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* [[:Category: Europic extragrammatical sets|Europic extragrammatical sets]]
* [[:Category: Europic extragrammatical sets|Europic extragrammatical sets]]


Europic (natively, ''Yevropicu'' /ˌjevroˈpiʃu/), also known as Eulingo (or jocularly as Fauxperanto), is a constructed auxiliary language consisting of mostly Indo-European roots, commissioned by the European Central Authority (ECA) near the end of the 21st century. It is mainly isolating and analytic, and contains many specific contrasts to Esperanto, though the two are not entirely dissimilar. The language became widely spoken in the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and many variants emerged after the collapse of the ECA and the language’s loss of official status. It is the direct ancestor of [[Iropich]], later known as Proto-Human, ancestor of Rupesh, the language spoken by most humans on [[Selagró]] after the [[Terran Diaspora]].
Europic (natively, ''Yevropicu'' /ˌjevroˈpiʃu/), also known as Eulingo (or jocularly as Fauxperanto), is a constructed auxiliary language consisting of mostly Indo-European roots commissioned by the [[European Central Authority|European Central Authority (ECA)]] near the end of the 21st century. It is mainly isolating and analytic, and contains many specific contrasts to Esperanto, though the two are not entirely dissimilar. The language became widely spoken in the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and many variants emerged after the collapse of the ECA and the language’s loss of official status. It is the direct ancestor of [[Iropich]], later known as Proto-Human, ancestor of [[Rupesh]], the language spoken by most humans on [[PlanetX|PlanetX]] after the [[Terran Diaspora]].


==In-World (Fictional) History==
==In-World (Fictional) History==
In post-Brexit Europe, English remained an official language only in Ireland and Malta. By the end of the 21st century, English was ''lingua non grata'' on mainland Europe. The European Central Authority (ECA) explored various standards and auxiliary languages to try to buffer the influence of English in Europe, including adopting [[wikipedia: Esperanto|Esperanto]] as an official language, but various criticisms of the world’s only truly successful auxiliary language led them to reject this option. Eventually it was decided that no extant auxiliary languages were sufficient to promote European unity and culture, and a language was commissioned with a strict set of criteria. The contract was awarded to amateur conlanger and armchair linguist [[Syd Chrysanthi]], who worked on the project for nearly seven years before presenting his final draft to the Deployment Committee: a joyless bunch of bureaucrats who had no real understanding of or appreciation for language.
In post-Brexit Europe, English remained an official language only in Ireland and Malta. By the end of the 21st century, English was ''lingua non grata'' on mainland Europe. The European Central Authority (ECA) explored various standards and auxiliary languages to try to buffer the influence of English in Europe, including adopting [[wikipedia: Esperanto|Esperanto]] as an official language, but various criticisms of the world’s only truly successful auxiliary language led them to reject this option. Eventually it was decided that no extant auxiliary languages were sufficient to promote European unity and culture, and a language was commissioned with a strict set of criteria. The contract was awarded to amateur conlanger and armchair linguist [[Syd Chrysanthi]], who worked on the project for nearly seven years before presenting his final draft to the Deployment Committee: a joyless bunch of bureaucrats who had no real understanding of or appreciation for language.


The resulting language, officially known as ''Europic'' (French ''Europique'', German ''Europisch'', Italian ''Europese'', Greek ''Εὐρωπικά'', &c), was adopted as an official language of the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ. It was eagerly learned, but quickly began to develop dialects reflective of the various Sprachbunds where it was spoken, particularly after the fall of the ECA in the mid-23rd century.
The resulting language, officially known as ''Europic'' (French ''Europique'', German ''Europisch'', Italian ''Europese'', Greek ''Εὐρωπικά'', &c), was adopted as an official language of the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ. It was eagerly learned, but quickly began to develop dialects reflective of the various Sprachbunds where it was spoken, particularly after the fall of the ECA in the mid-23rd century.
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* [[Europic]] (endonym: ''Yevropicu''): A language adopted by the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ.
* [[Europic]] (endonym: ''Yevropicu''): A language adopted by the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ.
* [[Vulgar European]] (a.k.a. ''Colloquial'' or ''Late Western Europic'') (endonym: ''Ivropicu'' (from ~2250ᴀᴅ; official start 2281ᴀᴅ) - a Romance-influenced dialect of Europic emerges in southern and western Europe.
* [[Vulgar European]] (a.k.a. ''Colloquial'' or ''Late Western Europic'') (endonym: ''Ivropicu'' (from ~2250ᴀᴅ; official start 2281ᴀᴅ) - a Romance-influenced dialect of Europic emerges in southern and western Europe.
** Borrowing of some Romance features, e.g. shifting the meaning of ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'' from a demonstrative to a genuine definite article, pronoun-incorporation on verbs recreating “conjugations,” and a number of Common-Romance borrowings (e.g. ''[[Contionary: bona#Europic|bona]]'' ‘good’ for ''[[Contionary: brana#Europic|brana]]''; ''[[Contionary: matru#Europic|matru]]'', ''[[Contionary: patru#Europic|patru]]'' ‘mother, father’ for ''[[Contionary: vatrinu#Europic|vatrinu]]'', ''[[Contionary: vatrotcu#Europic|vatrotcu]]''; ''[[Contionary: fratu#Europic|fratu]]'' ‘brother’ for ''[[Contionary: bratotcu#Europic|bratotcu]]'', &c.)
** Borrowing of some Romance features, e.g. shifting the meaning of '''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'' from a demonstrative to a genuine definite article, pronoun-incorporation on verbs recreating “conjugations,” and a number of Common-Romance borrowings (e.g. '''[[Contionary: bona#Vulgar European|bona]]'' ‘good’ for '''[[Contionary: brana#Europic|brana]]''; '''[[Contionary: matru#Vulgar European|matru]]'', '''[[Contionary: patru#Vulgar European|patru]]'' ‘mother, father’ for '''[[Contionary: vatrinu#Europic|vatrinu]]'', '''[[Contionary: vatrotcu#Europic|vatrotcu]]''; '''[[Contionary: fratu#Vulgar European|fratu]]'' ‘brother’ for '''[[Contionary: bratotcu#Europic|bratotcu]]'', &c.)
** Changes to numbers: Numbers begin to follow nouns like adjectives, and shift away from their determiner roles. “Counting numbers” emerge as a distinct set apart from adjectival forms. In 2281ᴀᴅ, the Principality of Rivaria, an oppressive regime in southern Europe, mandated a dozenal number system (along with updated metric, time-keeping, and calendar systems).  
** Changes to numbers: Numbers begin to follow nouns like adjectives, and shift away from their determiner roles. “Counting numbers” emerge as a distinct set apart from adjectival forms. In 2281ᴀᴅ, the Principality of Rivaria, an oppressive regime in southern Europe, mandated a dozenal number system (along with updated metric, time-keeping, and calendar systems).  
** In writing and for most purposes, [[Vulgar European]] is treated as “Colloquial Europic;” that is, it is still written with the same orthography and style as if it were Europic, but with occasional spelling or morphology changes where applicable. It is analogous to Late Latin, or to writing in dialect in English.  
** In writing and for most purposes, [[Vulgar European]] is treated as “Colloquial Europic;” that is, it is still written with the same orthography and style as if it were Europic, but with occasional spelling or morphology changes where applicable. It is analogous to Late Latin, or to writing in dialect in English.  
** Phonologically, the most significant feature of this period was a change to the pronunciation of the “Postalveolar Consonants,” which became non-sibilant palatals: ⟨dj⟩ [ʤ → ɟʝ], ⟨j⟩ [ʒ → ʝ], ⟨tc⟩ [ʧ → cç], ⟨c⟩ [ʃ → ç].  
** Phonologically, the most significant feature of this period was a change to the pronunciation of the “Postalveolar Consonants,” which became non-sibilant palatals: ⟨dj⟩ [ʤ → ɟʝ], ⟨j⟩ [ʒ → ʝ], ⟨tc⟩ [ʧ → cç], ⟨c⟩ [ʃ → ç].  
** A liquid dissimilation rule (an areal feature) also becomes apparent in certain words, e.g. ''[[Contionary: drapru#Europic|drapru]]'' ‘cloth’ → ''[[Contionary: draplu#Europic|draplu]]'', ''[[Contionary: kritri#Europic|kritri]]'' ‘around’ → ''[[Contionary: krikli#Europic|krikli]]'', ''[[Contionary: sabluklu#Europic|sabluklu]]'' ‘grain of sand’ → ''[[Contionary: sabruklu#Europic|sabruklu]]''. This remains a persistent rule in the grammar of the language through Iropich.
** A liquid dissimilation rule (an areal feature) also becomes apparent in certain words, e.g. '''[[Contionary: drapru#Europic|drapru]]'' ‘cloth’ → '''[[Contionary: draplu#Vulgar European|draplu]]'', '''[[Contionary: kritri#Europic|kritri]]'' ‘around’ → '''[[Contionary: krikli#Vulgar European|krikli]]'', '''[[Contionary: sabluklu#Europic|sabluklu]]'' ‘grain of sand’ → '''[[Contionary: sabruklu#Vulgar European|sabruklu]]''. This remains a persistent rule in the grammar of the language through Iropich.
** Unstressed vowels are often deleted.
** Unstressed vowels are often deleted.
** Initial ''y'', ''w'', and ''h'' are sometimes elided, thereby allowing words to begin with vowels.
* [[Iropich]] (a.k.a. Proto-Human) (~3000ᴀᴅ, Diaspora Era) - spoken by humans on the [[arcships]]. Known by later generations as “Proto-Human,” for although knowledge of Europic and other European languages still existed, as far as the human descendants of the arcships were aware, these were ancestors of all remaining humans in the galaxy.
* [[Iropich]] (a.k.a. Proto-Human) (~3000ᴀᴅ, Diaspora Era) - spoken by humans on the [[arcships]]. Known by later generations as “Proto-Human,” for although knowledge of Europic and other European languages still existed, as far as the human descendants of the arcships were aware, these were ancestors of all remaining humans in the galaxy.
** Characterized by several phonological changes:
** Characterized by several phonological changes:
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** All words begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. No initial vowels are permitted in the phonotactics. This was a conscious choice intended to minimize the need for sandhi when adding affixes to word boundaries.
** All words begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. No initial vowels are permitted in the phonotactics. This was a conscious choice intended to minimize the need for sandhi when adding affixes to word boundaries.
** Monosyllabic words are reserved for pronouns, particles, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions. There is also a small set of monosyllabic verbs.  
** Monosyllabic words are reserved for pronouns, particles, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions. There is also a small set of monosyllabic verbs.  
** All “basic” roots are composed of a single syllable, plus a vowel ending . Polysyllabic roots are tell-tale borrowings, e.g. ''[[Contionary: palasu#Europic|palas-u]]'' ‘palace’.
** All “basic” roots are composed of a single syllable, plus a vowel ending . Polysyllabic roots are tell-tale borrowings, e.g. '''[[Contionary: palasu#Europic|palas-u]]'' ‘palace’.
* Regular derivation from Latinate languages in order to facilitate word recognition by certain groups is ''not'' a goal of this language. There should be ''no'' expectation that vocabulary be derived from Latin, Greek, or other common sources, though much of it may be recognizable.
* Regular derivation from Latinate languages in order to facilitate word recognition by certain groups is ''not'' a goal of this language. There should be ''no'' expectation that vocabulary be derived from Latin, Greek, or other common sources, though much of it may be recognizable.
** Many terms are created ''ad hoc'', ''a priori'', or derived directly from one or more contemporary languages. Others are derived from Proto-Indo-European or sub-families such as Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Italic, or Proto-Celtic. Still more are derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric or other languages, or a combination of any of the above.
** Many terms are created ''ad hoc'', ''a priori'', or derived directly from one or more contemporary languages. Others are derived from Proto-Indo-European or sub-families such as Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Italic, or Proto-Celtic. Still more are derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric or other languages, or a combination of any of the above.
** Many etymologies are clear; others are more opaque. No etymology was provided as part of the commissioning of the language:  Any mysterious etymologies likely died with their creator, and any implied etymology is based on the best guesses of later scholars.
** Many etymologies are clear; others are more opaque. No etymology was provided as part of the commissioning of the language:  Any mysterious etymologies likely died with their creator, and any implied etymology is based on the best guesses of later scholars.
** There is a deliberate “formula” for converting Greek and Latin compounds that are common to most European languages, resulting in words that are often very similar (e.g. ''[[Contionary: degrade#Europic|de-grade]]'' ‘de-grade’ or ''[[Contionary: tramete#Europic|tra-mete]]'' ‘transmit’) but often unrecognizable if one is unfamiliar with the “trick” (e.g. ''[[Contionary: metiracu#Europic|me-tir-acu]]'' ‘con-trac-tion’, ''[[Contionary: mike#Europic|mi-ke]]'' ‘inter-cept’).
** There is a deliberate “formula” for converting Greek and Latin compounds that are common to most European languages, resulting in words that are often very similar (e.g. '''[[Contionary: degrade#Europic|de-grade]]'' ‘de-grade’ or '''[[Contionary: tramete#Europic|tra-mete]]'' ‘transmit’) but often unrecognizable if one is unfamiliar with the “trick” (e.g. '''[[Contionary: metiracu#Europic|me-tir-acu]]'' ‘con-trac-tion’, '''[[Contionary: mike#Europic|mi-ke]]'' ‘inter-cept’).
* The language should have no inflection, including lack of plurals, verb tenses, and the infamous ''[[wikt: akuzativo#Esperanto|akuzativon]]''. Plurals and other grammatical features are indicated (often optionally) with particles. Pronouns feature a reduced form of the plural particle.  
* The language should have no inflection, including lack of plurals, verb tenses, and the infamous ''[[wikt: akuzativo#Esperanto|akuzativon]]''. Plurals and other grammatical features are indicated (often optionally) with particles. Pronouns feature a reduced form of the plural particle.  
* The language’s creator, [[Syd Chrysanthi]], (perhaps erroneously) believed that a true auxiliary language should combine vocabulary elements of many different sources, but where Esperanto has disparate-looking words from varying backgrounds (e.g. ''[[wikt: amo#Esperanto|amo]]'' ‘love’, from [[wikt: amo#Descendants|various Romance languages]]; ''[[wikt: baldaŭ#Esperanto|baldaŭ]]'' ‘soon’, from [[wikt: bald#German|German]]; ''[[wikt: birdo#Esperanto|birdo]]'' ‘bird’, from [[wikt: bird|English]]), Europic regularly ''fuses'' words of different origins into Frankenwords like ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyamu]]'' ‘love’ (presumably from Romance ''[[wikt: amo#Descendants|am-]]'' and Slavic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľubъ|ľubъ-]]'' and/or Germanic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubō|lub-/leub-]]''), ''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’ (possibly from French ''tôt'', Estonian ''[pe]agi'', Lithuanian ''[grei]tai'', with other influences likely), and ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ (likely from Latin ''[au]cella'' or Italian ''[uc]cello'', but with influence from Slavic ''ptič-'', Germanic ''fugl-'' or ''flugl-'', and others). Esperanto has a few examples of this sort of melding as well, such as ''[[wikt: ŝtono|ŝtono]]'' ‘stone’ from English ''[[wikt: stone|stone]]'' and German ''[[wikt: Stein|Stein]]'' (/ʃtajn/), but it is not usual. In other instances, he seems to have “split the difference” between similar terms by choosing an ''ad hoc'' third option, e.g. ''[[Contionary: bargu#Europic|bargu]]'' ‘beard’, or ''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' ‘pain’, the '''g'''  of each word being a voiced plosive alternative to '''b''' and '''d''' in Latinate ''bar'''b'''-'' and Germanic ''bar'''d'''-'', or in Italic '''''d'''ol(or)''- and Slavic '''''b'''ol-''. (The final '''t''' in ''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' is likely a nod to the final RC of the Germanic root ''sma'''rt'''-'' or ''hu'''rt'''-''.) <br />Another example of third-option generation is ''[[Contionary: kwembe#Europic|kwembe]]'' ‘to hang’, taking the Romance root ''pend-'' and the Germanic root ''hang-'': '''p''' and '''h''' are both close to '''kw''' (and p often derives from kw in Indo-European languages - compare words for ‘5’ ''quint-'' and ''pent-''), and the velar + voiced plosive endings '''ng''' and '''nd''' are complemented by the only other option in that series:, mb. Finally and famously, the word ''[[Contionary: pumbru#Europic|pumbru]]'' ‘room (of a building)’ seems to have been made up of elements of Germanic ''temr'' (''Zimmer'', ''timber'') and Italic ''camr'' (camera, chambre): The initial '''t''' and '''k''' were countered with their complement '''p'''; The root vowel '''u''' may have been a contrast to ''temr''’s '''i/e''' and Italic’s '''a''', or it was possibly just borrowed from Germanic ''rūm'' (i.e. ''room''); the final '''mbr''' cluster is common to descendants of both Germanic and Italic, and the presence of '''b''' may have been further bolstered by, for example, Estonian ''tuba''. <br />Unfortunately, Chrysanthi (deliberately) did not publish the etymologies of the Europic lexicon, thinking that it may lead to unnecessary and unproductive debate over how much content from each extant European language was present, so the source of individual words remains mostly speculative.
* The language’s creator, [[Syd Chrysanthi]], (perhaps erroneously) believed that a true auxiliary language should combine vocabulary elements of many different sources, but where Esperanto has disparate-looking words from varying backgrounds (e.g. ''[[wikt: amo#Esperanto|amo]]'' ‘love’, from [[wikt: amo#Descendants|various Romance languages]]; ''[[wikt: baldaŭ#Esperanto|baldaŭ]]'' ‘soon’, from [[wikt: bald#German|German]]; ''[[wikt: birdo#Esperanto|birdo]]'' ‘bird’, from [[wikt: bird|English]]), Europic regularly ''fuses'' words of different origins into Frankenwords like '''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyamu]]'' ‘love’ (presumably from Romance ''[[wikt: amo#Descendants|am-]]'' and Slavic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľubъ|ľubъ-]]'' and/or Germanic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubō|lub-/leub-]]''), '''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’ (possibly from French ''tôt'', Estonian ''[pe]agi'', Lithuanian ''[grei]tai'', with other influences likely), and '''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ (likely from Latin ''[au]cella'' or Italian ''[uc]cello'', but with influence from Slavic ''ptič-'', Germanic ''fugl-'' or ''flugl-'', and others). Esperanto has a few examples of this sort of melding as well, such as ''[[wikt: ŝtono|ŝtono]]'' ‘stone’ from English ''[[wikt: stone|stone]]'' and German ''[[wikt: Stein|Stein]]'' (/ʃtajn/), but it is not usual. In other instances, he seems to have “split the difference” between similar terms by choosing an ''ad hoc'' third option, e.g. '''[[Contionary: bargu#Europic|bargu]]'' ‘beard’, or '''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' ‘pain’, the '''g'''  of each word being a voiced plosive alternative to '''b''' and '''d''' in Latinate ''bar'''b'''-'' and Germanic ''bar'''d'''-'', or in Italic '''''d'''ol(or)''- and Slavic '''''b'''ol-''. (The final '''t''' in '''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' is likely a nod to the final RC of the Germanic root ''sma'''rt'''-'' or ''hu'''rt'''-''.) <br />Another example of third-option generation is '''[[Contionary: kwembe#Europic|kwembe]]'' ‘to hang’, taking the Romance root ''pend-'' and the Germanic root ''hang-'': '''p''' and '''h''' are both close to '''kw''' (and p often derives from kw in Indo-European languages - compare words for ‘5’ ''quint-'' and ''pent-''), and the velar + voiced plosive endings '''ng''' and '''nd''' are complemented by the only other option in that series:, mb. Finally and famously, the word '''[[Contionary: pumbru#Europic|pumbru]]'' ‘room (of a building)’ seems to have been made up of elements of Germanic ''temr'' (''Zimmer'', ''timber'') and Italic ''camr'' (camera, chambre): The initial '''t''' and '''k''' were countered with their complement '''p'''; The root vowel '''u''' may have been a contrast to ''temr''’s '''i/e''' and Italic’s '''a''', or it was possibly just borrowed from Germanic ''rūm'' (i.e. ''room''); the final '''mbr''' cluster is common to descendants of both Germanic and Italic, and the presence of '''b''' may have been further bolstered by, for example, Estonian ''tuba''. <br />Unfortunately, Chrysanthi (deliberately) did not publish the etymologies of the Europic lexicon, thinking that it may lead to unnecessary and unproductive debate over how much content from each extant European language was present, so the source of individual words remains mostly speculative.


