Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:26, 27 February 2024

N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. Please refer to the legend here.

Changes from Griutungi & Gothic to Old Valthungian (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)

Spirantisation I

Spirantisation I: C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L

Date:

300ᴀᴅ

Type:

Phonetic

Rule:

C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L

“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”

Exhaustive:

b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ

Notes:

Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.

Examples:

	‘to have’	‘terrible’	‘bed’	‘wonder’	‘days’	‘nice’
PGmc:	habaną [haβanã]	abrō [abroː]	badją [badją]	seldō [seldoː]	dagōz [daɣoːz]	fagrō [ɸaɡroː]
Gothic:	haban [haβan]	abra [abra]	badi [baði]	silda [silda]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸaɡra]
Griutungi:	haban [haβan]	abra [abra]	badi [baði]	silda [silda]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸaɡra]
SpirI:	haban [haβan]	abra [aβra]	badi [baði]	silda [silða]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸaɣra]
OldVal:	habvan [haβan]	abvra [aβra]	badvi [baði]	slidva [sliða]	dagyous [daɣoʊ̯s]	fagyra [ɸaɣra]
MidVal:	havɴ [havn̩]	avʀ [avr̩]	baði [baði]	sliða [sliðə]	dagos [daɡos]	fagʀ [faɡr̩]
Valth:	havna [havna]	avra [avra]	baðe [baðe̞]	sliða [sliða]	dagas [daɡas]	fagra [faɡra]

Limit:

450ᴀᴅ

Persistence:

Expanded into Spirantisation II

Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion

Geminate Collapse I

Spirantisation II

Deletion of Interconsonantal h

Spirantisation III

Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I

Clisis & Lexicalisation

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II

Changes to Geminate Obstruents

Changes to Geminate Nasals I

Changes to Geminate Liquids

Metathesis

Deletion of s after r

s-Clusters Diffused

Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels

Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory

Umlaut

Launch of Rhotacism

Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/

Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I

Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung

Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]

Changes from Old Valthungian to Middle Valthungian (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)

Defenestration of Greek Fricatives

Changes to Geminate Nasals II

Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops

Rhotacism Failure

j/z Merger

Initial h to þ before a sonorant

Assimilation of h after short vowels

Repulsion of h after long vowels

All of the Above

Changes to Geminates

Change of h to þ after a liquid

Assimilation of s in Consonant Clusters

Palatalisation of sk

Palatalisation of h before j

Palatalisation of Non-Labial Stops before j

Vowel Reduction: Long Vowel Shortening

Vowel Reduction: Diphthong Changes

Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes

Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants

Changes from Middle Valthungian to Modern Valthungian (ca. 1350ᴀᴅ‒1850ᴀᴅ)

Reduction of Consonant Clusters

Vowel Reduction II: Lowering of Unstressed Short Vowels

Vowel Reduction II: Shortening of Unstressed Long Vowels

Change of ju to eu after r

Changes to Unstressed Word-Final Syllables

Deletion of j and Merging of Palatal Afficates

Vowel Tensing

Syllabic Unpacking

Schwa Fortition to /a/

Syllabification of word-final falling diphthongs

Monophthongisation of Diphthongs over Morpheme Boundaries

Relaxisation of Middle Diphthongs

Changes from Early Modern Valthungian to the present

Labial Trimming

Deletion of Internasal g

Changes to w

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! &nbsp;
-| ‘to have’
+|width=150| ‘to have’
-| ‘terrible’
+|width=150| ‘terrible’
-| ‘bed’
+|width=150| ‘bed’
-| ‘wonder’
+|width=150| ‘wonder’
-| ‘days’
+|width=150| ‘days’
-| ‘nice’
+|width=150| ‘nice’
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
-| ''habaną''<br />/haβanã/
+| ''habaną''<br />[haβanã]
-| ''abrō''<br />/abroː/
+| ''abrō''<br />[abroː]
-| ''badją''<br /> /badją/
+| ''badją''<br />[badją]
-| ''seldō''<br /> /seldoː/
+| ''seldō''<br />[seldoː]
-| ''dagōz''<br /> /daɣoːz/
+| ''dagōz''<br />[daɣoːz]
-| ''fagrō''<br /> /faɡroː/
+| ''fagrō''<br />[ɸaɡroː]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Gothic:
-| ''haban''<br />/haβan/
+| ''haban''<br />[haβan]
-| ''abra''<br />/abra/
+| ''abra''<br />[abra]
-| ''badi''<br /> /baði/
+| ''badi''<br />[baði]
-| ''silda''<br /> /silda/
+| ''silda''<br />[silda]
-| ''dagōs''<br /> /daɣoːs/
+| ''dagōs''<br />[daɣoːs]
-| ''fagra''<br /> /faɡra/
+| ''fagra''<br />[ɸaɡra]
+|-
+!style="text-align: right;"| Griutungi:
+| ''haban''<br />[haβan]
+| ''abra''<br />[abra]
+| ''badi''<br />[baði]
+| ''silda''<br />[silda]
+| ''dagōs''<br />[daɣoːs]
+| ''fagra''<br />[ɸaɡra]
+|-
+!style="text-align: right;"| SpirI:
+| ''haban''<br />[haβan]
+| ''abra''<br />[aβra]
+| ''badi''<br />[baði]
+| ''silda''<br />[silða]
+| ''dagōs''<br />[daɣoːs]
+| ''fagra''<br />[ɸaɣra]
+|-
+!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
+| ''habvan''<br />[haβan]
+| ''abvra''<br />[aβra]
+| ''badvi''<br />[baði]
+| ''slidva''<br />[sliða]
+| ''dagyous''<br />[daɣoʊ̯s]
+| ''fagyra''<br />[ɸaɣra]
+|-
+!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
+| ''havɴ''<br />[havn̩]
+| ''avʀ''<br />[avr̩]
+| ''baði''<br />[baði]
+| ''sliða''<br />[sliðə]
+| ''dagos''<br />[daɡos]
+| ''fagʀ''<br />[faɡr̩]
+|-
+!style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
+| ''havna''<br />[havna]
+| ''avra''<br />[avra]
+| ''baðe''<br />[baðe̞]
+| ''sliða''<br />[sliða]
+| ''dagas''<br />[daɡas]
+| ''fagra''<br />[faɡra]
 |}
 |-
@@ Line 63: / Line 103: @@
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Persistence:
-| Replaced by [[#Spirantisation II|Spirantisation II]]
+| Expanded into [[#Spirantisation II|Spirantisation II]]
 |}
 ===Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion===