ osj, 'to wear'.
• Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 midjis → *midja → μıʒ̇ɑ mizha, 'middle'.
• Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 kauzjan → *kauzjas → pɑnʒ̇ kauzj, 'to taste'.
• Gothic 𐍃𐍀𐍂𐌴𐌺𐌾𐍉 sprekjo → *spreekjo → σϖþεεṗ spreekj, 'language'.
• Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌹 wigji → *iogj → ɣbċ wiogj, 'mare'.
• Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 gronjis → *groonj → cþoov̇ groonj, 'green'.
• Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 fulljan → *fuljan → ƚnл̇ɑσ fuljas, 'to fill'.

In the eastern dialects this also applies to /rj/, yielding /j/ through intermediary /jː/.

• Gothic -𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃 -arius → *-ajja → -ɑɥɑ -aja, '-er, agentative'.

Standard New Gothic

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Coronal	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n	(ŋ)1
Stop	p2 b		t2 d	k2 g
Affricate			tʃ dʒ
Fricative	f v3	θ ð	t s ʃ ʒ	x	(h)4
Approximant				j
Trill			r

¹ /ŋ/ is found only before the velar stops
² The voiceless stops are unaspirated
³ /v/ is realized as [w] intervocally
⁴ /h/ is only found between vowels, and is used to break up vowel sequences

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	ɪ iː iə̯	ʏ yː yə̯	ɨ ɨː	u uː uə̯
Close-mid	e eː eə̯	ø øː øə̯		o oː oə̯
Open-mid	ɛː ɛə̯	œː œə̯	ə	ɔː ɔə̯
Open	a aː aə̯			ɑ ɑː ɑə̯

/ɑə̯/ is incredibly rare, as the environment it comes from was mostly found only in compounds.
The centering diphthongs come from overlong vowels in Middle Gothic. No surviving dialect has kept them as overlong. They were either broken or shortened.

Grammar

Articles

Modern Gothic has two articles, the Definite and the Indefinite. Regardless of dialect, they are invariable.

	Standard MG		Colloquial MG		Eastern MG
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Definite	σ-	ꞇɑ	σ-	ꞇε	tă
Indefinite	εv		εv (ɜv)		en

However, the underlying form of the definite may be invariable, but in the Coastal dialects they cause lenition of the following consonant.

σPɑrɑσ	ƚɑ̑ɑ	εv	Monσ
ˈsxa.həs	ˈfɑə̯	ɛn	ˈmuːs
σ-Pɑr-ɑσ	∅-ƚɑ̑ɑ-∅	εv	Monσ-∅
DEF-cat.M-NOM.SG	NPFV-catch-IND.PRS.3SG	INDEF	mouse.F-OBL.SG
The cat	is catching	a	mouse

Compare this to the indefinite ɛn Pɑrɑσ en Kahas /ɛn ˈka.həs/. However, the indefinite is not used as often as in other Germanic languages. In Gothic, it frequently remains to mean 'one', with indefiniteness being secondary.

Determiners

Modern Gothic has both proximal and distal demonstratives, and these are declined to agree with a noun in: case, number, and gender.

Proximal Demonstratives

	SMG				CMG				EMG
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	σɑ	ϕoo	σɑı	ϕooσ	σɑ	ϕoo	σɑı	ϕooσ̇	ta	tóv	tej	tos
Oblique	σɑv		σɑv		σɑv		σɑv		tan		tan
Genitive-Locative	σıσ	ϕıσɑσ	σıσɑ	ϕıσɑ	σıþ	ϕıþɜ			tis	zos	žéj	zóv

The proximal demonstratives are used to both deictically and anaphorically, to indicate that a noun (whether it be concrete or abstract) is somehow relevant. This relevance can be physical nearness or the topic of the clause.

σɑ	Ꙡɛıv	ıσσ	nvσꞇonσ̇
sa	ˈrin	ɪsː	ˌʊn.ˈstuʃ
σɑ	Ꙡɛıv-∅	∅-ıσσ	nv-nσꞇonꞇ-ɥ
DEM.M.NOM.SG	rain.M-CMN.SG	NPFV-to_be.IND.PRS.3SG	un-end-M.CMN.SG
This	rain	is	unending

The distal demonstratives are used much the same as the proximal. The difference is that the distal set indicates distance, either deictically or anaphorically.

Distal Demonstratives

	SMG				CMG				EMG
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	σɑ̑ɑ̑	ϕɑn	σɑı	ϕooσɑ	σɑ̑ɑ̑	ϕɑn	σɑɑ	ϕooþ	tȃv	tov	taj	zo
Oblique	σɑv		σɑvɑ		σɑvɜ		σɑvɜ		nȃv		tan
Genitive-Locative	σıσɑ	ϕıσɛ	σıσɑ	ϕıσo	σıþ	ϕıþɛ			zo	zóvz	žéjz	zov

While the proximal demonstratives can be used to mark the topic, the distal cannot be used to likewise mark the comment.

tov	rušk	gišt	rutnóv
tʷɔw	ˈrʷuʃk	gʲiʃt	ˈrʷut.nʷow
tov	rušk-∅	g-išt	rut-n-óv
DEM.F.NOM.SG	pear.F-NOM.SG	PFV-to_be.IND.PRS.3SG	rot-PPRT-F.NOM.SG
That	pear	is	rotten

Pronouns

1st Person

	SMG			CMG		EMG
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	Ip̑	Юσ	Юɑ	Ip̑	Eıσ̇	ič	yc	yš
Oblique	Mıp̑	Ƞppɑσ	Ƞvσɑσ	Mıp̑	Ƞvσɜ	mič	unčs	un
Genitive	Mɛıv	Ƞppɑþ	Ƞvσɑþ	Mɛıv	Ƞvσɜþ	méjn	unkr	unsr

2nd Person

	SMG			CMG		EMG
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	Ψn	Gon	Gnσ̇	Ψn	Gon	tu	jut	jut
Oblique	Ψnp̑	Ippbσ	Iσb	Ψnp̑	Iþɜ	tuk	inčs	izüs
Genitive	Ψɛıv	Ippɑþ	Iσoþ	Ψɛıv	Iþɜþ	téjn	inkr	izvr

3rd Person

	SMG				CMG				EMG
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Nominative	Eı	Σı	Iɑ	Eıσ	Eı	Σı	Iɛ	Eıσ	iš	si	iš	éj
Oblique	Iv	Eı	Ivσ		Iv	Eı	Iv		iň	éj	iň
Genitive	Eı	Iσɑσ	Iσɑ		Eı	Iþɜ	Iɜ		iš	zos	žéj	zóv

Clitic pronouns

Colloquial Modern Gothic has a series of clitic pronouns for the Genitive, Accusative, and Dative cases. The accusative is pre-verbal, while the dative and genitive are post-verbal and pre-nominal, respectively.

	1st Person		2nd Person		3rd Person
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular		Plural
					Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Genitive	μɜv	σɜþ	ϕɜv	þɜ	ɜ	ɜþ
Accusative	μɜ	σɜ	ϕɜ	þɜþ	ɜv	ɜ	ɜv	ɥɜ
Dative		ɥɜ		ɜμ	ɜþ	ɜƚ

Possessive Adjectives

Modern Gothic possessive adjectives have simplified greatly since Wulfilas' time. At the same time, a third person paradigm has been innovated.

Standard Modern Gothic

			Possessee
			Masculine		Feminine
			Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Possessor	1st	Singular	μɛıvɑv	μɛıvɑvσ	μɛıv	μɛıvɑσ
		Plural	nvσɑþɑv	nvσɑþɑvσ	nvσɑþ	nvσɑþɑσ
	2nd	Singular	ϕɛıvɑv	ϕɛıvɑvσ	ϕɛıv	ϕɛıvɑσ
		Plural	ıσoþɑv	ıσoþɑvσ	ıσoþ	ıσoþɑσ
	3rd		ıσɑv	ıσɑvσ	ıσɑσ	ıσɑσɑσ
	Reflexive		σɛıvɑv	σɛıvɑvσ	σɛıv	σɛıvɑσ

Colloquial Modern Gothic

			Possessee
			Masculine	Feminine
				Singular	Plural
Possessor	1st	Singular	μɛıvɜv	μɛıv	μɛıvɜ
		Plural	nvσɜþv	nvσɜþ
	2nd	Singular	ϕɛıvɜv	ϕɛıv	ϕɛıvɜ
		Plural	ıþɜþv	ıσoþ	ıþɜ
	3rd		ıþɜv	ıþɜ
	Reflexive		σɛıvɜv	σɛıv	σɛıvɜ

Eastern Modern Gothic

			Possessee
			Masculine	Feminine
				Singular	Plural
Possessor	1st	Singular	méjnăn	méjn	méjnus
		Plural	unsrn	unsr	unsur
	2nd	Singular	téjnăn	téjn	téjnus
		Plural	zorăn	zor	zorus
	3rd		zăn	zus
	Reflexive		séjnăn	séjn	séjnus

Nouns

In all three dialects discussed here, nouns have two numbers: Singular and Plural. In Colloquial Gothic, they are declined for two cases: Common and the Genitive-Locative. In both Standard and Eastern Modern Gothic nouns are marked for three cases: Nominative, Oblique, and the Genitive(-Locative).

