Phonological history of Valthungian: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:10, 27 February 2024

N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. Please refer to the legend here.

Changes from Griutungi & Gothic to Old Valthungian (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)

Spirantisation I

This is an expansion (or possibly merely a clarification) of the persistent inherited Spirantisation rule present in Proto-Germanic. The Proto-Germanic rule (“Spirantisation 0”) holds that voiced stops become spirantised when intervocalic. It is unclear whether spirantisation also occurred in the presence of other sonorants in Proto-Germanic, Gothic, or Griutungi. This rule cements the expansion to include liquids in the environment.

300ᴀᴅ: Voiced Stops become Continuant

Type:

Phonetic

Rule:

C[-snt][+vox] → [+cnt] / V,L}___{V,L

“A voiced stop becomes continuant after a vowel or liquid when followed by a vowel or liquid.”

Exhaustive:

b,d,g → β,ð,ɣ / V,r,l}___{V,r,l

Notes:

Already occurred in pre-Gothic and even Proto-Germanic (“Spirantisation 0”), but may not have included liquids in the environment. Allophonic at this stage.

Examples:

	‘to have’	‘terrible’	‘bed’	‘wonder’	‘days’	‘nice’
PGmc:	habaną [haβanã]	abrō [a{b/β}roː]	badją [badją]	seldō [sel{d/ð}oː]	dagōz [daɣoːz]	fagrō [ɸa{ɡ/ɣ}roː]
Goth:	haban [haβan]	abra [a{b/β}ra]	badi [baði]	silda [sil{d/ð}a]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸa{ɡ/ɣ}ra]
Griut:	haban [haβan]	abra [a{b/β}ra]	badi [baði]	silda [sil{d/ð}a]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸa{ɡ/ɣ}ra]
Spir.I:	haban [haβan]	abra [aβra]	badi [baði]	silda [silða]	dagōs [daɣoːs]	fagra [ɸaɣra]
OldVal:	habvan [haβan]	abvra [aβra]	badvi [baði]	slidva [sliða]	dagyous [daɣoʊ̯s]	fagyra [ɸaɣra]
MidVal:	havɴ [havn̩]	avʀ [avr̩]	baði [baði]	sliða [sliðə]	dagos [daɡos]	fagʀ [faɡr̩]
Valth:	havna [havna]	avra [avra]	baðe [baðe̞]	sliða [sliða]	dagas [daɡas]	fagra [faɡra]

Limit:

450ᴀᴅ

Persistence:

Expanded into Spirantisation II

Phonological Inventory:

(unchanged)

Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion

Geminate Collapse I

Spirantisation II

Deletion of Interconsonantal h

Spirantisation III

Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I

Clisis & Lexicalisation

Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II

Changes to Geminate Obstruents

Changes to Geminate Nasals I

Changes to Geminate Liquids

Metathesis

Deletion of s after r

s-Clusters Diffused

Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels

Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory

Umlaut

Launch of Rhotacism

Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/

Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I

Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung

Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]

Changes from Old Valthungian to Middle Valthungian (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)

Defenestration of Greek Fricatives

Changes to Geminate Nasals II

Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops

Rhotacism Failure

j/z Merger

Initial h to þ before a sonorant

Assimilation of h after short vowels

Repulsion of h after long vowels

All of the Above

Changes to Geminates

Change of h to þ after a liquid

Assimilation of s in Consonant Clusters

Palatalisation of sk

Palatalisation of h before j

Palatalisation of Non-Labial Stops before j

Vowel Reduction: Long Vowel Shortening

Vowel Reduction: Diphthong Changes

Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes

Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants

Changes from Middle Valthungian to Modern Valthungian (ca. 1350ᴀᴅ‒1850ᴀᴅ)

Reduction of Consonant Clusters

Vowel Reduction II: Lowering of Unstressed Short Vowels

Vowel Reduction II: Shortening of Unstressed Long Vowels

Change of ju to eu after r

Changes to Unstressed Word-Final Syllables

Deletion of j and Merging of Palatal Afficates

Vowel Tensing

Syllabic Unpacking

Schwa Fortition to /a/

Syllabification of word-final falling diphthongs

Monophthongisation of Diphthongs over Morpheme Boundaries

Relaxisation of Middle Diphthongs

Changes from Early Modern Valthungian to the present

Labial Trimming

Deletion of Internasal g

Changes to w

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==Changes from [[Griutungi]] & Gothic to [[Old Valthungian]] (ca. 300ᴀᴅ‒950ᴀᴅ)==
 ===Spirantisation I===
+This is an expansion (or possibly merely a clarification) of the persistent inherited Spirantisation rule present in Proto-Germanic. The Proto-Germanic rule ([[#Spirantisation 0|“Spirantisation 0”]]) holds that voiced stops become spirantised when intervocalic. It is unclear whether spirantisation also occurred in the presence of other sonorants in Proto-Germanic, Gothic, or Griutungi. This rule cements the expansion to include liquids in the environment.
 {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 !colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|300ᴀᴅ: Voiced Stops become Continuant
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 !style="text-align: right;"| PGmc:
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''habaną''<br />[ha'''β'''anã]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''abrō''<br />[a'''b'''roː]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''abrō''<br />[a'''{b/β}'''roː]
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badją''<br />[ba'''d'''ją]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''seldō''<br />[sel'''d'''oː]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''seldō''<br />[sel'''{d/ð}'''oː]
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōz''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːz]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagrō''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''roː]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagrō''<br />[ɸa'''{ɡ/ɣ}'''roː]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Goth:
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''{b/β}'''ra]
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''{d/ð}'''a]
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''{ɡ/ɣ}'''ra]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right;"| Griut:
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''haban''<br />[ha'''β'''an]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''b'''ra]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''abra''<br />[a'''{b/β}'''ra]
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''badi''<br />[ba'''ð'''i]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''d'''a]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''silda''<br />[sil'''{d/ð}'''a]
 |style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''dagōs''<br />[da'''ɣ'''oːs]
-|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''ɡ'''ra]
+|style="text-align: center;"| ''fagra''<br />[ɸa'''{ɡ/ɣ}'''ra]
 |-
 !style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Spir.I:
@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 !style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence:
 | Expanded into [[#Spirantisation II|Spirantisation II]]
+|-
+!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonological Inventory:
+| (''unchanged'')
 |}