===Real-World Goals===
===Real-World Goals===
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|}


The consonants are common to most European languages, though exact articulation of certain forms may vary from region to region. For example, the palatal sibilants (actually post-alveolars, ideally) are often realized as actual palatals in parts of Eastern Europe, while in the Nordic countries they may be closer to a retroflex. Similarly, the rhotic consonant (R), as in most languages, can have different realizations from region to region and even from town to town.
The consonants are common to most European languages, though exact articulation of certain forms may vary from region to region. For example, the palatal sibilants (actually post-alveolars, ideally) are often realized as actual palatals in parts of Eastern Europe, while in the Nordic countries they may be closer to a retroflex. Similarly, the rhotic consonant (''r''), as in most languages, can have different realizations from region to region and even from town to town.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
====Onsets====
====Onsets====
All words must have a C onset. A standard root is (s)CVC, (s)CRVC, (s)CVRC, (s)CVCR, or (s)CVSC, where (s) can only be followed by '''p''', '''t''', or '''k'''; where R is a glide or liquid ('''r''', '''l''', '''y''', '''w'''); and where S is a sonorant ('''r''', '''l''', '''y''', '''w''', '''m''', '''n'''). The maximum root is CCVSCR, e.g. ''[[Contionary: vringlu#Europic|vringl-]]''. The following is a comprehensive list of all licit word-initial onsets:
All words must have a C onset. A standard root is (s)CVC, (s)CRVC, (s)CVRC, (s)CVCR, or (s)CVSC, where (s) can only be followed by '''''p''''', '''''t''''', or '''''k'''''; where R is a glide or liquid ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w'''''); and where S is a sonorant ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w''''', '''''m''''', '''''n'''''). The maximum root is CCVSCR, e.g. '''[[Contionary: vringlu#Europic|vringl‑]]''. The following is a comprehensive list of all licit word-initial onsets:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!width=50| &nbsp;
!width=50| &nbsp;
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|style="background: #CCCCCC;"| &nbsp;
|style="background: #CCCCCC;"| &nbsp;
|}
|}
¹ <small>Initial ⟨j⟩ only occurs as an onset for suffixes to convert them into standalone words, e.g. ''[[Contionary: -anglu#Europic|-anglu]]'' ‘-Vgon’ → ''[[Contionary: janglu#Europic|janglu]]'' ‘polygon’.</small><br />
¹ <small>Initial ⟨j⟩ only occurs as an onset for suffixes to convert them into standalone words, e.g. '''[[Contionary: -anglu#Europic|‑anglu]]'' ‘‑Vgon’ → '''[[Contionary: janglu#Europic|janglu]]'' ‘polygon’.</small><br />


====Nuclei====
====Nuclei====
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!width=35| c+
!width=35| c+
!width=35| s+r
!width=35| s+r
!width=35| s+l
|-
|-
!p
!p
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| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| sp
| sp
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| st
| st
| ct
| ct
|style="background: #CCCCFF;"| str¹
| str
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
!k
!k
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| sk
| sk
| ck
| ck
|style="background: #CCCCFF;"| skr¹
| skr
| skl
|-
|-
!b
!b
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| mbl
| mbl
| mbr
| mbr
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| ndr
| ndr
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| ngr
| ngr
| ngw
| ngw
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| ntc
| ntc
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| ndj
| ndj
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| fy
| fy
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| ns
| ns
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 509: Line 520:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| rc
| rc
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| hw
| hw
| hy
| hy
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
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| vw
| vw
| vy
| vy
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 560: Line 574:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| nz
| nz
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 573: Line 588:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| rj
| rj
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 596: Line 612:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| sm
| sm
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 612: Line 629:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| sn
| sn
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 627: Line 645:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  (''sl'')
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 639: Line 658:
| rw
| rw
| ry
| ry
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 652: Line 672:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  (''rw'')
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  (''rw'')
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 660: Line 680:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  (''sw'')
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  (''sw'')
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 672: Line 693:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  (''ny'')
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  (''ny'')
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
Line 679: Line 701:
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
| style="background: #CCCCCC;"|  &nbsp;
|}
|}
¹ <small>/str/ and /skr/ are ''not'' part of the original phonology of Europic. They are another tell-tale sign of borrowing, appearing first in [[Late Western Europic]] (a.k.a. Vulgar European).</small><br />


====Codas====
====Codas====
Line 696: Line 716:
* In Northern and Western dialects spoken in Germanic-prominent areas, syllable-initial stop consonants (/p, t, k/) are aspirated ([pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]).
* In Northern and Western dialects spoken in Germanic-prominent areas, syllable-initial stop consonants (/p, t, k/) are aspirated ([pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]).
* The rhotic consonant (/r/) has many pronunciations from region to region. It is most commonly trilled or tapped (as above), but in some of the Francophone and Germanic areas, it is commonly more of a uvular trill ([ʀ]) or fricative ([ʁ]). In some areas of north-western Europe, it may even become approximant ([ɹ]) before another consonant.
* The rhotic consonant (/r/) has many pronunciations from region to region. It is most commonly trilled or tapped (as above), but in some of the Francophone and Germanic areas, it is commonly more of a uvular trill ([ʀ]) or fricative ([ʁ]). In some areas of north-western Europe, it may even become approximant ([ɹ]) before another consonant.
* Vulgar European - a dialect of the language spoken after 2250 ᴀᴅ - has both the dental and aspirated consonants as above, and the phonotactics are a bit looser:
* [[Vulgar European]] - a later dialect of the language spoken after 2250 ᴀᴅ - has both the dental and aspirated consonants as above, and the phonotactics are a bit looser:
** Onsets are no longer required (some words can start with vowels, e.g. ''[[Contionary: ite#Europic|ite]]'' ‘go’ from earlier ''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'')
** Onsets are no longer required (some words can start with vowels, e.g. '''[[Contionary: ite#Vulgar European|ite]]'' ‘go’ from earlier '''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'')
** Vowels don’t require a consonant boundary (e.g. ''[[Contionary: dua#Europic|dua]]'', ''[[Contionary: tria#Europic|tria]]'' ‘2, 3’ from earlier ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]'', ''[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]'')
** Vowels don’t require a consonant boundary (e.g. '''[[Contionary: dua#Vulgar European|dua]]'', '''[[Contionary: tria#Vulgar European|tria]]'' ‘2, 3’ from earlier '''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]'', '''[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]'')
** Some diphthongs emerge (mainly /uj/ and /aj/, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mui#Europic|mui]]'' ‘we’ from ''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|mu-ya]]'', ''[[Contionary: mai#Europic|mai]]'' ‘our’ from ''[[Contionary: ma-ya#Europic|ma-ya]]'')
** Some diphthongs emerge (mainly /uj/ and /aj/, e.g. '''[[Contionary: mui#Vulgar European|mui]]'' ‘we’ from '''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|mu-ya]]'', '''[[Contionary: mai#Vulgar European|mai]]'' ‘our’ from '''[[Contionary: ma-ya#Europic|ma-ya]]'')
** Some new consonant clusters emerge, e.g. /str/ ''[[Contionary: vostri#Europic|vostri]]'' ‘eastward’
** Some new consonant clusters emerge, e.g. /str/ '''[[Contionary: vostri#Vulgar European|vostri]]'' ‘eastward’


====Compounding Strategies====
====Compounding Strategies====


Ideally, any good auxiliary language should have no compounding strategy beyond combining elements together to form larger words with no changes to said elements. For the most part, this is true of Europic, but Chrysanthi had an eye for aesthetic as well, and he did insist on some minor sandhi variations for the sake of euphony. Specifically:
Ideally, any good auxiliary language should have ''no'' compounding strategy beyond combining elements together to form larger words with no changes to said elements. Europic achieves this mostly by means of select hyphenation, which deserves a chapter of its own, the rules of which have changed multiple times over the years.
*The final '''-u''' of noun elements becomes '''-o''' when followed by another element, e.g.:
 
** ''[[Contionary: bevu#Europic|bevu]]'' ‘beverage’ + ''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]'' ‘consume’ → ''[[Contionary: bevoke#Europic|bevoke]]'' ‘drink’
** ''[[Contionary: kasu#Europic|kasu]]'' ‘cheese’ + ''[[Contionary: plena#Europic|plena]]'' ‘full’ → ''[[Contionary: kaso-plena#Europic|kaso-plena]]'' ‘full of cheese’
* The final '''-i''' of ''multisyllabic''¹ adverb elements becomes '''-e''' when followed by another element, e.g.:
** ''[[Contionary: vigri#Europic|vigri]]'' ‘away’ + ''[[Contionary: we#Europic|we]]'' ‘to throw’ → ''[[Contionary: vigrewe#Europic|vigrewe]]'' ‘to throw away’
** ''[[Contionary: podi#Europic|podi]]'' ‘by foot’ + ''[[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]]'' ‘to go’ → ''[[Contionary: podeye#Europic|podeye]]'' ‘to walk’
* Although a grammatical function rather than a phonetic one, I would also include here that the final '''-u''' of noun elements becomes '''-a''' when followed by another noun element, but in essence it is being converted into an adjective. These types of constructions are usually hyphenated. (''La Memetatu'' has flip-flopped on the issue of hyphenation a number of times over the years. Chrysanthi originally proposed that ''all'' complete elements in compounds be hyphenated.) E.g.:
* Although a grammatical function rather than a phonetic one, I would also include here that the final '''-u''' of noun elements becomes '''-a''' when followed by another noun element, but in essence it is being converted into an adjective. These types of constructions are usually hyphenated. (''La Memetatu'' has flip-flopped on the issue of hyphenation a number of times over the years. Chrysanthi originally proposed that ''all'' complete elements in compounds be hyphenated.) E.g.:
** ''[[Contionary: kervu#Europic|kervu]]'' ‘deer’ + ''[[Contionary: klagru#Europic|klagru]]'' ‘meat’ → ''[[Contionary: kerva-klagru#Europic|kerva-klagru]]'' ‘venison’
** '''[[Contionary: kervu#Europic|kervu]]'' ‘deer’ + '''[[Contionary: klagru#Europic|klagru]]'' ‘meat’ → '''[[Contionary: kerva-klagru#Europic|kerva-klagru]]'' ‘venison’
** ''[[Contionary: bratu#Europic|bratu]]'' ‘sibling’ + ''[[Contionary: camu#Europic|camu]]'' ‘spouse’ → ''[[Contionary: brata-camu#Europic|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law’
** '''[[Contionary: bratu#Europic|bratu]]'' ‘sibling’ + '''[[Contionary: camu#Europic|camu]]'' ‘spouse’ → '''[[Contionary: brata-camu#Europic|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law’
 
¹ <small>Note that this does not apply to monosyllabic particles or prepositions ending with '''-i''', so for example, ''[[Contionary: mi#Europic|mi]]'' ‘between’ + ''[[Contionary: kepe#Europic|kepe]]'' ‘get’ → ''[[Contionary: mi-kepe#Europic|mi-kepe]]'' ‘to intercept’, not **''[[Contionary: me-kepe#Europic|me-kepe]]'' ‘to conceive’.</small>