Strong Declensions

Extended content

A-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -ɑσ -∅ -ɜ -∅ -vs Oblique -ɑv -ăv Genitive -ɑσ -ɑ -ɜ -js -e Ja-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -ɥɑσ -ɥɑσ -∅, -ɥ -ɥɜ -j -jvs Oblique -ɥɑv -jăv Genitive -ɥɑ -ɥɜ -js -je O-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -ɑσ -∅ -ɜ -∅ -vs Oblique -vv Genitive -ɑσ -ɑ -ɜ -vs -u Jo-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -ɑσ -∅, -ɥ -ɥɜ -∅ -jvs Oblique -jai Genitive -ɑσ -ɑ -ɥɜ -jvs -ju I-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -ɑσ -∅ -ɜ -∅ -js Oblique -ɑv -jv Genitive -ɑσ -ɑ -ɜ -js -e U-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -ɑσ -ɥɑσ -∅ -ɥɜ -∅ -jvs Oblique -ɥɑv -o -vv Genitive -ɥɑ -ɜ -ɜ -os

Weak Declensions

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An-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -ɑv -∅ -ɜv -∅ -ăn Oblique -ɑʒ -vn Genitive -ɑv -vɑ -ɜv -vɜ -ni On-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -ɑ -ɑv -ɜ -ɜv -u -vn Oblique -ɑʒ -vz -ov Genitive -ɑv -vɑ -ɜv -ɜvɜ -vn In-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -ɑ -ɑv -ɜ -ɜv -i -jn Oblique -ɑʒ -jz -iv Genitive -ɑv -vɑ -ɜv -ɜvɜ -jn -inu R-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -ɑþ -þɑσ -∅ -þɜ -r -rs Oblique -þɑv -rvv Genitive -ɑþσ -þɑ -ɜþ -ri Consonant stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -σɑ -∅ -∅ -∅ -s Oblique -ăv Genitive -ɑσ -ɑ -ɜ -js -i

Adjectives

Strong Adjective

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A-stem Masculine Feminine Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -∅ -ɑ -ɑσ Oblique -ɑv -ɑv Genitive -ɑσ Ja-stem Masculine Feminine Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -ɥɑσ -ɥɑ -ɥɑ -ɥɑσ Oblique -ɥɑv -ɥɑv Genitive -ɥɑσ I-stem Masculine Feminine Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -∅ -∅ -ɥɑ -ɥɑσ Oblique -ɥɑv -ɥɑ -ɥɑv Genitive -ɥɑσ U-stem Masculine Feminine Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative -ɑσ -ɑσ -ɥɑ Oblique -ɥɑv Genitive -ɑσ -ɥɑσ

Weak Adjectives

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Weak stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Nominative -∅ -ɥɑv -∅, -ɥ -ɥɜ -ɥɜv -∅ -jouv -jn -jun Oblique -ɥɑʒ -jz -jun Genitive -ɥɑv -ɥɜv -jn -jouvn Weak A-stem SMG CMG EMG Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Nominative -∅ -ɑv -∅ -ɜ -ɜv -∅ -ouv -ăn -un Oblique -ɑʒ -ăz -un Genitive -ɑv -ɜv -jn -ouvn

Verbs

Strong

Apart from a few exceptions, the ablaut of the strong verbs has largely collapsed.

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Standard Modern Gothic Strong Verbs Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Active Passive Active Passive Past Nonpast Imperfective Perfective Singular 1st -∅ -ɑϕ -ɑ -ɥɑ -ɑϕ Invalid 2nd -σ, -ꞇɑ -ɑσ -∅ 3rd -∅ -ɑϕ -ɑ -∅ -ɑϕ Dual 1st -ɑσ Invalid -e -b Invalid 2nd -ɑꞇ -ɑꞇ Plural 1st -ɑμ -ɑɔɔ -ɑμ -ɑɔɔ -ɑμ 2nd -ɑϕ -ɑϕ -ɑϕ 3rd -ɑv -ɑɔɔ -ɑv -ɑɔɔ Infinitive -ɑv Present Participle -ɑɔɔ Past Participle -ɑv Colloquial Modern Gothic Strong Verbs Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Passive Past Nonpast Singular 1st -∅ Invalid -∅ -ϕ, -ɜϕ 2nd -σ, -ɜꞇ -σ, -ɜσ -∅ 3rd -∅ -ϕ, -ɜϕ Plural 1st -ƚ, -ɜƚ -ɜμ -ꞇ, -ɜꞇ 2nd -ϕ, -ɜϕ 3rd -σ, -ɜσ -ꞇ, -ɜꞇ -ɜv Infinitive -ɜσ Present Participle -ɜꞇ Past Participle -ɜv Eastern Modern Gothic Strong Verbs Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Past Nonpast Perfective Imperfective Singular 1st -∅ Invalid -ü -ó 2nd -t -js -∅ -is -és 3rd -∅ -jt -ó -j -é Dual 1st -v -us Invalid -ü -ő 2nd -vt -ăt -it -ét Plural 1st -vv -ăv -im -ém 2nd -vt -jt -it -ét 3rd -vz -ăn -tó -in -én Infinitive -ăz Present Participle -ăz, -ănd- Past Participle -ăz, -ăn-

