Proto-Zanahic: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! D
! D
| *weʔ || *n̥ʔwe || *n̥ʔubiʔ || *n̥ʔwey || *n̥ʔweṭ || *n̥ʔowš || *n̥ʔwi || *nō̆ʔ || *n̥ʔoh, -ʔ, -om
| *weʔ || *n̥ʔwe || *n̥ʔuboʔ || *n̥ʔwey || *n̥ʔweṭ || *n̥ʔowš || *n̥ʔwi || *nō̆ʔ || *n̥ʔoh, -ʔ, -om
|-
|-
! P
! P
| *weyeh || *n̥hme || *n̥hm̥biš || *n̥hmey || *n̥hmeṭ || *n̥hom || *n̥hmei || *nō̆h || *n̥hoh, -ʔ, -om
| *weyeh || *n̥hme || *n̥hm̥biš || *n̥hmey || *n̥hmeṭ || *n̥hoʔom || *n̥hmei || *nō̆h || *n̥hoh, -ʔ, -om
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| 2 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
! rowspan="3"| 2 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F
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|-
|-
! D
! D
| *yuʔ || *uʔwe || *uʔubiʔ || *uʔwey || *uʔweṭ || *uʔowš || *uʔwi || *wō̆ʔ || *uʔoh, -ʔ, -om
| *yuʔ || *uʔwe || *uʔuboʔ || *uʔwey || *uʔweṭ || *uʔowš || *uʔwi || *wō̆ʔ || *uʔoh, -ʔ, -om
|-
|-
! P
! P
| *yūh || *ušme || *ušm̥biš || *ušmey || *ušmeṭ || *ušom || *ušmi || *wō̆h || *ušoh, -ʔ, -om
| *yūh || *ušme || *ušm̥biš || *ušmey || *ušmeṭ || *ušoʔom || *ušmi || *wō̆h || *ušoh, -ʔ, -om
|-
|-
! Refl. !! All !! All
! Refl. !! All !! All
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|-
|-
! F
! F
| *hiʔ || *hīm || *tāʔi || *tohyaʔay || *tohyāṭ || *tohyāʔ || *tohyaʔ
| *hiʔ || *hīm || *tāʔi || *tohyaʔay || *tohyāṭ || *tohyāh || *tohyaʔ
|-
|-
! N
! N
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|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| D !! M
! rowspan="3"| D !! M
| *hoʔ || *toʔ || colspan="3"| *toyboʔ || colspan="2"| *toyʔowš
|-
|-
! F
! F
| colspan="2"| *hīʔe || colspan="3"| *hiʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *hiʔboʔowš
|-
|-
! N
! N
| *toy || *toy || colspan="3"| *toyboʔ || colspan="2"| *toyʔowš
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| P !! M
! rowspan="3"| P !! M
| *tōh || *tōn || *toybiš || *toymoh || *toymoh || *toyšoʔom || *toyšu
|-
|-
! F
! F
| *tiʔah || *tiʔn̥̄ || *tiʔbiš || *tiʔmoh || *tiʔmoh || *tiʔōm || *tiʔšu
|-
|-
! N
! N
| *taʔ || *taʔ || *toybiš || *toymoh || *toymoh || *toyšoʔom || *toyšu
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 18:12, 14 February 2024

Introduction

Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/
Stop voiceless *p /p/ *t /t/ *k /k/ *ʔ /ʔ/
voiced *b /b/ *d /d/ *g /ɡ/
ejective *ṗ /pʼ/ *ṭ /tʼ/ *ḳ /kʼ/
Affricate voiceless *c /ts/
voiced *z /dz/
ejective *ṣ /tsʼ/
Fricative *s /s/ *š /ɕ/ *h /h/
Trill *r /r/
Approximant *l /l/ *y /j/ *w /w/