===Stress & Tone===
===Stress & Tone===
Line 731: Line 744:
! Pronunciation
! Pronunciation
|-
|-
| '''a'''
| '''<big>a</big>'''
| a [ä]
| a [ä]
|style="text-align: left;"| Like A in ''fAther''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like A in ''fAther''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vaka#Europic|vaka]]'' ‘bovine’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: vaka#Europic|vaka]]'' ‘bovine’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.ka/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.ka/
|-
|-
| '''b'''
| '''<big>b</big>'''
| b
| b
|style="text-align: left;"| Like B in ''Boot''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like B in ''Boot''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: bufu#Europic|bufu]]'' ‘toad’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: bufu#Europic|bufu]]'' ‘toad’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈbu.fu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈbu.fu/
|-
|-
| '''c'''
| '''<big>c</big>'''
| ʃ
| ʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like SH in ''SHoe''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like SH in ''SHoe''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: capu#Europic|capu]]'' ‘sheep’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: capu#Europic|capu]]'' ‘sheep’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʃa.pu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʃa.pu/
|-
|-
| '''d'''
| '''<big>d</big>'''
| d
| d
|style="text-align: left;"| Like D in ''dog''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like D in ''dog''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' ‘ten’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' ‘ten’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈde.ka/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈde.ka/
|-
|-
| '''dj'''
| '''<big>dj</big>'''
| ʤ
| ʤ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like J in ''Joke''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like J in ''Joke''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: djentu#Europic|djentu]]'' ‘person’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: djentu#Europic|djentu]]'' ‘person’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʤen.tu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʤen.tu/
|-
|-
| '''e'''
| '''<big>e</big>'''
| e [e̞]
| e [e̞]
|style="text-align: left;"| Like AY in ''dAY''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like AY in ''dAY''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: megla#Europic|megla]]'' ‘large’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: megla#Europic|megla]]'' ‘large’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmeg.la/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmeg.la/
|-
|-
| '''f'''
| '''<big>f</big>'''
| f
| f
|style="text-align: left;"| Like F in ''Fool''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like F in ''Fool''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: fuku#Europic|fuku]]'' ‘fire’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: fuku#Europic|fuku]]'' ‘fire’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈfu.ku/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈfu.ku/
|-
|-
| '''g'''
| '''<big>g</big>'''
| ɡ
| ɡ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like G in ''Get'' (never as in ''Gel'').  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like G in ''Get'' (never as in ''Gel'').  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]]'' ‘cat’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]]'' ‘cat’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈɡa.tu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈɡa.tu/
|-
|-
| '''h'''
| '''<big>h</big>'''
| x
| x
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in Scottish ''loCH''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in Scottish ''loCH''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈta.xi/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈta.xi/
|-
|-
| '''i'''
| '''<big>i</big>'''
| i
| i
|style="text-align: left;"| Like EE in ''sEEn''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like EE in ''sEEn''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tci-la#Europic|tci-la]]'' ‘this’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: tci-la#Europic|tci-la]]'' ‘this’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧi.la/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧi.la/
|-
|-
| '''j'''
| '''<big>j</big>'''
| ʒ
| ʒ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''uSual''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''uSual''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' ‘much’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' ‘much’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmu.ʒa/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmu.ʒa/
|-
|-
| '''k'''
| '''<big>k</big>'''
| k
| k
|style="text-align: left;"| Like C in ''Cat''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like C in ''Cat''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]]'' ‘child’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]]'' ‘child’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈkin.du/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈkin.du/
|-
|-
| '''l'''
| '''<big>l</big>'''
| l
| l
|style="text-align: left;"| Like L in ''Light''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like L in ''Light''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: lingwu#Europic|lingwu]]'' ‘language’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: lingwu#Europic|lingwu]]'' ‘language’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈliŋ.ɡu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈliŋ.ɡu/
|-
|-
| '''m'''
| '''<big>m</big>'''
| m
| m
|style="text-align: left;"| Like M in ''Moon''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like M in ''Moon''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: miru#Europic|miru]]'' ‘ant’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: miru#Europic|miru]]'' ‘ant’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmi.ru/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmi.ru/
|-
|-
| '''n'''
| '''<big>n</big>'''
| n
| n
|style="text-align: left;"| Like N in ''Now''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like N in ''Now''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: niku#Europic|niku]]'' ‘grandchild’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: niku#Europic|niku]]'' ‘grandchild’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈni.ku/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈni.ku/
|-
|-
| '''n'''
| '''<big>n</big>'''
| [ŋ]
| [ŋ]
|style="text-align: left;"| Before G, like NG in ''fiNGer''.<br />Before K, like NK in ''thiNKer''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Before G, like NG in ''fiNGer''.<br />Before K, like NK in ''thiNKer''.
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: blanka#Europic|blanka]]'' ‘white’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: blanka#Europic|blanka]]'' ‘white’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈblaŋ.ka/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈblaŋ.ka/
|-
|-
| '''o'''
| '''<big>o</big>'''
| o [o̞]
| o [o̞]
|style="text-align: left;"| Like O in ''nOpe''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like O in ''nOpe''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: nova#Europic|nova]]'' ‘new’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: nova#Europic|nova]]'' ‘new’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈno.va/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈno.va/
|-
|-
| '''p'''
| '''<big>p</big>'''
| p
| p
|style="text-align: left;"| Like P in ''Peel''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like P in ''Peel''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]'' ‘five’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]'' ‘five’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈpen.ta/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈpen.ta/
|-
|-
| '''r'''
| '''<big>r</big>'''
| r
| r
|style="text-align: left;"| Like R in Spanish ''Rojo''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like R in Spanish ''Rojo''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: roda#Europic|roda]]'' ‘red’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: roda#Europic|roda]]'' ‘red’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈro.da/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈro.da/
|-
|-
| '''s'''
| '''<big>s</big>'''
| s
| s
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''Sign''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''Sign''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: solu#Europic|solu]]'' ‘sun’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: solu#Europic|solu]]'' ‘sun’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈso.lu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈso.lu/
|-
|-
| '''t'''
| '''<big>t</big>'''
| t
| t
|style="text-align: left;"| Like T in ''Tank''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like T in ''Tank''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tablu#Europic|tablu]]'' ‘table’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: tablu#Europic|tablu]]'' ‘table’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈtab.lu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈtab.lu/
|-
|-
| '''tc'''
| '''<big>tc</big>'''
| ʧ
| ʧ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in ''CHeese''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in ''CHeese''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧce.lu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧce.lu/
|-
|-
| '''u'''
| '''<big>u</big>'''
| u
| u
|style="text-align: left;"| Like OO in ''fOOd''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like OO in ''fOOd''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vunklu#Europic|vunklu]]'' ‘auncle’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: vunklu#Europic|vunklu]]'' ‘auncle’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈvuŋ.klu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈvuŋ.klu/
|-
|-
| '''v'''
| '''<big>v</big>'''
| v
| v
|style="text-align: left;"| Like V in ''Voice''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like V in ''Voice''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vatru#Europic|vatru]]'' ‘parent’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: vatru#Europic|vatru]]'' ‘parent’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.tru/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.tru/
|-
|-
| '''w'''
| '''<big>w</big>'''
| w
| w
|style="text-align: left;"| Like W in ''Went''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like W in ''Went''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: wovu#Europic|wovu]]'' ‘egg’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: wovu#Europic|wovu]]'' ‘egg’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈwo.vu/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈwo.vu/
|-
|-
| '''y'''
| '''<big>y</big>'''
| j
| j
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Y in ''Yellow''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Y in ''Yellow''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'' ‘go’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'' ‘go’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈji.te/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈji.te/
|-
|-
| '''z'''
| '''<big>z</big>'''
| z
| z
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Z in ''Zebra''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Z in ''Zebra''.  
|style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: zebru#Europic|zebru]]'' ‘zebra’
|style="text-align: right;"| '''[[Contionary: zebru#Europic|zebru]]'' ‘zebra’
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈze.bru/
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈze.bru/
|}
|}


====Punctuation and Other Paraphonetic Notation====
====Punctuation and Other Paraphonetic Notation====
Punctuation for the most part is unremarkable, and tends to follow the conventions of the linguistic areas in which it is used. (For example, you’ll get a lot more commas from native German speakers, and they tend to use „wonky quotation marks“ ; Francophones tend to leave a space before any punctuation other than commas and periods, and they use their own « wonky quotation marks ».) Chrysanthi never mentioned punctuation in his final draft of the language (with the glaring exception of [[#Hyphenation|hyphens, which are covered in a later section]]), but there are (mostly ignored) standards and guidelines put forth by the ''Memetatu''.
Punctuation for the most part is unremarkable, and tends to follow the conventions of the linguistic areas in which it is used. (For example, you’ll get a lot more commas from native German speakers, and they tend to use „wonky quotation marks“ ; Francophones tend to leave a space before any punctuation other than commas and periods, and they use their own « wonky quotation marks ».) Chrysanthi never mentioned punctuation in his final draft of the language (with the glaring exception of [[#Hyphenation|hyphens, which are covered in a later section]]), but there are (mostly ignored) standards and guidelines put forth by the ''[[Memetatu]]''.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Adjectives===
It may be worth briefly discussing Chrysanthi’s approach to the putative parts of speech, as it is tied directly to the morphology of the language. Chrysanthi held that there were essentially only four true parts of speech: Nominals, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs. (Some of his writings go a step further, and group nominals and adjectives together as “Noun Elements,” and verbs and adverbs together as “Verb Elements.”) The nominals are made up of nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns, and indeed these all end in ''‑u'' in Europic. In addition to the classical descriptors, the adjective class contains determiners and numbers (and according to Chrysanthi, numbers are a sub-type of determiner). All members of the adjective class end in ''‑a''. Verbs end in ''‑e'', and there is nothing particularly interesting about their distribution. Finally the adverb class is a bit of a catch-all for all remaining parts of speech. Deadjectival adverbs end in ''‑i'', but otherwise there are no specific vowel endings assigned to the adverb class: prepositions, particles, and conjunctions may end in any vowel except for a small group of non-pronominal, non-adjectival correlatives which end in ''‑o'' (namely, '''[[Contionary: -mo#Europic|‑mo]]'' ‘how’, '''[[Contionary: -no#Europic|‑no]]'' ‘when’, and '''[[Contionary: -vo#Europic|‑vo]]'' ‘where’). And, although he never mentioned them specifically, interjections and exclamations were considered members of the adverb class, almost always ending in ''‑e''.
All adjectives in Europic take the ending '''-a'''. However, unlike Esperanto, adjectives do not decline for case and number, and numerals and determiners are treated as other adjectives. The main difference between determiners and the rest of the adjective class is that determiners always precede the noun they modify, while other adjectives follow it.


====Determiners====
===Nominals===
Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[#Correlatives|correlatives]]. The main determiners are:
====Pronouns====
{| style="width:50%"|
=====Personal Pronouns=====
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
Personal pronouns have no distinction for gender, but they are the only substantive which has a requisite plural form. There is an animation distinction in the third person. The first person plural has both inclusive and exclusive forms. The possessive of each pronoun is simply the adjectival form of the pronoun, though unlike most adjectives, the possessives are determiners, which precede the noun (phrase) they modify.
* '''''[[Contionary: dra#Europic|dra]]''''' ‘another’
 
* '''''[[Contionary: dranta#Europic|dranta]]''''' ‘another amount’
Though recommended usage is to hyphenate the pronouns, this is a little more relaxed in practice than the other compounds, especially for the longer forms, like '''[[Contionary: ma-ta-ya-lu#Europic|ma-ta-ya-lu ~ mataya-lu ~ matayalu]]''.
* '''''[[Contionary: draya#Europic|draya]]''''' ‘another kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]''''' ‘little, few’
* '''''[[Contionary: flanta#Europic|flanta]]''''' ‘little, few’
* '''''[[Contionary: flaya#Europic|flaya]]''''' ‘few kinds of’
* '''''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]''''' ‘much, many’
* '''''[[Contionary: granta#Europic|granta]]''''' ‘much, many’
* '''''[[Contionary: graya#Europic|graya]]''''' ‘many kinds of’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''''' ‘which’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwanta#Europic|kwanta]]''''' ‘how much, how many’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwaya#Europic|kwaya]]''''' ‘what kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]''''' ‘that’
* '''''[[Contionary: lanta#Europic|lanta]]''''' ‘so much, so many’
* '''''[[Contionary: laya#Europic|laya]]''''' ‘such’
* '''''[[Contionary: li-la#Europic|li-la]]''''' ‘that’
* '''''[[Contionary: li-lanta#Europic|li-lanta]]''''' ‘that much, that many’
* '''''[[Contionary: li-laya#Europic|li-laya]]''''' ‘that kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]''''' ‘no’
* '''''[[Contionary: nanta#Europic|nanta]]''''' ‘no, none’
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
* '''''[[Contionary: naya#Europic|naya]]''''' ‘no kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: ni-swa#Europic|ni-swa]]''''' ‘any’
* '''''[[Contionary: ni-swanta#Europic|ni-swanta]]''''' ‘any’
* '''''[[Contionary: ni-swaya#Europic|ni-swaya]]''''' ‘any kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]''''' ‘some’
* '''''[[Contionary: nwanta#Europic|nwanta]]''''' ‘some’
* '''''[[Contionary: nwaya#Europic|nwaya]]''''' ‘some kinds of’
* '''''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa]]''''' ‘each, every’
* '''''[[Contionary: panta#Europic|panta]]''''' ‘all’
* '''''[[Contionary: paya#Europic|paya]]''''' ‘every kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: spa#Europic|spa]]''''' ‘the same’
* '''''[[Contionary: spanta#Europic|spanta]]''''' ‘the same amount’
* '''''[[Contionary: spaya#Europic|spaya]]''''' ‘the same kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: swa#Europic|swa]]''''' ‘some’
* '''''[[Contionary: swanta#Europic|swanta]]''''' ‘some’
* '''''[[Contionary: swaya#Europic|swaya]]''''' ‘some kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: tci-la#Europic|tci-la]]''''' ‘this’
* '''''[[Contionary: tci-lanta#Europic|tci-lanta]]''''' ‘this much, this many’
* '''''[[Contionary: tci-laya#Europic|tci-laya]]''''' ‘this kind of’
|}


=====Possessives=====
{{Europic personal pronouns}}
Possessive pronouns make up a small subset of determiners. They are formed by applying the adjective ending to the pronoun consonant stem:
 
{| class="wikitable"
=====Possessive Pronouns=====
! [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]
The possessive determiners (‘my’, ‘your’, ‘their’, &c) can be converted to pronouns (‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘theirs’, &c) with the addition of the pronominal suffix '''[[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]'', e.g. '''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]]'' ‘your’, ''[[ta-lu#Europic|ta-lu]]'' ‘yours’.
| I
 
| '''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'''
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
| my
Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[Contionary: #Correlatives|Correlatives]]. The third person personal pronouns ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' and ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' are frequently compounded to form indefinite pronouns ‘-one’ and ‘-thing’.
|-
 
! [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]
====Nouns====
| you
There is not a lot to be said about nouns. Nouns all take the ending -'''''u'''''.
| '''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]]'''
 
| your
=====Plurals and Other Non-Singular Number=====
|-
 
! [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]
Nouns do not have a lexical plural form. Grammatical number can be ignored most of the time, but when it is necessary to indicate plurality, the particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'' can be used. ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|Ya]]'' usually comes at the end of the noun phrase, after any (other) adjectives, if present. ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|Ya]]'' ''cannot'' be used in combination with numbers or other “number words” such as ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'' ‘few’ or ''[[Contionary: granta#Europic|granta]]'' ‘many’.
| he, she
 
| '''[[Contionary: ra#Europic|ra]]'''
In addition to ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', there are a few useful suffixes which can indicate plurality. For large collections of things, ''[[Contionary: -ombu#Europic|-ombu]]'' is often used (e.g. ''[[Contionary: daru#Europic|daru]]'' ‘tree’ → ''[[Contionary: darombu#Europic|darombu]]'' ‘forest’).
| his, her
 
Smaller sets, usually having a pre-defined number or order of objects, can be signified by ''[[Contionary: -evlu#Europic|-evlu]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: mandjilu#Europic|mandjilu]]'' ‘utencil’ → ''[[Contionary: mandjilevlu#Europic|mandjilevlu]]'' ‘set of silverware’). This includes groups of people in groups of pre-determined number, such as sports teams, orchestras, boards of directors, and so on.
 
There is also a sort of dual, ''[[Contionary: -epru#Europic|-epru]]'', usually used to describe body parts that come in pairs or sets, for when it is important to distinguish, for example ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ''[[Contionary: manku#Europic|manku]]'' ‘my hand’ from ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ''[[Contionary: mankepru#Europic|mankepru]]'' ‘my hands ~ my two hands’. While ''[[Contionary: -epru#Europic|-epru]]'' is generally thought of as a dual, it can also apply to specific sets, especially with anatomical groupings, such as ''[[Contionary: dentepru#Europic|dentepru]]'' ‘(set of) teeth’ or ''[[Contionary: kaplepru#Europic|kaplepru]]'' ‘(head of) hair’.
 
Another collective suffix, ''[[Contionary: -erdu#Europic|-erdu]]'', usually refers to groups of animals, such as herds, flocks, schools, or any of a thousand other species-specific nonsense collectives of which English is so fond (e.g. ''[[Contionary: vaku#Europic|vaku]]'' ‘cow’ → ''[[Contionary: vakerdu#Europic|vakerdu]]'' ‘herd of cattle’, ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ → ''[[Contionary: tcelerdu#Europic|tcelerdu]]'' ‘flock of birds’), but can also refer to other medium-sized groups of non-specific number (between a ''[[Contionary: jepru#Europic|jepru]]'' and a ''[[Contionary: jombu#Europic|jombu]]'') such as a fleet of vehicles (''[[Contionary: veklerdu#Europic|veklerdu]]'') or boats (''[[Contionary: barkerdu#Europic|barkerdu]]''), or to groups of people (e.g. ''[[Contionary: djenterdu#Europic|djenterdu]]'' ‘crowd’).
 
=====Forming the Possessive=====
 
The possessive of nouns is formed by bluntly converting them to an adjective by replacing the final '''-u''' with '''-a'''. As with other adjectives (below), possessives follow the noun they modify. Many possessives can also be constructed by using the preposition ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''. This is optional with most constructions, but necessary where there is an adjective already modifying the possessive noun (as with the crying child, below).
 
* the family’s house → ''[[Contionary: mezu#Europic|mezu]] [[Contionary: kyulu#Europic|kyula]]'' or ''[[Contionary: mezu#Europic|mezu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: kyulu#Europic|kyulu]]''.
* John’s cat → ''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]] [[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djana]]'' or ''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djanu]]''.
* the crying child’s doll → ''[[Contionary: puklu#Europic|puklu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]] [[Contionary: plantre#Europic|plantrenta]]''.
 
===Correlatives===
Correlatives are not a proper part of speech, but the term, which came into heavy use with the advent of Esperanto, is useful to describe a set of pronouns, determiners, adjectives, and adverbs made up of pronoun-like elements. They often exist in natural languages in incomplete sets (e.g. ''where'', ''there'', ''here'' but ''when'', ''then'', ''<u>now</u>''.) A hallmark of auxiliary languages is that they usually have a complete set of correlatives. (Still, even Esperanto has ''[[wikt: nun#Esperanto|nun]]'', for example, instead of **''tiam-ĉi''). Anyway, I thought they made a nice bridge here between the nominals and the adjectives.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]
! <big>Qualitative<br />Correlatives</big>
| it
! Interrogative<br />''kwa-''
| '''[[Contionary: sa#Europic|sa]]'''
! Deixis<br />''la-''
| its
! General<br />''swa-''
! Alternative<br />''dra-''
! Equative<br />''spa-''
! Distributive<br />''pra-''
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: mu-tu#Europic|mu-tu]]
! Determiner<br />''-a''
| you & I
| '''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'''<br />‘what’
| '''[[Contionary: ma-ta#Europic|ma-ta]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'''<br />‘the’
| our
| '''[[Contionary: swa#Europic|swa]]'''<br />‘some’
| '''[[Contionary: dra#Europic|dra]]'''<br />‘another’
| '''[[Contionary: spa#Europic|spa]]'''<br />‘the same’
| '''[[Contionary: pra#Europic|pra]]'''<br />‘each’
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mu-tu-ya]]
! Animate<br />''-ru''
| you all & I
| '''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|kwaru]]'''<br />‘who’
| '''[[Contionary: ma-ta-ya#Europic|ma-ta-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: laru#Europic|laru]]'''<br />‘one (who)’
| our
| '''[[Contionary: swaru#Europic|swaru]]'''<br />‘someone’
| '''[[Contionary: draru#Europic|draru]]'''<br />‘someone else’
| '''[[Contionary: sparu#Europic|sparu]]'''<br />‘the same person’
| '''[[Contionary: praru#Europic|praru]]'''<br />‘each person’
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|mu-ya]]
! Inanimate<br />''-su''
| we
| '''[[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]'''<br />‘what’
| '''[[Contionary: ma-ya#Europic|ma-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: lasu#Europic|lasu]]'''<br />‘that’
| our
| '''[[Contionary: swasu#Europic|swasu]]'''<br />‘something’
| '''[[Contionary: drasu#Europic|drasu]]'''<br />‘something else’
| '''[[Contionary: spasu#Europic|spasu]]'''<br />‘the same thing’
| '''[[Contionary: prasu#Europic|prasu]]'''<br />‘each thing’
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: tu-ya#Europic|tu-ya]]
! Local<br />''-vo''
| yethren
| '''[[Contionary: kwavo#Euvopic|kwavo]]'''<br />‘where’
| '''[[Contionary: ta-ya#Europic|ta-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: lavo#Euvopic|lavo]]'''<br />‘there’
| alla’y’all’s’
| '''[[Contionary: swavo#Euvopic|swavo]]'''<br />‘somewhere’
| '''[[Contionary: dravo#Euvopic|dravo]]'''<br />‘elsewhere’
| '''[[Contionary: spavo#Euvopic|spavo]]'''<br />‘the same place’
| '''[[Contionary: pravo#Euvopic|pravo]]'''<br />‘each place’
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: ru-ya#Europic|ru-ya]]
! Temporal<br />''-no''
| they
| '''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]'''<br />‘when’
| '''[[Contionary: ra-ya#Europic|ra-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: lano#Europic|lano]]'''<br />‘then’
| their
| '''[[Contionary: swano#Europic|swano]]'''<br />‘sometimes’
| '''[[Contionary: drano#Europic|drano]]'''<br />‘elsewhen’
| '''[[Contionary: spano#Europic|spano]]'''<br />‘the same time, simultaneously’
| '''[[Contionary: prano#Europic|prano]]'''<br />‘each time’
|-
|-
! [[Contionary: su-ya#Europic|su-ya]]
! Manneral<br />''-mo''
| they, those
| '''[[Contionary: kwamo#Europic|kwamo]]'''<br />‘how’
| '''[[Contionary: sa-ya#Europic|sa-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: lamo#Europic|lamo]]'''<br />‘thus’
| their
| '''[[Contionary: swamo#Europic|swamo]]'''<br />‘somehow’
|}
| '''[[Contionary: dramo#Europic|dramo]]'''<br />‘another way’
 
| '''[[Contionary: spamo#Europic|spamo]]'''<br />‘the same way’
====Numbers====
| '''[[Contionary: pramo#Europic|pramo]]'''<br />‘each way’
As adjectives, numbers always end in '''-a'''. The "teen" numbers are optionally composed as compounds comprised of ''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' followed by the second number, or in the usual manner of higher numbers. Higher numbers are rendered by reading the numbers in order written. (E.g. 123 = ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]''.) When a number ends in a single 0 (zero), it is read as ''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]''; a final 00 is read as ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'', a final 000 as ''[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]'', and so on. (E.g. 890 = ''[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: nuva-deka#Europic|nuva-deka]]'', 8900 = ''[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]''.) Higher numbers beginning with 1 (''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]'') may eliminate the word ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]''. (E.g. 100 = ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'' or simply ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'', cf. English 100 = ''one hundred'' or ''a hundred''.)
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|-
|-
!  
! Quantal Determiner<br />''-nta''
!width=75px| #  
| '''[[Contionary: kwanta#Europic|kwanta]]'''<br />‘how much’
!width=200px| 1#  
| '''[[Contionary: lanta#Europic|lanta]]'''<br />‘this much’
!width=125px| 2#  
| '''[[Contionary: swanta#Europic|swanta]]'''<br />‘some’
!width=125px| #0
| '''[[Contionary: dranta#Europic|dranta]]'''<br />‘another amount’
!width=125px| #00
| '''[[Contionary: spanta#Europic|spanta]]'''<br />‘the same amount’
!width=125px| #000
| '''[[Contionary: pranta#Europic|pranta]]'''<br />‘each amount of’
|-
|-
! 0
! Quantal Adverbial<br />''-nti''
| [[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwanti#Europic|kwanti]]'''<br />‘how (''adj.'')’
| 10 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: lanti#Europic|lanti]]'''<br />‘that, so (''adj.'')’
| 20 [[Contionary: duwa-deka#Europic|duwa-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: swanti#Europic|swanti]]'''<br />‘kind of, sort of’
| 10 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: dranti#Europic|dranti]]'''<br />‘otherwise (''adj.'')’
| 100 [[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: spanti#Europic|spanti]]'''<br />‘just as (''adj.'')’
| 1000 [[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: pranti#Europic|pranti]]'''<br />‘each degree of’
|-
|-
! 1
! Quantal Pronoun<br />''-ntu''
| [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwantu#Europic|kwantu]]'''<br />‘how much of it’
| 11 [[Contionary: deka-yuna#Europic|deka-yuna]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
| '''[[Contionary: lantu#Europic|lantu]]'''<br />‘that much of it’
| 21 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
| '''[[Contionary: swantu#Europic|swantu]]'''<br />‘some of it’
| 10 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|(yuna]]-)[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: drantu#Europic|drantu]]'''<br />‘another amount of it’
| 100 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|(yuna]]-)[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: spantu#Europic|spantu]]'''<br />‘the same amount of it’
| 1000 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|(yuna]]-)[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: prantu#Europic|prantu]]'''<br />‘each amount’
|-
|-
! 2
! Quanto-Temporal<br />''-nta-no''
| [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwantano#Europic|kwantano]]'''<br />‘how long’
| 12 [[Contionary: deka-duwa#Europic|deka-duwa]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]
| '''[[Contionary: lantano#Europic|lantano]]'''<br />‘this long’
| 22 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]
| '''[[Contionary: swantano#Europic|swantano]]'''<br />‘indefinitely’
| 20 [[Contionary: duwa-deka#Europic|duwa-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: drantano#Europic|drantano]]'''<br />‘another amount of time’
| 200 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: spantano#Europic|spantano]]'''<br />‘the same amount of time’
| 2000 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: prantano#Europic|prantano]]'''<br />‘each length of time’
|-
! Causal<br />''-yo''
| '''[[Contionary: kwayo#Europic|kwayo]]'''<br />‘why’
| '''[[Contionary: layo#Europic|layo]]'''<br />‘therefore’
| '''[[Contionary: swayo#Europic|swayo]]'''<br />‘for some reason’
| '''[[Contionary: drayo#Europic|drayo]]'''<br />‘for some other reason’
| '''[[Contionary: spayo#Europic|spayo]]'''<br />‘for the same reason’
| '''[[Contionary: prayo#Europic|prayo]]'''<br />‘each reason’
|-
|-
! 3
! Qualitative Determiner<br />''-ca''
| [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwaca#Europic|kwaca]]'''<br />‘what kind’
| 13 [[Contionary: deka-triya#Europic|deka-triya]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
| '''[[Contionary: laca#Europic|laca]]'''<br />‘that kind of, such’
| 23 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
| '''[[Contionary: swaca#Europic|swaca]]'''<br />‘some kind of’
| 30 [[Contionary: triya-deka#Europic|triya-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: draca#Europic|draca]]'''<br />‘another kind of’
| 300 [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: spaca#Europic|spaca]]'''<br />‘the same kind of’
| 3000 [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: praca#Europic|praca]]'''<br />‘each kind of’
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|-
|-
! 4
! <big>Quantitative<br />Correlatives</big>¹
| [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]
! Negative<br />''na-''
| 14 [[Contionary: deka-tcera#Europic|deka-tcera]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]
! Paucal<br />''fla-''
| 24 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]
! Quantal<br />''nwa-''
| 40 [[Contionary: tcera-deka#Europic|tcera-deka]]
! Sufficient<br />''tca-''
| 400 [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
! Multal<br />''gra-''
| 4000 [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
! Universal<br />''pa-''
|-
|-
! 5
! Determiner<br />''-a''
| [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]
| '''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'''<br />‘no’
| 15 [[Contionary: deka-penta#Europic|deka-penta]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]
| '''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'''<br />‘few, little’
| 25 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'''<br />‘some’
| 50 [[Contionary: penta-deka#Europic|penta-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: tca#Europic|tca]]'''<br />‘enough’
| 500 [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'''<br />‘much, many’
| 5000 [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa]]'''<br />‘all, every’
|-
|-
! 6
! Animate<br />''-ru''
| [[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]
| '''[[Contionary: naru#Europic|naru]]'''<br />‘no one’
| 16 [[Contionary: deka-seca#Europic|deka-seca]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]
| '''[[Contionary: flaru#Europic|flaru]]'''<br />‘few (people)’
| 26 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwaru#Europic|nwaru]]'''<br />‘some (people)’
| 60 [[Contionary: seca-deka#Europic|seca-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: tcaru#Europic|tcaru]]'''<br />‘enough people’
| 600 [[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: graru#Europic|graru]]'''<br />‘many (people)’
| 6000 [[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: paru#Europic|paru]]'''<br />‘everyone’
|-
|-
! 7
! Inanimate<br />''-su''
| [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]
| '''[[Contionary: nasu#Europic|nasu]]'''<br />‘nothing’
| 17 [[Contionary: deka-siba#Europic|deka-siba]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]
| '''[[Contionary: flasu#Europic|flasu]]'''<br />‘few things, little’
| 27 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwasu#Europic|nwasu]]'''<br />‘some things’
| 70 [[Contionary: siba-deka#Europic|siba-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: tcasu#Europic|tcasu]]'''<br />‘enough’
| 700 [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: grasu#Europic|grasu]]'''<br />‘many things, much’
| 7000 [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: pasu#Europic|pasu]]'''<br />‘everything, all’
|-
|-
! 8
! Local<br />''-vo''
| [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]
| '''[[Contionary: navo#Euvopic|navo]]'''<br />‘nowhere
| 18 [[Contionary: deka-voka#Europic|deka-voka]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]
| '''[[Contionary: flavo#Euvopic|flavo]]'''<br />‘few places’
| 28 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwavo#Euvopic|nwavo]]'''<br />‘some places’
| 80 [[Contionary: voka-deka#Europic|voka-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: tcavo#Europic|tcavo]]'''<br />‘enough places, commonly enough’
| 800 [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: gravo#Euvopic|gravo]]'''<br />‘many places’
| 8000 [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: pavo#Euvopic|pavo]]'''<br />‘everywhere’
|-
|-
! 9
! Temporal<br />''-no''
| [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]
| '''[[Contionary: nano#Europic|nano]]'''<br />‘never’
| 19 [[Contionary: deka-nuva#Europic|deka-nuva]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]
| '''[[Contionary: flano#Europic|flano]]'''<br />‘rarely’
| 29 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwano#Europic|nwano]]'''<br />‘occasionally’
| 90 [[Contionary: nuva-deka#Europic|nuva-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: tcano#Europic|tcano]]'''<br />‘often enough’
| 900 [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| '''[[Contionary: grano#Europic|grano]]'''<br />‘often’
| 9000 [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
| '''[[Contionary: pano#Europic|pano]]'''<br />‘always’
|-
! Manneral<br />''-le''
| '''[[Contionary: namo#Europic|namo]]'''<br />‘no way’
| '''[[Contionary: flamo#Europic|flamo]]'''<br />‘few ways’
| '''[[Contionary: nwamo#Europic|nwamo]]'''<br />‘some ways’
| '''[[Contionary: tcamo#Europic|tcamo]]'''<br />‘enough ways’
| '''[[Contionary: gramo#Europic|gramo]]'''<br />‘many ways’
| '''[[Contionary: pamo#Europic|pamo]]'''<br />‘every way’
|-
|-
|}
! Quantal Determiner<br />''-nta''
 
| '''[[Contionary: nanta#Europic|nanta]]'''<br />‘none’
E.g.:
| '''[[Contionary: flanta#Europic|flanta]]'''<br />‘little, few’
* 703 = [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwanta#Europic|nwanta]]'''<br />‘some’
* 2916 = [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]] ''or'' [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-'''[[Contionary: deka-seca#Europic|deka-seca]]
| '''[[Contionary: tcanta#Europic|tcanta]]'''<br />‘enough’
* 8340 = [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]-[[Contionary: tcera-deka#Europic|tcera-deka]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: granta#Europic|granta]]'''<br />‘much, many, a lot of’
* 75600 = [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]-'''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: panta#Europic|panta]]'''<br />‘all’
* 90000 = [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
|-
 
! Quantal Adverbial<br />''-nti''
There are some nuances, though. Many numbers have multiple forms (such as the “teens” shown above), which freely toggle between digits and multiples without ambiguity, but higher numbers can be more restrictive. For example, 210 must be rendered as ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' or ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'', as ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' means 20. (The same is true for the “-10” of all hundreds.) It could also be rendered as ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]'', but using ''[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]'' as a spoken number outside of very technical language is as awkward as using zero in a compound number in Ancient English, with one exception: The “ones” of the hundreds are usually preceded by ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'', e.g. 108 = ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]'' or ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]'' or indeed even ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]''.
| '''[[Contionary: nanti#Europic|nanti]]'''<br />‘un-, not at all’
| '''[[Contionary: flanti#Europic|flanti]]'''<br />‘barely, hardly’
| '''[[Contionary: nwanti#Europic|nwanti]]'''<br />‘somewhat, rather’
| '''[[Contionary: tcanti#Europic|tcanti]]'''<br />‘sufficiently’
| '''[[Contionary: granti#Europic|granti]]'''<br />‘very, greatly’
| '''[[Contionary: panti#Europic|panti]]'''<br />‘completely, entirely’
|-
! Quantal Pronoun<br />''-ntu''
| '''[[Contionary: nantu#Europic|nantu]]'''<br />‘none of it’
| '''[[Contionary: flantu#Europic|flantu]]'''<br />‘a little bit’
| '''[[Contionary: nwantu#Europic|nwantu]]'''<br />‘some (of it)’
| '''[[Contionary: tcantu#Europic|tcantu]]'''<br />‘enough, enough of it’
| '''[[Contionary: grantu#Europic|grantu]]'''<br />‘a lot’
| '''[[Contionary: pantu#Europic|pantu]]'''<br />‘all of it’
|-
! Quanto-Temporal<br />''-nta-no''
| '''[[Contionary: nantano#Europic|nantano]]'''<br />‘in no time, instantly’
| '''[[Contionary: flantano#Europic|flantano]]'''<br />‘a short time, for a moment’
| '''[[Contionary: nwantano#Europic|nwantano]]'''<br />‘some time, for a bit’
| '''[[Contionary: tcantano#Europic|tcantano]]'''<br />‘long enough’
| '''[[Contionary: grantano#Europic|grantano]]'''<br />‘a long time, for a while’
| '''[[Contionary: pantano#Europic|pantano]]'''<br />‘forever, eternally’
|-
! Causal<br />''-yo''
| '''[[Contionary: nayo#Europic|nayo]]'''<br />‘for no reason’
| '''[[Contionary: flayo#Europic|flayo]]'''<br />‘for little reason’
| '''[[Contionary: nwayo#Europic|nwayo]]'''<br />‘for some reasons’
| '''[[Contionary: tcayo#Europic|tcayo]]'''<br />‘reason enough, for sufficient cause’
| '''[[Contionary: grayo#Europic|grayo]]'''<br />‘for many reasons’
| '''[[Contionary: payo#Europic|payo]]'''<br />‘for every reason’
|-
! Qualitative Determiner<br />''-ca''
| '''[[Contionary: naca#Europic|naca]]'''<br />‘no kind of’
| '''[[Contionary: flaca#Europic|flaca]]'''<br />‘few kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: nwaca#Europic|nwaca]]'''<br />‘some kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: tcaca#Europic|tcaca]]'''<br />‘enough kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: graca#Europic|graca]]'''<br />‘many kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: paca#Europic|paca]]'''<br />‘every kind of’
|}


=====Exponents=====
====Modification of Correlatives====
# 1 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
Correlatives can be modified in several ways to create a wide range and nuance of vocabulary.
# 10 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
 
# 100 [[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
Several particles can be used in conjunction with the correlatives to extend their meaning. They are usually deployed as prefixes.
# 1,000 [[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
* '''''[[Contionary: du#Europic|du]]''''' ‘continuous’ Modifies a correlative to describe a continuous, unceasing state, e.g. ''[[Contionary: pano#Europic|pano]]'' ‘always’ → ''[[Contionary: du-pano#Europic|'''du-'''pano]]'' ‘constantly’. Contrasts with ''[[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]]'' ‘over and over’. (“Will that ''humming'' never end?”)
# 10,000 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
* '''''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]''''' ‘future, next’ Modifies a temporal adverb to specify that it occurs in the future, e.g. ''[[Contionary: lano#Europic|lano]]'' ‘then’ → ''[[Contionary: go-lano#Europic|'''go-'''lano]]'' ‘then (in the future)’
# 100,000 [[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ Converts an interrogative (a “''kwa''-correlative”) into a relative conjunction, e.g. ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|Su]] '''[[Contionary: kwavo#Europic|kwavo]]''' [[Contionary: ste#Europic|ste]]?'' ‘'''Where''' is it?’ → ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|Su]] [[Contionary: ste#Europic|ste]] [[Contionary: ke-kwavo#Europic|'''ke-'''kwavo]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mete#Europic|mete]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]].'' ‘It is '''where''' you put it.’
# 1,000,000 [[Contionary: mega#Europic|mega]]
* '''''[[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]]''''' ‘iterative’ Modifies a correlative to describe repetition, e.g. ''[[Contionary: pano#Europic|pano]]'' ‘always’ → ''[[Contionary: ku-pano#Europic|'''ku-'''pano]]'' ‘repeated in perpetuity’. Contrasts with ''[[Contionary: du#Europic|du]]'' ‘continuously’. (“Will that ''hammering'' never end?”)
# 1,000,000,000 [[Contionary: giga#Europic|giga]]
* '''''[[Contionary: -la#Europic|la]]''''' ‘-wise, -like’ Modifies an adverb to create an adjective, e.g. ''[[Contionary: spano#Europic|spano]]'' ‘at the same time’ → ''[[Contionary: spano-la#Europic|spano-la]]'' ‘simultaneous’. (Note that ''[[Contionary: -la#Europic|-la]]'' is used here as a suffix. It is unrelated to the correlative demonstrative ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]''.)
* '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]''''' ‘past, yester-’ Modifies a temporal adverb to specify that it occurs in the past, e.g. ''[[Contionary: nano#Europic|nano]]'' ‘never’ → ''[[Contionary: le-nano#Europic|'''le-'''nano]]'' ‘never (before)’. (Compare ''[[Contionary: go-nano#Europic|go-nano]]'' ‘never (from now on)’.)
* '''''[[Contionary: li#Europic|li]]''''' ‘there’ Converts a deictic (a “''la''-correlative”) into a distal, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: vule#Europic|vule]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: li-lasu#Europic|'''li-'''lasu'']] ‘I want '''that''' one’ (cf. French ''cette chose'' vs. ''cette chose-'''là'''''.)
* '''''[[Contionary: -lu#Europic|lu]]''''' ‘thing related to’ This is the nominal form of ''[[Contionary: -la#Europic|la]]'', above. In addition to operating on adverbs, it is most commonly used as a suffix for a possessive pronoun to convert it into a substantive (e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]'' ‘I’ → ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ‘my’ → ''[[Contionary: ma-lu#Europic|ma-lu]]'' ‘mine’). In the case of the correlatives, this applies mainly to those compounded with ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|-ru]]'' or ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|-su]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|kwaru]]'' ‘who’, ''[[Contionary: lasu#Europic|lasu]]'' ‘that (thing)’, ''[[Contionary: pacaru#Europic|pacaru]]'' ‘every kind of person’ → ''[[Contionary: kwara#Europic|kwara]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]''  ‘whose’, ''[[Contionary: lasa#Europic|lasa]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]'' ‘that thing’s’, ''[[Contionary: pacara#Europic|pacara]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]''  ‘every kind of person’s’.
* '''''[[Contionary: ni#Europic|ni]]''''' ‘any’ Converts a general (a “''swa''-correlative”) into an elective, e.g. ''[[Contionary: swaru#Europic|'''Swaru''']] [[Contionary: ste#Europic|ste]] [[Contionary: lavo#Europic|lavo]].'' ‘''Someone'' is there.’ → ''[[Contionary: laru#Europic|Laru]] [[Contionary: sigole#Europic|sigole]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: ni-swaru#Europic|'''ni-'''swaru]]!'' ‘It could be ''anyone''!’
* '''''[[Contionary: -ru#Europic|ru]]''''' ‘person, one’ Aside from the direct application as above, ''[[Contionary: -ru#Europic|ru]]'' can be added to any adjectival correlative (bzw. determiner), e.g. ''[[Contionary: naca#Europic|naca]]'' ‘no kind of’ → ''[[Contionary: naca#Europic|naca]]-[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' ‘no kind of person’, ''[[Contionary: spanta#Europic|spanta]]'' ‘the same amount’ → ''[[Contionary: spanta#Europic|spanta]]-[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' ‘just as many people’.
* '''''[[Contionary: -su#Europic|su]]''''' ‘thing, object’ Like ''[[Contionary: -ru#Europic|ru]]'' above, ''[[Contionary: -su#Europic|-su]]'' can be added to any correlative determiner, e.g. ''[[Contionary: nwaca#Europic|nwaca]]'' ‘some kinds of’ → ''[[Contionary: nwaca#Europic|nwaca]]-[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' ‘some kinds of things’, ''[[Contionary: draca#Europic|draca]]'' ‘another kind’ → ''[[Contionary: draca#Europic|draca]]-[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' ‘something different’.
* '''''[[Contionary: tci#Europic|tci]]''''' ‘here’ Converts a deictic (a “''la''-correlative”) into a proximal, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: vule#Europic|vule]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: tci-lasu#Europic|'''tci-'''lasu]]'' ‘I want '''this''' one’ (cf. French ''celui'' vs. ''celui-'''ci'''''.) ''[[Contionary: tci#Europic|Tci]]'' can also be used with other correlatives, e.g. ''[[Contionary: tci#Europic|tci]]-[[Contionary: panta#Europic|panta]] [[Contionary: me-brolalyu#Europic|me-brolalyu]] ‘all of these correlatives’, [[Contionary: tci#Europic|tci]]-[[Contionary: nantu#Europic|nantu]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: brana#Europic|brana]] ‘none of this is okay’.


=====Modification of Numbers=====
In addition to the particles above, the final '''''‑u''''' of any correlative pronoun can be changed to '''''‑a''''' to make it possessive, e.g. ''[[Contionary: draru#Europic|draru]]'' ‘someone else’, ''[[Contionary: nasu#Europic|nasu]]'' ‘nothing’, ''[[Contionary: nwaru#Europic|nwaru]]'' ‘some people’ → ''[[Contionary: drara#Europic|drara]]'' ‘someone else’s’, ''[[Contionary: nasa#Europic|nasa]]'' ‘nothing’s’, ''[[Contionary: nwara#Europic|nwara]]'' ‘some people’s’.
Numbers are easily expanded with various [[:Category: Europic affixes|affixes]].
* '''''[[Contionary: -a#Europic|-a]]''''': Cardinal, e.g. [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]] ‘1’
* '''''[[Contionary: -alu#Europic|-alu]]''''': Fractional (divisions of a whole), e.g. [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]] ‘4’ → [[Contionary: tceralu#Europic|tceralu]] ‘quarter, one fourth’
* '''''[[Contionary: -angl-#Europic|-angl-]]''''': Geometric, e.g. [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]] ‘8’ → [[Contionary: vokanglu#Europic|vokanglu]] ‘octogon’
* '''''[[Contionary: -ema#Europic|-ema]]''''': Ordinal, e.g. [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]] ‘5’ → [[Contionary: pentema#Europic|pentema]] ‘fifth’
* '''''[[Contionary: -i#Europic|-i]]''''': Adverbial (number of times), e.g. [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]] ‘3’ → [[Contionary: triyi#Europic|triyi]] ‘thrice, three times’
* '''''[[Contionary: -upl-#Europic|-upl-]]''''': Multiple, e.g. [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]] ‘2’ → [[Contionary: duwupla#Europic|duwupla]] ‘double’


=====Duodecimal Number=====
The correlatives are a closed class, which is to say that the grammar of the language prevents any modification to them aside from what can be done with the particles above. (Other closed sets include pronouns and determiners – and there is a lot of overlap between the determiners and the correlatives.) The primary way to modify a member of this class – and the sole “correct” way, at least according to the ''[[Memetatu]]'' – is by creating compounds with the particles described above.  
It should be noted that the original release of Europic used a decimal number system (as did all other languages of Europe at the time). In 2281ᴀᴅ, some thirty years after the fall of the ECA, the Europic-speaking [[Contionary: Principality of Rivaria]] implemented a change to duodecimal (dozenal) number including revisions to the metric and calendar systems. This text deals exclusively with the pre-dozenal numbers; for more information on the dozenal system, see [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1orEoisciOE6H7k2B5FA30OfBQGWrrNvc67kqfxoJTOk A Grammar of the Vulgar European Language by this author].


===Correlatives===
Some minor modification of the correlatives became possible in Vulgar European; ''[[Contionary: -lu#Europic|‑lu]]'' was often eliminated and certain correlatives were repurposed as nouns or their forms appended to create nuance and meaning where necessary. The following lexemes are ''not'' part of canonical vocabulary, and are not generally acceptable in formal writing in the 22nd century, but language just keeps on existing whether or not you want it to.
Correlatives are not a proper part of speech, but the term, which came into heavy use with the advent of Esperanto, is useful to describe a set of pronouns, determiners, adjectives, and adverbs made up of pronoun-like elements. They often exist in natural languages in incomplete sets (e.g. ''where'', ''there'', ''here'' but ''when'', ''then'', ''<u>now</u>''.) A hallmark of auxiliary languages is that they usually have a complete set of correlatives. (Still, even Esperanto has ''[[wikt: nun#Esperanto|nun]]'', for example, instead of **''tiam-ĉi''). Anyway, I thought they made a nice bridge here between the adjectives and the pronouns.
* '''''[[Contionary: kwamu#Europic|kwamu]]''''' (''[[Contionary: kwamo#Europic|kwamo]]'' ‘how’ + ''[[Contionary: -u#Europic|-u]]'') ‘manner, way’ (synonyms: ''[[Contionary: kwamo-lu#Europic|kwamo-lu]]'', ''[[Contionary: mandru#Europic|mandru]]'')
* '''''[[Contionary: kwanu#Europic|kwanu]]''''' (''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]'' ‘when’ + ''[[Contionary: -u#Europic|-u]]'') ‘time’ (synonym: ''[[Contionary: tempu#Europic|tempu]]'')
* '''''[[Contionary: kwacu#Europic|kwacu]]''''' (''[[Contionary: kwaca#Europic|kwaca]]'' ‘what kind’ + ''[[Contionary: -u#Europic|-u]]'') ‘kind, sort, type’ (synonyms: ''[[Contionary: kwaca-lu#Europic|kwaca-lu]]'', ''[[Contionary: modu#Europic|modu]]'')
* '''''[[Contionary: kwayu#Europic|kwayu]]''''' (''[[Contionary: kwayo#Europic|kwayo]]'' ‘why’ + ''[[Contionary: -u#Europic|-u]]'') ‘reason, cause’ (synonyms: ''[[Contionary: kwayo-lu#Europic|kwayo-lu]]'', ''[[Contionary: kwayo-su#Europic|kwayo-su]]'', ''[[Contionary: kozu#Europic|kozu]]'')


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
====Disambiguation====
|-
Many of the correlatives are fairly straightforward once you understand the pattern; however, there are some terms which may require additional explanation:
! <big>Qualitative<br />Correlatives</big>
* ''[[Contionary: swa#Europic|Swa]]'' vs. ''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'': In English, these both translate to ‘some’, but the ''swa''-correlatives refer to ‘some’ meaning ‘generic’, ‘random’, or ‘unspecified’, while the ''nwa''-correlatives mean ‘some’ as in ‘a few’, ‘a bit’, ‘an average amount’ - somewhere between ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]' ‘few’ and ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'' ‘many’. The general quantal determiner ''[[Contionary: swanta#Europic|swanta]]'' is more or less synonymous with ''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'' and ''[[Contionary: nwanta#Europic|nwanta]]'', but adds an element of uncertainty.
! Interrogative<br />''kwa-''
* The quantitative correlatives - ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'', ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'', ''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'', ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'', and ''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa]]'' - are synonymous with their quantal determiners - ''[[Contionary: nanta#Europic|nanta]]'', ''[[Contionary: flanta#Europic|flanta]]'', ''[[Contionary: nwanta#Europic|nwanta]]'', ''[[Contionary: granta#Europic|granta]]'', and ''[[Contionary: panta#Europic|panta]]'', respectively. There is no semantic difference between them.
! Deixis<br />''la-''
* ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|Fla]]'' and ''[[Contionary: poka#Europic|poka]]'' are synonymous for the most part, but ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'' is a determiner which precedes the noun, while ''[[Contionary: poka#Europic|poka]]'' is a generic adjective that follows it.
! General<br />''swa-''
* As above, ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'' and ''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' are synonymous, except that ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'' is a determiner which precedes the noun, while ''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' is a generic adjective that follows it.
! Alternative<br />''dra-''
* The ''spa''-correlatives have a default meaning of ‘same’, but this translation has the specific meaning of ‘exact same, identical, self-same’, whereas the adjective ''[[Contionary: stema#Europic|stema]]'' translates the sense of ‘same’ meaning a copy that is similar or identical. (Cf. ''[[Contionary: spa#Europic|spa]]'' German ‘dasselbe’ vs. ''[[Contionary: stema#Europic|stema]]'' ‘das Gleiche’.)
! Equative<br />''spa-''
 
|-
===Adjectives===
! Determiner<br />''-a''
All adjectives in Europic take the ending '''''-a'''''. However, unlike Esperanto, adjectives do not decline for case and number, and numerals and determiners are treated as other adjectives. The main difference between determiners and the rest of the adjective class is that determiners always precede the noun they modify, while other adjectives follow it.
| '''[[kwa#Europic|kwa]]'''<br />‘what’
 
| '''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'''<br />‘the’
====Determiners====
| '''[[Contionary: swa#Europic|swa]]'''<br />‘some’
Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[Contionary: #Correlatives|correlatives]]. The main determiners are:
| '''[[Contionary: dra#Europic|dra]]'''<br />‘another’
{| style="width:75%"|
| '''[[Contionary: spa#Europic|spa]]'''<br />‘the same’
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
|-
* '''''[[Contionary: dra#Europic|dra]]''''' ‘another’
! Animate<br />''-ru''
* '''''[[Contionary: draca#Europic|draca]]''''' ‘another kind of’
| '''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|kwaru]]'''<br />‘who’
* '''''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]''''' ‘little, few’
| '''[[Contionary: laru#Europic|laru]]'''<br />‘the one’
* '''''[[Contionary: flaca#Europic|flaca]]''''' ‘few kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: swaru#Europic|swaru]]'''<br />‘someone’
* '''''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]''''' ‘much, many’
| '''[[Contionary: draru#Europic|draru]]'''<br />‘someone else’
* '''''[[Contionary: graca#Europic|graca]]''''' ‘many kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: sparu#Europic|sparu]]'''<br />‘the same person’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''''' ‘which’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwanta#Europic|kwanta]]''''' ‘how much, how many’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwaca#Europic|kwaca]]''''' ‘what kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]''''' ‘that’
* '''''[[Contionary: lanta#Europic|lanta]]''''' ‘so much, so many’
* '''''[[Contionary: laca#Europic|laca]]''''' ‘such’
* '''''[[Contionary: li-la#Europic|li-la]]''''' ‘that’
* '''''[[Contionary: li-lanta#Europic|li-lanta]]''''' ‘that much, that many’
* '''''[[Contionary: li-laca#Europic|li-laca]]''''' ‘that kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]''''' ‘no’
* '''''[[Contionary: nanta#Europic|nanta]]''''' ‘no, none’
* '''''[[Contionary: naca#Europic|naca]]''''' ‘no kind of’
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
* '''''[[Contionary: ni-swa#Europic|ni-swa]]''''' ‘any’
* '''''[[Contionary: ni-swanta#Europic|ni-swanta]]''''' ‘any’
* '''''[[Contionary: ni-swaca#Europic|ni-swaca]]''''' ‘any kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]''''' ‘some’
* '''''[[Contionary: nwaca#Europic|nwaca]]''''' ‘some kinds of’
* '''''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa]]''''' ‘each, every’
* '''''[[Contionary: panta#Europic|panta]]''''' ‘all’
* '''''[[Contionary: paca#Europic|paca]]''''' ‘every kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: pra#Europic|pra]]''''' ‘each, every’
* '''''[[Contionary: spa#Europic|spa]]''''' ‘the same’
* '''''[[Contionary: spaca#Europic|spaca]]''''' ‘the same kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: swa#Europic|swa]]''''' ‘some’
* '''''[[Contionary: swanta#Europic|swanta]]''''' ‘some’
* '''''[[Contionary: swaca#Europic|swaca]]''''' ‘some kind of’
* '''''[[Contionary: tca#Europic|tca]]''''' ‘enough’
* '''''[[Contionary: tci-la#Europic|tci-la]]''''' ‘this’
* '''''[[Contionary: tci-lanta#Europic|tci-lanta]]''''' ‘this much, this many’
* '''''[[Contionary: tci-laca#Europic|tci-laca]]''''' ‘this kind of’
|}
 
=====Possessives=====
Possessive pronouns make up a small subset of determiners. They are formed by applying the adjective ending to the pronoun consonant stem:
{| class="wikitable"
! [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]
| I
| '''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'''
| my
|-
|-
! Inanimate<br />''-su''
! [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]'''<br />‘what’
| you
| '''[[Contionary: lasu#Europic|lasu]]'''<br />‘that’
| '''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swasu#Europic|swasu]]'''<br />‘something’
| your
| '''[[Contionary: drasu#Europic|drasu]]'''<br />‘something else’
| '''[[Contionary: spasu#Europic|spasu]]'''<br />‘the same thing’
|-
|-
! Local<br />''-ro''
! [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwaro#Europic|kwaro]]'''<br />‘where’
| he, she
| '''[[Contionary: laro#Europic|laro]]'''<br />‘there’
| '''[[Contionary: ra#Europic|ra]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swaro#Europic|swaro]]'''<br />‘somewhere’
| his, her
| '''[[Contionary: draro#Europic|draro]]'''<br />‘elsewhere’
| '''[[Contionary: sparo#Europic|sparo]]'''<br />‘the same place’
|-
|-
! Temporal<br />''-no''
! [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]'''<br />‘when’
| it
| '''[[Contionary: lano#Europic|lano]]'''<br />‘then’
| '''[[Contionary: sa#Europic|sa]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swano#Europic|swano]]'''<br />‘sometimes’
| its
| '''[[Contionary: drano#Europic|drano]]'''<br />‘elsewhen’
| '''[[Contionary: spano#Europic|spano]]'''<br />‘the same time, simultaneously’
|-
|-
! Manneral<br />''-le''
! [[Contionary: mu-tu#Europic|mu-tu]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwamo#Europic|kwamo]]'''<br />‘how’
| you & I
| '''[[Contionary: lamo#Europic|lamo]]'''<br />‘thus’
| '''[[Contionary: ma-ta#Europic|ma-ta]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swamo#Europic|swamo]]'''<br />‘somehow’
| our
| '''[[Contionary: dramo#Europic|dramo]]'''<br />‘another way’
| '''[[Contionary: spamo#Europic|spamo]]'''<br />‘the same way’
|-
|-
! Quantal Determiner<br />''-nta''
! [[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mu-tu-ya]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwanta#Europic|kwanta]]'''<br />‘how much’
| you all & I
| '''[[Contionary: lanta#Europic|lanta]]'''<br />‘this much’
| '''[[Contionary: ma-ta-ya#Europic|ma-ta-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swanta#Europic|swanta]]'''<br />‘some’
| our
| '''[[Contionary: dranta#Europic|dranta]]'''<br />‘another amount’
| '''[[Contionary: spanta#Europic|spanta]]'''<br />‘the same amount’
|-
|-
! Quantal Pronoun<br />''-ntu''
! [[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|mu-ya]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwantu#Europic|kwantu]]'''<br />‘how much of it’
| we
| '''[[Contionary: lantu#Europic|lantu]]'''<br />‘that much of it’
| '''[[Contionary: ma-ya#Europic|ma-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swantu#Europic|swantu]]'''<br />‘some of it’
| our
| '''[[Contionary: drantu#Europic|drantu]]'''<br />‘another amount of it’
| '''[[Contionary: spantu#Europic|spantu]]'''<br />‘the same amount of it’
|-
|-
! Quanto-Temporal<br />''-ntano''
! [[Contionary: tu-ya#Europic|tu-ya]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwantano#Europic|kwantano]]'''<br />‘how long’
| yethren
| '''[[Contionary: lantano#Europic|lantano]]'''<br />‘this long’
| '''[[Contionary: ta-ya#Europic|ta-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swantano#Europic|swantano]]'''<br />‘indefinitely’
| alla’y’all’s’
| '''[[Contionary: drantano#Europic|drantano]]'''<br />‘another amount of time’
| '''[[Contionary: spantano#Europic|spantano]]'''<br />‘the same amount of time’
|-
|-
! Causal<br />''-yo''
! [[Contionary: ru-ya#Europic|ru-ya]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwayo#Europic|kwayo]]'''<br />‘why’
| they
| '''[[Contionary: layo#Europic|layo]]'''<br />‘therefore’
| '''[[Contionary: ra-ya#Europic|ra-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swayo#Europic|swayo]]'''<br />‘for some reason’
| their
| '''[[Contionary: drayo#Europic|drayo]]'''<br />‘for some other reason’
| '''[[Contionary: spayo#Europic|spayo]]'''<br />‘for the same reason’
|-
|-
! Qualitative Determiner<br />''-ya''
! [[Contionary: su-ya#Europic|su-ya]]
| '''[[Contionary: kwaya#Europic|kwaya]]'''<br />‘what kind’
| they, those
| '''[[Contionary: laya#Europic|laya]]'''<br />‘that kind of, such’
| '''[[Contionary: sa-ya#Europic|sa-ya]]'''
| '''[[Contionary: swaya#Europic|swaya]]'''<br />‘some kind of’
| their
| '''[[Contionary: draya#Europic|draya]]'''<br />‘another kind of’
| '''[[Contionary: spaya#Europic|spaya]]'''<br />‘the same kind of’
|-
! Qualitative Animate Pronoun<br />''-yaru''
| '''[[Contionary: kwayaru#Europic|kwayaru]]'''<br />‘what kind of person’
| '''[[Contionary: layaru#Europic|layaru]]'''<br />‘such a person’
| '''[[Contionary: swayaru#Europic|swayaru]]'''<br />‘some kind of person’
| '''[[Contionary: drayaru#Europic|drayaru]]'''<br />‘another kind of person’
| '''[[Contionary: spayaru#Europic|spayaru]]'''<br />‘the same kind of person’
|-
! Qualitative Inanimate Pronoun<br />''-yasu''
| '''[[Contionary: kwayasu#Europic|kwayasu]]'''<br />‘what kind of thing’
| '''[[Contionary: layasu#Europic|layasu]]'''<br />‘such a thing’
| '''[[Contionary: swayasu#Europic|swayasu]]'''<br />‘some kind of thing’
| '''[[Contionary: drayasu#Europic|drayasu]]'''<br />‘another kind of thing’
| '''[[Contionary: spayasu#Europic|spayasu]]'''<br />‘the same kind of thing’
|}
|}
====Numbers====
As adjectives, numbers always end in '''''-a'''''. The "teen" numbers are optionally composed as compounds comprised of ''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' followed by the second number, or in the usual manner of higher numbers. Higher numbers are rendered by reading the numbers in order written. (E.g. 123 = ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]''.) When a number ends in a single 0 (zero), it is read as ''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]''; a final 00 is read as ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'', a final 000 as ''[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]'', and so on. (E.g. 890 = ''[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: nuva-deka#Europic|nuva-deka]]'', 8900 = ''[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]''.) Higher numbers beginning with 1 (''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]'') may eliminate the word ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]''. (E.g. 100 = ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'' or simply ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'', cf. English 100 = ''one hundred'' or ''a hundred''.)


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|-
|-
! <big>Quantitative<br />Correlatives</big>¹
!  
! Negative<br />''na-''
!width=75px| #
! Paucal<br />''fla-''
!width=200px| 1#
! Quantal<br />''nwa-''
!width=125px| 2#
! Multal<br />''gra-''
!width=125px| #0
! Universal<br />''pa-''
!width=125px| #00
!width=125px| #000
|-
|-
! Determiner<br />''-a''
! 0
| '''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'''<br />‘no’
| [[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]
| '''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'''<br />‘few, little’
| 10 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'''<br />‘some’
| 20 [[Contionary: duwa-deka#Europic|duwa-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'''<br />‘much, many’
| 10 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa]]'''<br />‘all, every’
| 100 [[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 1000 [[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Animate<br />''-ru''
! 1
| '''[[Contionary: naru#Europic|naru]]'''<br />‘no one’
| [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
| '''[[Contionary: flaru#Europic|flaru]]'''<br />‘few (people)’
| 11 [[Contionary: deka-yuna#Europic|deka-yuna]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwaru#Europic|nwaru]]'''<br />‘some (people)’
| 21 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
| '''[[Contionary: graru#Europic|graru]]'''<br />‘many (people)’
| 10 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|(yuna]]-)[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: paru#Europic|paru]]'''<br />‘everyone’
| 100 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|(yuna]]-)[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 1000 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|(yuna]]-)[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Inanimate<br />''-su''
! 2
| '''[[Contionary: nasu#Europic|nasu]]'''<br />‘nothing’
| [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]
| '''[[Contionary: flasu#Europic|flasu]]'''<br />‘few things, little’
| 12 [[Contionary: deka-duwa#Europic|deka-duwa]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwasu#Europic|nwasu]]'''<br />‘some things’
| 22 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]
| '''[[Contionary: grasu#Europic|grasu]]'''<br />‘many things, much’
| 20 [[Contionary: duwa-deka#Europic|duwa-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: pasu#Europic|pasu]]'''<br />‘everything, all’
| 200 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 2000 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Local<br />''-ro''
! 3
| '''[[Contionary: naro#Europic|naro]]'''<br />‘nowhere
| [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
| '''[[Contionary: flaro#Europic|flaro]]'''<br />‘few places’
| 13 [[Contionary: deka-triya#Europic|deka-triya]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwaro#Europic|nwaro]]'''<br />‘some places’
| 23 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
| '''[[Contionary: graro#Europic|graro]]'''<br />‘many places’
| 30 [[Contionary: triya-deka#Europic|triya-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: paro#Europic|paro]]'''<br />‘everywhere’
| 300 [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 3000 [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Temporal<br />''-no''
! 4
| '''[[Contionary: nano#Europic|nano]]'''<br />‘never’
| [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]
| '''[[Contionary: flano#Europic|flano]]'''<br />‘rarely’
| 14 [[Contionary: deka-tcera#Europic|deka-tcera]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwano#Europic|nwano]]'''<br />‘occasionally’
| 24 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]
| '''[[Contionary: grano#Europic|grano]]'''<br />‘often’
| 40 [[Contionary: tcera-deka#Europic|tcera-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: pano#Europic|pano]]'''<br />‘always’
| 400 [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 4000 [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Manneral<br />''-le''
! 5
| '''[[Contionary: namo#Europic|namo]]'''<br />‘no way’
| [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]
| '''[[Contionary: flamo#Europic|flamo]]'''<br />‘few ways’
| 15 [[Contionary: deka-penta#Europic|deka-penta]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwamo#Europic|nwamo]]'''<br />‘some ways’
| 25 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]
| '''[[Contionary: gramo#Europic|gramo]]'''<br />‘many ways’
| 50 [[Contionary: penta-deka#Europic|penta-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: pamo#Europic|pamo]]'''<br />‘every way’
| 500 [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 5000 [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Quantal Determiner<br />''-nta''
! 6
| '''[[Contionary: nanta#Europic|nanta]]'''<br />‘none’
| [[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]
| '''[[Contionary: flanta#Europic|flanta]]'''<br />‘little, few’
| 16 [[Contionary: deka-seca#Europic|deka-seca]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwanta#Europic|nwanta]]'''<br />‘some’
| 26 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]
| '''[[Contionary: granta#Europic|granta]]'''<br />‘much, many, a lot of’
| 60 [[Contionary: seca-deka#Europic|seca-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: panta#Europic|panta]]'''<br />‘all’
| 600 [[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 6000 [[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Quantal Pronoun<br />''-ntu''
! 7
| '''[[Contionary: nantu#Europic|nantu]]'''<br />‘none of it’
| [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]
| '''[[Contionary: flantu#Europic|flantu]]'''<br />‘a little bit’
| 17 [[Contionary: deka-siba#Europic|deka-siba]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwantu#Europic|nwantu]]'''<br />‘some (of it)’
| 27 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]
| '''[[Contionary: grantu#Europic|grantu]]'''<br />‘a lot’
| 70 [[Contionary: siba-deka#Europic|siba-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: pantu#Europic|pantu]]'''<br />‘all of it’
| 700 [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 7000 [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Quanto-Temporal<br />''-nta''
! 8
| '''[[Contionary: nantano#Europic|nantano]]'''<br />‘in no time, instantly’
| [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]
| '''[[Contionary: flantano#Europic|flantano]]'''<br />‘a short time, for a moment’
| 18 [[Contionary: deka-voka#Europic|deka-voka]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwantano#Europic|nwantano]]'''<br />‘some time, for a bit’
| 28 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]
| '''[[Contionary: grantano#Europic|grantano]]'''<br />‘a long time, for a while’
| 80 [[Contionary: voka-deka#Europic|voka-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: pantano#Europic|pantano]]'''<br />‘forever, eternally’
| 800 [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 8000 [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Causal<br />''-yo''
! 9
| '''[[Contionary: nayo#Europic|nayo]]'''<br />‘for no reason’
| [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]
| '''[[Contionary: flayo#Europic|flayo]]'''<br />‘for little reason’
| 19 [[Contionary: deka-nuva#Europic|deka-nuva]] ''or'' [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]
| '''[[Contionary: nwayo#Europic|nwayo]]'''<br />‘for some reasons’
| 29 [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]
| '''[[Contionary: grayo#Europic|grayo]]'''<br />‘for many reasons’
| 90 [[Contionary: nuva-deka#Europic|nuva-deka]]
| '''[[Contionary: payo#Europic|payo]]'''<br />‘for every reason’
| 900 [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
| 9000 [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
|-
|-
! Qualitative Determiner<br />''-ya''
| '''[[Contionary: naya#Europic|naya]]'''<br />‘no kind of’
| '''[[Contionary: flaya#Europic|flaya]]'''<br />‘few kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: nwaya#Europic|nwaya]]'''<br />‘some kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: graya#Europic|graya]]'''<br />‘many kinds of’
| '''[[Contionary: paya#Europic|paya]]'''<br />‘every kind of’
|-
! Qualitative Animate Pronoun<br />''-yaru''
| '''[[Contionary: nayaru#Europic|nayaru]]'''<br />‘no kind of person’
| '''[[Contionary: flayaru#Europic|flayaru]]'''<br />‘few kinds of people’
| '''[[Contionary: nwayaru#Europic|nwayaru]]'''<br />‘some kinds of people’
| '''[[Contionary: grayaru#Europic|grayaru]]'''<br />‘many kinds of people’
| '''[[Contionary: payaru#Europic|payaru]]'''<br />‘every kind of person’
|-
! Qualitative Inanimate Pronoun<br />''-yasu''
| '''[[Contionary: nayasu#Europic|nayasu]]'''<br />‘no kind of thing’
| '''[[Contionary: flayasu#Europic|flayasu]]'''<br />‘few kinds of things’
| '''[[Contionary: nwayasu#Europic|nwayasu]]'''<br />‘some kinds of things’
| '''[[Contionary: grayasu#Europic|grayasu]]'''<br />‘many kinds of things’
| '''[[Contionary: payasu#Europic|payasu]]'''<br />‘every kind of thing’
|}
|}


====Disambiguation====
E.g.:
Many of the correlatives are fairly straightforward once you understand the pattern; however, there are some terms which may require additional explanation:
* 703 = [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]
* ''[[Contionary: swa#Europic|Swa]]'' vs. ''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'': In English, these both translate to ‘some’, but the ''swa''-correlatives refer to ‘some’ meaning ‘generic’, ‘random’, or ‘unspecified’, while the ''nwa''-correlatives mean ‘some’ as in ‘a few’, ‘a bit’, ‘an average amount’ - somewhere between ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]' ‘few’ and ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'' ‘many’. The general quantal determiner ''[[Contionary: swanta#Europic|swanta]]'' is more or less synonymous with ''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'' and ''[[Contionary: nwanta#Europic|nwanta]]'', but adds an element of uncertainty.
* 2916 = [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]] ''or'' [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-'''[[Contionary: deka-seca#Europic|deka-seca]]
* The quantitative correlatives - ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'', ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'', ''[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]]'', ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'', and ''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa]]'' - are synonymous with their quantal determiners - ''[[Contionary: nanta#Europic|nanta]]'', ''[[Contionary: flanta#Europic|flanta]]'', ''[[Contionary: nwanta#Europic|nwanta]]'', ''[[Contionary: granta#Europic|granta]]'', and ''[[Contionary: panta#Europic|panta]]'', respectively. There is no semantic difference between them.
* 8340 = [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]-[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]-[[Contionary: tcera-deka#Europic|tcera-deka]]'''
* ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|Fla]]'' and ''[[Contionary: poka#Europic|poka]]'' are synonymous for the most part, but ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'' is a determiner which precedes the noun, while ''[[Contionary: poka#Europic|poka]]'' is a generic adjective that follows it.
* 75600 = [[Contionary: siba#Europic|siba]]-[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]-[[Contionary: seca#Europic|seca]]-'''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'''
* As above, ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'' and ''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' are synonymous, except that ''[[Contionary: gra#Europic|gra]]'' is a determiner which precedes the noun, while ''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' is a generic adjective that follows it.
* 90000 = [[Contionary: nuva#Europic|nuva]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
* The ''spa''-correlatives have a default meaning of ‘same’, but this translation has the specific meaning of ‘exact same, identical, self-same’, whereas the adjective ''[[Contionary: stema#Europic|stema]]'' translates the sense of ‘same’ meaning a copy that is similar or identical. (Cf. German: ''[[Contionary: spa#Europic|spa]]'' ‘dasselbe’ vs. ''[[Contionary: stema#Europic|stema]]'' ‘das Gleiche’.)


====Correlative Particles====
There are some nuances, though. Many numbers have multiple forms (such as the “teens” shown above), which freely toggle between digits and multiples without ambiguity, but higher numbers can be more restrictive. For example, 210 must be rendered as ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' or ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'', as ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' means 20. (The same is true for the “-10” of all hundreds.) It could also be rendered as ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]-[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]'', but using ''[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]'' as a spoken number outside of very technical language is as awkward as using zero in a compound number in Ancient English, with one exception: The “ones” of the hundreds are usually preceded by ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]'', e.g. 108 = ''[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]'' or ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: nula#Europic|nula]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]'' or indeed even ''[[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]-[[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]]''.
A number of particles can be used in conjunction with the correlatives to extend their meaning. They are usually deployed as prefixes.
* '''''[[Contionary: -a#Europic|a]]''''' ‘-’s’ Not really a particle, the final '''-u''' of any pronoun (not limited to the correlatives above) can be changed to '''-a''' to make it possessive, e.g. ''[[Contionary: draru#Europic|draru]]'' ‘someone else’, ''[[Contionary: nasu#Europic|nasu]]'' ‘nothing’, ''[[Contionary: nwaru#Europic|nwaru]]'' ‘some people’ → ''[[Contionary: drara#Europic|drara]]'' ‘someone else’s’, ''[[Contionary: nasa#Europic|nasa]]'' ‘nothing’s’, ''[[Contionary: nwara#Europic|nwara]]'' ‘some people’s’
* '''''[[Contionary: du#Europic|du]]''''' ‘continuous’ Modifies a correlative to describe a continuous, unceasing state, e.g. ''[[Contionary: pano#Europic|pano]]'' ‘always’ → ''[[Contionary: du-pano#Europic|'''du-'''pano]]'' ‘constantly’. Contrasts with ''[[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]]'' ‘over and over’. (“Will that ''humming'' never end?”)
* '''''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]''''' ‘future, next’ Modifies a temporal adverb to specify that it occurs in the future, e.g. ''[[Contionary: lano#Europic|lano]]'' ‘then’ → ''[[Contionary: go-lano#Europic|'''go-'''lano]]'' ‘then (in the future)’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ Converts an interrogative (a “kwa-correlative”) into a relative conjunction, e.g. ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|Su]] '''[[Contionary: kwaro#Europic|kwaro]]''' [[Contionary: ste#Europic|ste]]?'' ‘'''Where''' is it?’ → ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|Su]] [[Contionary: ste#Europic|ste]] [[Contionary: ke-kwaro#Europic|'''ke-'''kwaro]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mete#Europic|mete]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]].'' ‘It is '''where''' you put it.’
* '''''[[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]]''''' ‘iterative’ Modifies a correlative to describe repetition, e.g. ''[[Contionary: pano#Europic|pano]]'' ‘always’ → ''[[Contionary: ku-pano#Europic|'''ku-'''pano]]'' ‘repeated in perpetuity’. Contrasts with ''[[Contionary: du#Europic|du]]'' ‘continuously’. (“Will that ''hammering'' never end?”)
* '''''[[Contionary: -la#Europic|la]]''''' ‘-wise, -like’ Modifies an adverb to create an adjective, e.g. ''[[Contionary: spano#Europic|spano]]'' ‘at the same time’ → ''[[Contionary: spano-la#Europic|spano-la]]'' ‘simultaneous’. (Note that ''[[Contionary: -la#Europic|-la]]'' is used here as a suffix. It is unrelated to the correlative ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]''.)
* '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]''''' ‘past, yester-’ Modifies a temporal adverb to specify that it occurs in the past, e.g. ''[[Contionary: nano#Europic|nano]]'' ‘never’ → ''[[Contionary: le-nano#Europic|'''le-'''nano]]'' ‘never (before)’. (Compare ''[[Contionary: go-nano#Europic|go-nano]]'' ‘never (from now on)’.)
* '''''[[Contionary: li#Europic|li]]''''' ‘there’ Converts a deictic (a “la-correlative”) into a distal, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: vule#Europic|vule]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: li-lasu#Europic|'''li-'''lasu'']] ‘I want '''that''' one’ (cf. French ''cette chose'' vs. ''cette chose-'''là'''''.)
* '''''[[Contionary: -lu#Europic|lu]]''''' ‘thing related to’ This is the nominal form of ''[[Contionary: -la#Europic|la]]'', above. In addition to operating on adverbs, it is most commonly used as a suffix for a possessive pronoun to convert it into a substantive (e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]'' ‘I’ → ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ‘my’ → ''[[Contionary: ma-lu#Europic|ma-lu]]'' ‘mine’). In the case of the correlatives, this applies mainly to those compounded with ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|-ru]]'' or ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|-su]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|kwaru]]'' ‘who’, ''[[Contionary: lasu#Europic|lasu]]'' ‘that (thing)’, ''[[Contionary: payaru#Europic|payaru]]'' ‘every kind of person’ → ''[[Contionary: kwara#Europic|kwara]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]''  ‘whose’, ''[[Contionary: lasa#Europic|lasa]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]'' ‘that thing’s’, ''[[Contionary: payara#Europic|payara]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]''  ‘every kind of person’s’.
* '''''[[Contionary: ni#Europic|ni]]''''' ‘any’ Converts a general (a “swa-correlative”) into an elective, e.g. ''[[Contionary: swaru#Europic|'''Swaru''']] [[Contionary: ste#Europic|ste]] [[Contionary: laro#Europic|laro]].'' ‘''Someone'' is there.’ → ''[[Contionary: laru#Europic|Laru]] [[Contionary: sigole#Europic|sigole]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: ni-swaru#Europic|'''ni-'''swaru]]!'' ‘It could be ''anyone''!’
* '''''[[Contionary: tci#Europic|tci]]''''' ‘here’ Converts a deictic (a “la-correlative”) into a proximal, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: vule#Europic|vule]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: tci-lasu#Europic|'''tci-'''lasu]]'' ‘I want '''this''' one’ (cf. French ''celui'' vs. ''celui-'''ci'''''.)


====Modification of Correlatives====
=====Exponents=====
The Europic correlatives are a closed class, which is to say that the grammar of the language prevents any modification to them aside from what can be done with the particles above. (Other closed sets include pronouns and determiners.)
# 1 [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]]
# 10 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]
The primary way – and the sole “correct” way, at least according to the Memetatu – is by creating compounds with the particles listed above. These often have synonyms derived separately as  nouns and adjectives. E.g.:
# 100 [[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]
* '''''[[Contionary: kwano-lu#Europic|kwano-lu]]''''' (‘when’+‘-ness’) = ‘time’ = ''[[Contionary: tempu#Europic|tempu]]''
# 1,000 [[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
* '''''[[Contionary: kwaro-lu#Europic|kwaro-lu]]''''' (‘where’+‘-ness’) = ‘place’ = ''[[Contionary: jaryu#Europic|jaryu]]'', ''[[Contionary: standu#Europic|standu]]''
# 10,000 [[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
* '''''[[Contionary: kwamo-lu#Europic|kwamo-lu]]''''' (‘how’+‘-ness’) = ‘way, manner’ = ''[[Contionary: mandru#Europic|mandru]]''
# 100,000 [[Contionary: kenta#Europic|kenta]]-[[Contionary: mila#Europic|mila]]
* '''''[[Contionary: kwayo-lu#Europic|kwayo-lu]]''''' (‘why’+‘-ness’) = ‘reason’ = ''[[Contionary: kozu#Europic|kozu]]''
# 1,000,000 [[Contionary: mega#Europic|mega]]
* '''''[[Contionary: kwaya-lu#Europic|kwaya-lu]]''''' (‘what kind’+‘-ness’) = ‘kind, sort’ = ''[[Contionary: modu#Europic|modu]]''
# 1,000,000,000 [[Contionary: giga#Europic|giga]]
# 1,000,000,000,000 [[Contionary: tera#Europic|tera]]
# 1,000,000,000,000,000 [[Contionary: peta#Europic|peta]]
# 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 [[Contionary: heska#Europic|heska]]
# 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 [[Contionary: zeta#Europic|zeta]]
# 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 [[Contionary: yota#Europic|yota]]
# 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 [[Contionary: rona#Europic|rona]]
# 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 [[Contionary: kweta#Europic|kweta]]


Some minor modification became possible in [[Contionary: Vulgar European]]; -lu was often eliminated and certain  correlatives were repurposed as nouns or their forms appended to create nuance and meaning where necessary. The following lexemes are ''not'' part of canonical vocabulary, and are not generally acceptable in formal writing in the 22nd century, but language just keeps on existing whether or not you want it to.
=====Modification of Numbers=====
* '''''[[kwamu#Europic|kwamu]]''''' (''[[Contionary: kwamo#Europic|kwamo]]'' ‘how’ + ''[[Contionary: -u#Europic|-u]]'') ‘manner, way’ (synonyms: ''[[Contionary: kwamo-lu#Europic|kwamo-lu]]'', ''[[Contionary: mandru#Europic|mandru]]'')
Numbers are easily expanded with various [[:Category: Europic affixes|affixes]].
* '''''[[Contionary: kwayu#Europic|kwayu]]''''' (''[[Contionary: kwaya#Europic|kwaya]]'' ‘what kind’ + ''[[Contionary: -u#Europic|-u]]'') ‘kind, sort, type’ (synonyms: ''[[Contionary: kwaya-lu#Europic|kwaya-lu]]'', ''[[Contionary: modu#Europic|modu]]'')
* '''''[[Contionary: -a#Europic|-a]]''''': Cardinal, e.g. [[Contionary: yuna#Europic|yuna]] ‘1’
* '''''[[Contionary: -alu#Europic|-alu]]''''': Fractional (divisions of a whole), e.g. [[Contionary: tcera#Europic|tcera]] ‘4’ → [[Contionary: tceralu#Europic|tceralu]] ‘quarter, one fourth’
* '''''[[Contionary: -angl-#Europic|-angl-]]''''': Geometric, e.g. [[Contionary: voka#Europic|voka]] ‘8’ → [[Contionary: vokanglu#Europic|vokanglu]] ‘octogon’
* '''''[[Contionary: -ema#Europic|-ema]]''''': Ordinal, e.g. [[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]] ‘5’ → [[Contionary: pentema#Europic|pentema]] ‘fifth’
* '''''[[Contionary: -i#Europic|-i]]''''': Adverbial (number of times), e.g. [[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]] ‘3’ → [[Contionary: triyi#Europic|triyi]] ‘thrice, three times’
* '''''[[Contionary: -upl-#Europic|-upl-]]''''': Multiple, e.g. [[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]] ‘2’ → [[Contionary: duwupla#Europic|duwupla]] ‘double’


===Substantives===
=====Duodecimal Number=====
====Pronouns====
It should be noted that the original release of Europic used a decimal number system (as did all other languages of Europe at the time). In 2281ᴀᴅ, some thirty years after the fall of the ECA, the Europic-speaking [[Principality of Rivaria]] implemented a change to duodecimal (dozenal) number including revisions to the metric and calendar systems. This text deals exclusively with the pre-dozenal numbers; for more information on the dozenal system, see ''A Grammar of the Vulgar European Language'' by this author].
=====Personal Pronouns=====
Personal pronouns have no distinction for gender, but they are the only substantive which has a requisite plural form. There is an animation distinction in the third person. The first person plural has both inclusive and exclusive forms. The possessive of each pronoun is simply the adjectival form of the pronoun, though unlike most adjectives, the possessives are determiners, which precede the noun (phrase) they modify.


