Ɯ: Difference between revisions
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'''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active. | '''·''' Verbs: first person singular present indicative active. | ||
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==Leipzig-Jakarta list== | |||
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in [] have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. <!--For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.--> | Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in [] have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. <!--For instance, the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''. Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Ikronurum lexicon, the list will have more entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.--> | ||
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<!-- Swadesh list | <!-- | ||
==Swadesh list== | |||
{{swadesh | {{swadesh | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = | ||
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=Orthography= | =Orthography= | ||
= | =Samples= | ||
==Sentences== | |||
==Example of verb conjugation paradigms== | |||
<!--==Annex== | <!--==Annex== | ||
===Sociolinguistic notes=== | ===Sociolinguistic notes=== | ||
Revision as of 19:26, 11 November 2015
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
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| Ŭrbŭrŭx U | |
|---|---|
| "the speech, U" | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈuɾ.bu.ɾux ˈɯ/] |
| Created by | Nicolás Straccia |
| Setting | Yrḳuti conworlding project |
Ɯ languages
| |
The language known as Ɯ is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia. It is part of the Yrḳuti conworlding project.
Background
[...]
Grammar
In a nutshell:
PHONOLOGY
Vowels
Vowel inventory
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Stem-controlled roundness harmony. Both /a/ and /o/, a back and a front vowel, are neutral. In compounds each element retains it own harmony; affixes will harmonize with the stem with which they are directly in contact.
Consonants
Consonant inventory
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | (ɟ) | k g | ʔ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Tap or flap | ɾ | |||||||
| Fricative | f v | s | ʃ | x | h | |||
| Africate | ʧ | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||
| Lateral app. | l | (ʎ) |
Phonotaxis
Sandhi
[...]
| Sandhi over morpheme boundaries |
|---|
| -VC·CV- |
| -n· |
| -n·t- → -n·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/ |
| -n·t- → -n·n-, assimilation of /t/ → /n/ |
| -n·k- → -n·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ |
| -n·h- → -n·k-, fortition of /h/ → /k/ |
| -n·j- → -n̆-, fusion (palatalization of /n/ → /ɲ/) |
| -n·b- → -m·b-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/) |
| -n·b- → -m·m-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/), assimilation of /b/ → /m/) |
| -n·l- → -n·n-, assimilation of /l/ → /n/ |
| -n·r- → -n·n-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/ |
| -n·m- → -n·n-, assimilation of /m/ → /n/ |
| -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ |
| -m· |
| -m·b- → -p-, fusion to /p/ |
| -m·l- → -m·m-, assimilation of /l/ → /m/ |
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/) |
| -l |
| -l·t- → -l·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/ |
| -l·k- → -l·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ |
| -l·g- → -l·l-, assimilation of /g/ → /l/ |
| -l·r- → -l·l-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /l/ |
| -l·m- → -l·l-, assimilation of /m/ → /l/ |
| -l·b- → -p·p- [+____] |
| -l·j- → -l̆-, fusion (palatalization of /l/ → /ʎ/) |
| -l·v- → -l·l-, assimilation of /v/ → /l/ |
| -r· |
| -r·g- → -rr-, assimilation of /g/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·h- → -rr-, assimilation of /h/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·x- → -rr-, assimilation of /x/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·l- → -rr-, assimilation of /l/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·t- → -s·s- [+____] |
| -s· |
| -s·l- → -s·s-, assimilation of /l/ → /s/ |
| -s·g- → -s·k-, fortition of /g/ → /k/ |
| -s̆· |
| -s̆·h- → -s̆→s̆-, assimilation of /h/ → /ʃ/ |
| -s̆·l- → -s̆·s̆-, assimilation of /l/ → /ʃ/ |
| -t· |
| -t·b- → -s·s- [+____] |
| -t·g- → -t·t-, assimilation of /g/ → /t/ |
| -t·l- → -t·t-, assimilation of /l/ → /t/ |
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/ |
| -x· |
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization] |
| Being all instances of -n·k- already lenited by sandhi to -n·g-, all remaining instances of -n·k- after the sandhi has been applied must then spawn from modified instances of -x·k-, thus avoiding ambiguity. |
| -VC·CCV- |
| -n· |
| -n·rk- → -n·ng- → -ngg-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/, fusion of /n/ and /k/ (velatization of /n/ → /ŋ/) |
| -n·lt- → -n·t-, elision of /l/ |
| -n·ln- → -n·n-, elision of /l/ |
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/ |
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of /l/, assimilation of /n/ |
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/ |
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of /h/ |
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/ |
| -n·tx- → -n·x-, elision of /t/ |
| -x· |
| -x·hr- → -x·r-, elision of /h/ |
| -CV·CV- |
| -ta· |
| -ta·h- → -ta·g- [+____] |
| -ta·r- → -ta·l- [+____] |
| -ta·š- → -ta·s- [+____] |
| -ta·x- → -ta·g- [+____] |
| -ta·t- → -ta·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/ |
| -ta·k- → -ta·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ |
| -ta·bVC- → -ta·fCV- [+____] |
| -CV·CCV- |
| -ta· |
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____] |