Vowels and Syllabics

Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
Front Back Front Back
Close *i /i/ *u /u/ *ī /iː/ *ū /uː/
Mid *e /ɛ/ *ē /ɛː/
Open *a /a/ *o /ɒ/ *ā /aː/ *ō /ɒː/
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
Short Long
/i/ /u/ /i/ /u/
/ɛ/ *ey /ɛi/ *ew /ɛu/ *ēy /ɛːi/ *ēw /ɛːu/
/a/ *ay /ai/ *aw /au/ *āy /aːi/ *āw /aːu/
/ɒ/ *oy /ɒi/ *ow /ɒu/ *ōy /ɒːi/ *ōw /ɒːu/
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
Consonant Short Long
*/m/ *m̥ /m̩/ *m̥̄ /m̩ː/
*/n/ *n̥ /n̩/ *n̥̄ /n̩ː/
*/r/ *r̥ /r̩/ *r̥̄ /r̩ː/
*/l/ *l̥ /l̩/ *l̥̄ /l̩ː/
*/ʔ/ *ə /ə/ *əʔ /əʔ/

Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.

Orthography

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

(IN PROGRESS)

Nominals

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
Person Number Gender Nominative Accusative Instrumental Dative Ablative Genitive Locative Clitic Possessive pronoun
1 S M/F *ʔeṣ *me *moy *megi *meṭ *mene *moy *me *moh, -ʔ, -om
D *weʔ *n̥ʔwe *n̥ʔuboʔ *n̥ʔwey *n̥ʔweṭ *n̥ʔowš *n̥ʔwi *nō̆ʔ *n̥ʔoh, -ʔ, -om
P *weyeh *n̥hme *n̥hm̥biš *n̥hmey *n̥hmeṭ *n̥hoʔom *n̥hmei *nō̆h *n̥hoh, -ʔ, -om
2 S M/F *tuʔ *twe *toy *tegi *tweṭ *tewe *toy *te *twoh, -ʔ, -om
D *yuʔ *uʔwe *uʔuboʔ *uʔwey *uʔweṭ *uʔowš *uʔwi *wō̆ʔ *uʔoh, -ʔ, -om
P *yūh *ušme *ušm̥biš *ušmey *ušmeṭ *ušoʔom *ušmi *wō̆h *ušoh, -ʔ, -om
Refl. All All — *hwe *hoy *hegi *hweṭ *hewe *hoy *he *hwoh, -ʔ, -om
3 S M *ho *tom *tonoʔ *tohmey *tohmeṭ *tohyo *tohmi —
F *hiʔ *hīm *tāʔi *tohyaʔay *tohyāṭ *tohyāh *tohyaʔ
N *toṭ *toṭ *tonoʔ *tohmey *tohmeṭ *tohyo *tohmi
D M *hoʔ *toʔ *toyboʔ *toyʔowš
F *hīʔe *hiʔboʔ *hiʔboʔowš
N *toy *toy *toyboʔ *toyʔowš
P M *tōh *tōn *toybiš *toymoh *toymoh *toyšoʔom *toyšu
F *tiʔah *tiʔn̥̄ *tiʔbiš *tiʔmoh *tiʔmoh *tiʔōm *tiʔšu
N *taʔ *taʔ *toybiš *toymoh *toymoh *toyšoʔom *toyšu
Demonstrative pronouns

.

Numerals

Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
Symbol Cardinal number Ordinal number
masc. fem. neuter
1 *ʔoynoh *ʔoynaʔ *ʔoynom *pr̥ʔtm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
2 *ṭuwoʔ *ṭuwaʔi *ṭuwoʔ *ṭwitiyoh, -aʔ, -om
3 *treyeh *treyeh *treyā *tr̥tiyoh, -aʔ, -om
4 *ketureh *ketureh *keturaʔ *keturtoh, -aʔ, -om
5 *penke *penketoh, -aʔ, -om
6 *šecš *šecštoh, -aʔ, -om
7 *heptm̥ *heptm̥moh, -aʔ, -om
8 *ʔoctō *ʔoctowoh, -aʔ, -om
9 *newn̥ *newn̥noh, -aʔ, -om
10 *ṭecm̥ *ṭecm̥toh, -aʔ, -om
20 *ṭwiʔcn̥ti
30 *triʔcont
40 *ketwr̥ʔcont
50 *penkeʔcont
60 *šecšcont
70 *heptm̥ʔcont
80 *ʔoctōʔcont
90 *newn̥ʔcont
100 *cn̥tom

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

  • holwoh monewʔom muktōn homʔōnke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. 
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.

Other resources

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