There is also a Perfective prefix: cɑ- ga-, cɜ- ge-, gă-. This is particularly common in the past tense.

Weak

The Modern Gothic Weak I conjugation corresponds to the Biblical Gothic Weak III verbs.

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Standard Modern Gothic Weak I Verbs Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Active Passive Active Passive Past Nonpast Imperfective Perfective Singular 1st -ɑ -ɑϕ -ɑ -ɑϕ -ɑϕ Invalid 2nd -ɑσ -ɑσ -ɑσ -ɑ 3rd -ɑ -ɑϕ -ɑ -ɑϕ Dual 1st -ɑϕ -ɑσ Invalid -e Invalid 2nd -ɑꞇ -ɑꞇ -ɑꞇ Plural 1st -ɑμ -ɑɔɔ -ɑμ -ɑɔɔ -ɑμ 2nd -ɑϕ -ɑϕ -ɑϕ 3rd -ɑɔɔ -ɑv -ɑɔɔ Infinitive -ɑv Present Participle -ɑɔɔ Past Participle -ɑv Colloquial Modern Gothic Weak I Verbs Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Passive Past Nonpast Singular 1st -ɜ -∅ Invalid -∅ -ϕ, -ɜϕ 2nd -σ, -ɜσ -∅ 3rd -ϕ, -ɜϕ Plural 1st -ϕ, -ɜϕ -ƚ, -ɜƚ -ɜμ -ꞇ, -ɜꞇ 2nd -ϕ, -ɜϕ -ɜϕ 3rd -ɜꞇ -ɜv Infinitive -ɜσ Present Participle -ɜꞇ Past Participle -ɜv The Coastal Gothic conjugations II, III, IV are the same as the first albeit with -j- (II), -w- (III), -n- (IV) between the root and the suffix. In Eastern Gothic, they have the same origin but they have diverged. Eastern Modern Gothic Weak I Verbs Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Past Nonpast Perfective Imperfective Singular 1st -é -∅ Invalid -ü -ó 2nd -és -é -is -és 3rd -ét -ó -it -é Dual 1st -ut -us Invalid -ü -ő 2nd -it -ăt -it -ét Plural 1st -ăv -im -ém 2nd -ăt -it -ét 3rd -nd -ntó -in -én Infinitive -n Present Participle -n, -nd- Past Participle -n Eastern Modern Gothic Weak II Verbs Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Past Nonpast Perfective Imperfective Singular 1st -j Invalid -ü -ó 2nd -is -js -j -is -és 3rd -jt -jó -it -é Dual 1st -it -üs Invalid -ü -ő 2nd -jt -it -ét Plural 1st -jv -im -ém 2nd -jt -it -ét 3rd -jnd -jtó -in -én Infinitive -jn Present Participle -jn, -jnd- Past Participle -jn Eastern Modern Gothic Weak III Verbs Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Past Nonpast Perfective Imperfective Singular 1st -v Invalid -ü -u 2nd -us -vs -v -üs -us 3rd -vt -vó -üt -u Dual 1st -ut -us Invalid -ü 2nd -vt -üt -ut Plural 1st -vv -üm -um 2nd -vt -üt -ut 3rd -vnd -vtó -ün -un Infinitive -vn Present Participle -vn, -vnd- Past Participle -vn Eastern Modern Gothic Weak IV Verbs Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Past Nonpast Perfective Imperfective Singular 1st -n Invalid -nvi -nó 2nd -nus -njs -n -nvis -nés 3rd -nvt -nvt -ndó -nvit -né Dual 1st -nut -nus Invalid -nvi 2nd -nvt -nvit -nét Plural 1st -nvv -nvim -ném 2nd -nvt -nvit -nét 3rd -nvnd -nvtó -nvin -nén Infinitive -nvn Present Participle -nvn, -nvnd- Past Participle -nvn