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____] tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology? |
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/) |
| -l |
| -l·t- → -l·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/ |
| -l·k- → -l·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ |
| -l·g- → -l·l-, assimilation of /g/ → /l/ |
| -l·r- → -l·l-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /l/ |
| -l·m- → -l·l-, assimilation of /m/ → /l/ |
| -l·b- → -p·p- [+____] |
| -l·j- → -l̆-, fusion (palatalization of /l/ → /ʎ/) |
| -l·v- → -l·l-, assimilation of /v/ → /l/ |
| -r· |
| -r·g- → -rr-, assimilation of /g/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·h- → -rr-, assimilation of /h/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·x- → -rr-, assimilation of /x/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·l- → -rr-, assimilation of /l/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ |
| -r·t- → -s·s- [+____] |
| -s· |
| -s·l- → -s·s-, assimilation of /l/ → /s/ |
| -s·g- → -s·k-, fortition of /g/ → /k/ |
| -s̆· |
| -s̆·h- → -s̆→s̆-, assimilation of /h/ → /ʃ/ |
| -s̆·l- → -s̆·s̆-, assimilation of /l/ → /ʃ/ |
| -t· |
| -t·b- → -s·s- [+____] |
| -t·g- → -t·t-, assimilation of /g/ → /t/ |
| -t·l- → -t·t-, assimilation of /l/ → /t/ |
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/ |
| -x· |
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization] |
| Being all instances of -n·k- already lenited by sandhi to -n·g-, all remaining instances of -n·k- after the sandhi has been applied must then spawn from modified instances of -x·k-, thus avoiding ambiguity. |
| -VC·CCV- |
| -n· |
| -n·rk- → -n·ng- → -ngg-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/, fusion of /n/ and /k/ (velatization of /n/ → /ŋ/) |
| -n·lt- → -n·t-, elision of /l/ |
| -n·ln- → -n·n-, elision of /l/ |
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/ |
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of /l/, assimilation of /n/ |
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/ |
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of /h/ |
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/ |
| -n·tx- → -n·x-, elision of /t/ |
| -x· |
| -x·hr- → -x·r-, elision of /h/ |
| -CV·CV- |
| -ta· |
| -ta·h- → -ta·g- [+____] |
| -ta·r- → -ta·l- [+____] |
| -ta·š- → -ta·s- [+____] |
| -ta·x- → -ta·g- [+____] |
| -ta·t- → -ta·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/ |
| -ta·k- → -ta·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ |
| -ta·bVC- → -ta·fCV- [+____] |
| -CV·CCV- |
| -ta· |
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____] |
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____] tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology? |
| Sandhi over word boundaries |
|---|
| -C_b- → -C_p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/) |
| Composite sandhi: obligatory contour and other phenomena. |
|---|
| A case of composite sandhi occurs when the application of an external sandhi rule results in either i) the resetting of or ii) the innovation on an internal sandhi rule. |
| Examples: |
| i) Resetting of an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, resetting internal sandhi. |
| bengilir > penkilir |
| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·k- → -n·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ (voicing of /k/) |
| bV·en·kil·Vr → bēnkilir* → bēngilir |
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- → -C p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/) |
| (-V bēngilir → -V bēngilir) |
| -C bēngilir → -C pēngilir* >> -C pēnkilir |
| ii) Innovation on an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, leniting a cluster formed through assimilation |
| bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr |
| 1) Internal sandhi: rule -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ |
| bV•en•vɯl•Vr > bepɯlɯr |
| 2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/ /p/ (devoicing of /b/) |
| (-V bepɯlɯr > bepɯlɯr) |
| -C bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr |
Syllable structure
Both verbal and nominal roots, as well as affixes, have a (C)(C)V(C) syllable structure.
MORPHOLOGY
Nominal morphology
Grammatical gender and animacy
Grammatical number and quantifier affixes
Grammatical case
Declension particles and affixes
Nominal declension themes
Personal pronouns
Propter names
Verbal morphology
Tenses
Tense-person marking suffixes
Proximate suffixes
Obviate suffixes
Verbal aspect markers
For animate subjects
For inanimate subjects
Mood marking particles
Special cases
Participles
Referent anaphora
Anaphoric reference shift particle
Use of the obviate
Animacy, control and volition
Adjectives and adverbs
Semblative constructions
Participles
Dative and genitive constructions
Derivational morphology
Derivational affixes
Compounding
Genitive compounds
Special compositional functions of verbs
Dative compounds
Nominalization
Nominalization of a verb
Nominalization of a locative adverb
Hypocoristics
Diminutives
Augmentatives
Superlatives
Negation
Use of the negative mood marker NEG xe
Use of the coordinating discourse particle &neg nŭ
Use of the discourse particle/adjective? “without” kĭllŭ
Interrogation
General interrogation
Special interrogation
Discourse particles
Numerals
SYNTAX
Morphosyntactic allignment
i) transitive verbs (A) – (V) – (O)
ii) intransitive verbs (S) – (V)
iii) ditransitive verbs (A) – (V) – (T) – (O)
(S) NOM
(A) ERG
(T) DAT
(O) i) ABS, iii) ACC
Word order
(S)-V-(O/A)-V-(T)-(O)
A/N
Lexicon
Citation forms:
Leipzig-Jakarta list
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the Leipzig-Jakarta list but have more than one distinct term in [] have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary.