Hara: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Declension==== | |||
Case in nouns is marked by final vowel: | |||
*''-u'': Nominative | |||
*''-a'': Accusative | |||
*''-i'': Genitive | |||
With the exception of a few common nouns, plural is marked with the suffix ''-aar-'', inserted between the stem and case ending. | |||
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Nouns | Nouns | ||
Adjectives | Adjectives | ||
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Particles | Particles | ||
Derivational morphology | Derivational morphology | ||
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====Noun derivation==== | |||
Various prefixes and suffixes are used to derive nouns. | |||
-- | Derivational prefixes include: | ||
*''fo-'': for languages - e.g. ''fòhàràà'' "Hara language" | |||
*''sá-'': for peoples - e.g. ''sahàràà'' "Hara people" | |||
*''mè-'': for lands - e.g. ''mèhàràà'' "land of the Hara" | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 08:50, 30 September 2023
Hara (/hɑɹə/, native: fòhàràà /ɸòhàɽàː/) is a South Semitic language.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Coronal | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Stop | tenuis | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced¹ | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ɠ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | (θ) | s | ʃ | (x) | h |
| voiced | β | (ð) | (z) | ʒ | (ɣ) | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ɰ | |||
| Tap | ɾ | ɽ | |||||
Notes:
¹ In native words, tenuis and voiced stops/affricates are in complementary distribution, with voiced stops/affricates occuring after nasals (which are always homorganic) and tenuis stops/affricates occuring otherwise. Likewise, /β, ɾ, ʒ, ɰ/ were originally intervocalic allophones of /p, t, tʃ, k/, and they still behave as such in native words. However, the above distinctions have been phonemized due to the introduction of loanwords.
² Phonemes in brackets exclusively occur in loanwords.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i, iː | u, uː | |
| Mid | e, eː | o, oː | |
| Low | a, aː |
Diphthongs do not exist in native words.
Nasals can be syllabic.
A long vowel consists of two moras. A syllabic nasal is considered a mora.
Tones
A mora can have either a high tone or low tone. High tone is considered the default/unmarked form.
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Prenasalization
When a stem-initial tenuis stop is preceded by a nasal, it merges with the nasal to become the corresponding prenasalized stop.
Palatalization
Morphology
Nouns
Declension
Case in nouns is marked by final vowel:
- -u: Nominative
- -a: Accusative
- -i: Genitive
With the exception of a few common nouns, plural is marked with the suffix -aar-, inserted between the stem and case ending.
Noun derivation
Various prefixes and suffixes are used to derive nouns.
Derivational prefixes include:
- fo-: for languages - e.g. fòhàràà "Hara language"
- sá-: for peoples - e.g. sahàràà "Hara people"
- mè-: for lands - e.g. mèhàràà "land of the Hara"