Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:44, 27 February 2024

N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. Please refer to the legend here.

Changes from Griutungi & Gothic to Old Valthungian (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)

Spirantisation I

300ᴀᴅ: Voiced Stops become Continuant

Type:

Phonetic

Rule:

C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L

“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”

Exhaustive:

b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l

Notes:

Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.

Examples:

	‘to have’	‘terrible’	‘bed’	‘wonder’	‘days’	‘nice’
PGmc:	habaną [haβanã]	abrō [abroː]	badją [badją]	seldō [seldoː]	dagōz [daɣoːz]	fagrō [ɸaɡroː]
Gothic:	haban [haβan]	abra [abra]	badi [baði]	silda [silda]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸaɡra]
Griutungi:	haban [haβan]	abra [abra]	badi [baði]	silda [silda]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸaɡra]
SpirI:	haban [haβan]	abra [aβra]	badi [baði]	silda [silða]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸaɣra]
OldVal:	habvan [haβan]	abvra [aβra]	badvi [baði]	slidva [sliða]	dagyous [daɣoʊ̯s]	fagyra [ɸaɣra]
MidVal:	havɴ [havn̩]	avʀ [avr̩]	baði [baði]	sliða [sliðə]	dagos [daɡos]	fagʀ [faɡr̩]
Valth:	havna [havna]	avra [avra]	baðe [baðe̞]	sliða [sliða]	dagas [daɡas]	fagra [faɡra]

Limit:

450ᴀᴅ

Persistence:

Expanded into Spirantisation II

Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion

Geminate Collapse I

Spirantisation II

Deletion of Interconsonantal h

Spirantisation III

Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I

Clisis & Lexicalisation

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II

Changes to Geminate Obstruents

Changes to Geminate Nasals I

Changes to Geminate Liquids

Metathesis

Deletion of s after r

s-Clusters Diffused

Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels

Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory

Umlaut

Launch of Rhotacism

Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/

Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I

Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung

Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]

Changes from Old Valthungian to Middle Valthungian (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)

Defenestration of Greek Fricatives

Changes to Geminate Nasals II

Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops

Rhotacism Failure

j/z Merger

Initial h to þ before a sonorant

Assimilation of h after short vowels

Repulsion of h after long vowels

All of the Above

Changes to Geminates

Change of h to þ after a liquid

Assimilation of s in Consonant Clusters

Palatalisation of sk

Palatalisation of h before j

Palatalisation of Non-Labial Stops before j

Vowel Reduction: Long Vowel Shortening

Vowel Reduction: Diphthong Changes

Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes

Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants

Changes from Middle Valthungian to Modern Valthungian (ca. 1350ᴀᴅ‒1850ᴀᴅ)

Reduction of Consonant Clusters

Vowel Reduction II: Lowering of Unstressed Short Vowels

Vowel Reduction II: Shortening of Unstressed Long Vowels

Change of ju to eu after r

Changes to Unstressed Word-Final Syllables

Deletion of j and Merging of Palatal Afficates

Vowel Tensing

Syllabic Unpacking

Schwa Fortition to /a/

Syllabification of word-final falling diphthongs

Monophthongisation of Diphthongs over Morpheme Boundaries

Relaxisation of Middle Diphthongs

Changes from Early Modern Valthungian to the present

Labial Trimming

Deletion of Internasal g

Changes to w

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
-!colspan=2 width=1200|Spirantisation I: C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L
+!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|300ᴀᴅ: Voiced Stops become Continuant
-|-
-!style="text-align: right; width: 100px;"| Date:
-|style="width: 1100px;"| 300ᴀᴅ
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Type:
@@ Line 22: / Line 19: @@
 |-
 !style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule:
-| <span style="font-family: monospace;">C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L</span><br />
+| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L'''</span><br />
 ''“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”''
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Exhaustive:
-| b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ
+| b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Notes:
 | ''Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.''
 |-
-!style="text-align: right;"| Examples:
+!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples:
 |
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 43: / Line 40: @@
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
-| ''habaną''<br />[haβanã]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''habaną''<br />[ha'''β'''anã]
-| ''abrō''<br />[abroː]
+| ''abrō''<br />[a'''b'''roː]
-| ''badją''<br />[badją]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badją''<br />[ba'''d'''ją]
-| ''seldō''<br />[seldoː]
+| ''seldō''<br />[sel'''d'''oː]
-| ''dagōz''<br />[daɣoːz]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōz''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːz]
-| ''fagrō''<br />[ɸaɡroː]
+| ''fagrō''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''roː]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Gothic:
-| ''haban''<br />[haβan]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
-| ''abra''<br />[abra]
+| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
-| ''badi''<br />[baði]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
-| ''silda''<br />[silda]
+| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
-| ''dagōs''<br />[daɣoːs]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
-| ''fagra''<br />[ɸaɡra]
+| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Griutungi:
-| ''haban''<br />[haβan]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
-| ''abra''<br />[abra]
+| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
-| ''badi''<br />[baði]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
-| ''silda''<br />[silda]
+| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
-| ''dagōs''<br />[daɣoːs]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
-| ''fagra''<br />[ɸaɡra]
+| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
 |-
-!style="text-align: right;"| SpirI:
+!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| SpirI:
-| ''haban''<br />[haβan]
+|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
-| ''abra''<br />[aβra]
+|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
-| ''badi''<br />[baði]
+|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
-| ''silda''<br />[silða]
+|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''ð'''a]
-| ''dagōs''<br />[daɣoːs]
+|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
-| ''fagra''<br />[ɸaɣra]
+|style="background: #FFDDDD;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| OldVal:
-| ''habvan''<br />[haβan]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''habvan''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
-| ''abvra''<br />[aβra]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''abvra''<br />[a'''β'''ra]
-| ''badvi''<br />[baði]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badvi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
-| ''slidva''<br />[sliða]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''slidva''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
-| ''dagyous''<br />[daɣoʊ̯s]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagyous''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oʊ̯s]
-| ''fagyra''<br />[ɸaɣra]
+|style="background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fagyra''<br />[ɸa'''ɣ'''ra]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| MidVal:
-| ''havɴ''<br />[havn̩]
+| ''havɴ''<br />[ha'''v'''n̩]
-| ''avʀ''<br />[avr̩]
+| ''avʀ''<br />[a'''v'''r̩]
-| ''baði''<br />[baði]
+| ''baði''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
-| ''sliða''<br />[sliðə]
+| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''ə]
-| ''dagos''<br />[daɡos]
+| ''dagos''<br />[da'''ɡ'''os]
-| ''fagʀ''<br />[faɡr̩]
+| ''fagʀ''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''r̩]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Valth:
-| ''havna''<br />[havna]
+| ''havna''<br />[ha'''v'''na]
-| ''avra''<br />[avra]
+| ''avra''<br />[a'''v'''ra]
-| ''baðe''<br />[baðe̞]
+| ''baðe''<br />[ba'''ð'''e̞]
-| ''sliða''<br />[sliða]
+| ''sliða''<br />[sli'''ð'''a]
-| ''dagas''<br />[daɡas]
+| ''dagas''<br />[da'''ɡ'''as]
-| ''fagra''<br />[faɡra]
+| ''fagra''<br />[fa'''ɡ'''ra]
 |}
 |-