Though recommended usage is to hyphenate the pronouns, this is a little more relaxed in practice than the other compounds, especially for the longer forms, like ''[[Contionary: ma-ta-ya-lu#Europic|ma-ta-ya-lu ~ mataya-lu ~ matayalu]]''.
===Verbs===
All “peripheral” verb functions, commonly lumped together under the label of “tense,” are indicated by particles which precede the finite verb, i.e. the verb that is being carried out by the associated pronoun or noun (phrase) subject. Tenses (past, present, future), aspects (perfect, habitual, inceptive, cessative, progressive, &c), moods (subjunctive, conditional), and other verbal particles may combine to create a wide range of nuance.


{{Europic personal pronouns}}
====Tense====
 
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''present''
=====Possessive Pronouns=====
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
The possessive determiners (‘my’, ‘your’, ‘their’, &c) can be converted to pronouns (‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘theirs’, &c) with the addition of the pronominal suffix ''[[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]]'' ‘your’, ''[[Contionary: ta-lu#Europic|ta-lu]]'' ‘yours’.
 
=====Indefinite Pronouns=====
Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]]. The third person personal pronouns ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' and ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' are frequently compounded to form indefinite pronouns ‘-one’ and ‘-thing’.
 
====Nouns====
There is not a lot to be said about nouns. Nouns all take the ending -'''u'''.
 
=====Plurals and Other Non-Singular Number=====
 
Nouns do not have a lexical plural form. Grammatical number can be ignored most of the time, but when it is necessary to indicate plurality, the particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'' can be used. ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|Ya]]'' usually comes at the end of the noun phrase, after any (other) adjectives, if present. ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|Ya]]'' ''cannot'' be used in combination with numbers or other “number words” such as ''[[Contionary: fla#Europic|fla]]'' ‘few’ or ''[[Contionary: granta#Europic|granta]]'' ‘many’.
 
In addition to ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', there are a few useful suffixes which can indicate plurality. For large collections of things, ''[[Contionary: -ombu#Europic|-ombu]]'' is often used (e.g. ''[[Contionary: daru#Europic|daru]]'' ‘tree’ → ''[[Contionary: darombu#Europic|darombu]]'' ‘forest’).
 
Smaller sets, usually having a pre-defined number or order of objects, can be signified by ''[[Contionary: -evlu#Europic|-evlu]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: mandjilu#Europic|mandjilu]]'' ‘utencil’ → ''[[Contionary: mandjilevlu#Europic|mandjilevlu]]'' ‘set of silverware’). This includes groups of people in groups of pre-determined number, such as sports teams, orchestras, boards of directors, and so on.
 
There is also a sort of dual, ''[[Contionary: -opru#Europic|-opru]]'', usually used to describe body parts that come in pairs or sets, for when it is important to distinguish, for example ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ''[[Contionary: manku#Europic|manku]]'' ‘my hand’ from ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ''[[Contionary: mankopru#Europic|mankopru]]'' ‘my hands ~ my two hands’. While ''[[Contionary: -opru#Europic|-opru]]'' is generally thought of as a dual, it can also apply to specific sets, especially with anatomical groupings, such as ''[[Contionary: dentopru#Europic|dentopru]]'' ‘(set of) teeth’ or ''[[Contionary: kaplopru#Europic|kaplopru]]'' ‘(head of) hair’.
 
Another collective suffix, ''[[Contionary: -erdu#Europic|-erdu]]'', usually refers to groups of animals, such as herds, flocks, schools, or any of a thousand other species-specific nonsense collectives of which English is so fond (e.g. ''[[Contionary: vaku#Europic|vaku]]'' ‘cow’ → ''[[Contionary: vakerdu#Europic|vakerdu]]'' ‘herd of cattle’, ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ → ''[[Contionary: tcelerdu#Europic|tcelerdu]]'' ‘flock of birds’), but can also refer to other medium-sized groups of non-specific number (between a ''[[Contionary: jopru#Europic|jopru]]'' and a ''[[Contionary: jombu#Europic|jombu]]'') such as a fleet of vehicles (''[[Contionary: veklerdu#Europic|veklerdu]]'') or boats (''[[Contionary: barkerdu#Europic|barkerdu]]''), or to groups of people (e.g. ''[[Contionary: djenterdu#Europic|djenterdu]]'' ‘crowd’).
 
=====Forming the Possessive=====
 
The possessive of nouns is formed by bluntly converting them to an adjective by replacing the final '''-u''' with '''-a'''. As with other adjectives (below), possessives follow the noun they modify. Many possessives can also be constructed by using the preposition ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''. This is optional with most constructions, but necessary where there is an adjective already modifying the possessive noun (as with the crying child, below).
 
* the family’s house → ''[[Contionary: mezu#Europic|mezu]] [[Contionary: kyulu#Europic|kyula]]'' or ''[[Contionary: mezu#Europic|mezu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: kyulu#Europic|kyulu]]''.
* John’s cat → ''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]] [[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djana]]'' or ''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djanu]]''.
* the crying child’s doll → ''[[Contionary: puklu#Europic|puklu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]] [[Contionary: plantre#Europic|plantranta]]''.
 
===Verbs===
All “peripheral” verb functions, commonly lumped together under the label of “tense,” are indicated by particles which precede the finite verb, i.e. the verb that is being carried out by the associated pronoun or noun (phrase) subject. Tenses (past, future), aspects (perfect, habitual, inceptive, cessative, progressive, &c), moods (subjunctive, conditional), and other verbal particles may combine to create a wide range of nuance.
 
====Tense====
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''present''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I eat bread.’
*** ‘I eat bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]''''' - ''past''
* '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]''''' - ''past''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I ate bread’
*** ‘I ate bread’
* '''''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]''''' - ''future''
* '''''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]''''' - ''future''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: go#Europic|go]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: go#Europic|go]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I will eat bread.’
*** ‘I will eat bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]''''' - ''future-in-the-past''
* '''''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]''''' - ''future-in-the-past''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] ([[Contionary: le-ke#Europic|le-ke]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: re-kweme#Europic|re-kweme]]).''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] ([[Contionary: le-ke#Europic|le-ke]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: re-kweme#Europic|re-kweme]]).''
*** ‘I would eat bread (before he returned).’
*** ‘I would eat bread (before he returned).’
** N.B.: When combining ''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]'' and ''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]'', they always take this order.
** N.B.: When combining ''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]'' and ''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]'', they always take this order.
Line 1,427: Line 1,457:
There are eight basic aspects, and they can be compounded with each other, with the tenses, and with the moods. (NB: In compounds, aspects always precede tenses and follow mood and voice particles.) The basic aspects are:
There are eight basic aspects, and they can be compounded with each other, with the tenses, and with the moods. (NB: In compounds, aspects always precede tenses and follow mood and voice particles.) The basic aspects are:
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''perfective'', “do.”
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''perfective'', “do.”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I (do) eat bread.’
*** ‘I (do) eat bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: gi#Europic|gi]]''''' - ''inceptive'', “start doing”  
* '''''[[Contionary: gi#Europic|gi]]''''' - ''inceptive'', “start doing”  
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: gi#Europic|gi]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: gi#Europic|gi]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I start to eat bread.’
*** ‘I start to eat bread.’
** N.B.: The inceptive can also be expressed with the verb ''[[Contionary: gye#Europic|gye]]''~''[[Contionary: gine#Europic|gine]]'' ‘to start’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: gine#Europic|gine]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** N.B.: The inceptive can also be expressed with the verb ''[[Contionary: gye#Europic|gye]]''~''[[Contionary: gine#Europic|gine]]'' ‘to start’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: gine#Europic|gine]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
* '''''[[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]]''''' - ''perfect'', “have done”
* '''''[[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]]''''' - ''perfect'', “have done”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I have eaten bread.’
*** ‘I have eaten bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: sta#Europic|sta]]''''' - ''progressive'', “to be doing”  
* '''''[[Contionary: sta#Europic|sta]]''''' - ''progressive'', “to be doing”  
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: sta#Europic|sta]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: sta#Europic|sta]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I am eating bread.’  
*** ‘I am eating bread.’  
** N.B.: The progressive can also be expressed with a present participle (ending in ''[[Contionary: -ant-#Europic|-ant-]]''), either as an adjective or as a verb, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: mandjokanta#Europic|mandjokanta]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]]'', or ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: mandjokante#Europic|mandjokante]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** N.B.: The progressive can also be expressed with a present participle (ending in ''[[Contionary: -ent-#Europic|-ent-]]''), either as an adjective or as a verb, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: mandju-kenta#Europic|mandju-kenta]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]]'', or ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: mandju-kente#Europic|mandju-kente]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
* '''''[[Contionary: stu#Europic|stu]]''''' - ''habitual'', “usually do”  
* '''''[[Contionary: stu#Europic|stu]]''''' - ''habitual'', “usually do”  
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: stu#Europic|stu]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: melu#Europic|melu]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: stu#Europic|stu]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: melu#Europic|melu]].''
*** ‘I usually eat bread with honey.’
*** ‘I usually eat bread with honey.’
* '''''[[Contionary: djo#Europic|djo]]''''' - ''immediative'', “just did”  
* '''''[[Contionary: djo#Europic|djo]]''''' - ''immediative'', “just did”  
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: djo#Europic|djo]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: djo#Europic|djo]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I just ate bread.’  
*** ‘I just ate bread.’  
** N.B.: When used alone, ''[[Contionary: djo#Europic|djo]]'' is equivalent to ''[[Contionary: djo-le#Europic|djo-le]]''. In the future, it means ‘about to do’ (see ''[[Contionary: djo-go#Europic|djo-go]]'').
** N.B.: When used alone, ''[[Contionary: djo#Europic|djo]]'' is equivalent to ''[[Contionary: djo-le#Europic|djo-le]]''. In the future, it means ‘about to do’ (see ''[[Contionary: djo-go#Europic|djo-go]]'').
* '''''[[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]]''''' - ''continuative'' or ''iterative'', “keep doing”
* '''''[[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]]''''' - ''continuative'' or ''iterative'', “keep doing”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ku#Europic|ku]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I keep eating bread.’
*** ‘I keep eating bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: fu#Europic|fu]]''''' - ''cessative'', “stop doing”  
* '''''[[Contionary: fu#Europic|fu]]''''' - ''cessative'', “stop doing”  
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: fu#Europic|fu]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: fu#Europic|fu]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I stop eating bread.’
*** ‘I stop eating bread.’
** N.B.: The cessative can also be expressed with the verb ''[[Contionary: kede#Europic|kede]]'' ‘to stop, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: kede#Europic|kede]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** N.B.: The cessative can also be expressed with the verb ''[[Contionary: kede#Europic|kede]]'' ‘to stop, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: kede#Europic|kede]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''


====Mood====
====Mood====
There are five basic moods, and they can be compounded with the tenses and aspects, but not with other moods. (Mood particles always precede aspect and tense.) The basic moods are:
There are five basic moods, and they can be compounded with the tenses and aspects, but not with other moods. (Mood particles always precede aspect and tense.) The basic moods are:
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''indicative'', “I do”
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''indicative'', “I do”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ‘I eat bread.’
** ‘I eat bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: si#Europic|si]]''''' - ''subjunctive'', “that I do”  
* '''''[[Contionary: si#Europic|si]]''''' - ''subjunctive'', “that I do”  
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: krede#Europic|krede]], [[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: si#Europic|si]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: krede#Europic|krede]], [[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: si#Europic|si]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ‘I think he eats bread.’
** ‘I think he eats bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]''''' - ''conditional'', “would do”
* '''''[[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]''''' - ''conditional'', “would do”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]] [[Contionary: si#Europic|si]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcoklo-plena#Europic|tcoklo-plena]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]] [[Contionary: si#Europic|si]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcoklu-plena#Europic|tcoklu-plena]].''
** ‘I would eat bread if it were full of chocolate.’  
** ‘I would eat bread if it were full of chocolate.’  
** N.B.: The conditional ''[[Contionary: Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]'' is ostensibly equivalent to the compound ''[[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-gole]]''. If it implies an “if-clause” (with the conjunction ''[[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]]''), the if-clause will be in the subjunctive. While there is no semantic difference, there is no subjunctive in the second clause when using ''[[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-gole]]'', because the subjunctive is now on the first verb: ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-gole]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcokloplena#Europic|tcokloplena]].''
** N.B.: The conditional ''[[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]'' is ostensibly equivalent to the compound ''[[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-gole]]''. If it implies an “if-clause” (with the conjunction ''[[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]]''), the if-clause will be in the subjunctive. While there is no semantic difference, there is no subjunctive in the second clause when using ''[[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-gole]]'', because the subjunctive is now on the first verb: ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-gole]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcoklu-plena#Europic|tcoklu-plena]].''
** N.B.: Unrelated to the conditional or even to verbs, there are two ways to construct the phrase “full of (something).”  
** N.B.: Unrelated to the conditional or even to verbs, there are two ways to construct the phrase “full of (something).”  
*** The first is as seen here: The noun (''[[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]]'') is prepended to the adjective plena. (Note also that prepended nouns change final '''u''' to '''o'''.)
*** The first is as seen here: The noun (''[[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]]'') is prepended to the adjective plena.
*** The second way is to join the adjective to the noun with the preposition ''[[Contionary: me#Europic|me]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: plena#Europic|plena]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]].'' In this case, ''[[Contionary: plena#Europic|plena]]'' may also be structured as a verb:
*** The second way is to join the adjective to the noun with the preposition ''[[Contionary: me#Europic|me]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: plena#Europic|plena]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]].'' In this case, ''[[Contionary: plena#Europic|plena]]'' may also be structured as a verb:
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcoklo-plena#Europic|tcoklo-plena]].''
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|La]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcoklu-plena#Europic|tcoklu-plena]].''
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklo]]-[[Contionary: plene#Europic|plene]].''
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|La]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]]-[[Contionary: plene#Europic|plene]].''
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: plena#Europic|plena]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]].''
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|La]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: plena#Europic|plena]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]].''
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: plene#Europic|plene]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]].''
**** ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|La]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] [[Contionary: plene#Europic|plene]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: tcoklu#Europic|tcoklu]].''
* The fourth mood is ''imperative'', which has a slightly different construction. Instead of a particle indicating a command, which may waste valuable time in a crisis, the imperative is formed by reversing the verb and the subject pronoun and joining them with a hyphen. This has the additional effect of changing the position of the stress in the verb.
* The fourth mood is ''imperative'', which has a slightly different construction. Instead of a particle indicating a command, which may waste valuable time in a crisis, the imperative is formed by reversing the verb and the subject pronoun and joining them with a hyphen. This has the additional effect of changing the position of the stress in the verb.
** ''[[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|Mandjokè]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|Mandju-kè]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘Eat bread.’
*** ‘Eat bread.’
** ''[[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]]-[[Contionary: mutu#Europic|mùtu]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|Mandju-ke]]-[[Contionary: mutu#Europic|mùtu]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘Let’s you and I eat bread.’
*** ‘Let’s you and I eat bread.’
** ''[[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]]-[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutù-ya]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|Mandju-ke]]-[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutù-ya]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘Let’s all of us eat bread.’
*** ‘Let’s all of us eat bread.’
* The final mood is the prohibitive (a.k.a. the negative imperative – “Don’t verb!”) which has a construction similar to the imperative. There are a few ways to form the prohibitive, but the most common is as a regular imperative with the verb ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ followed by an infinitive. (This is a little bit like the verb ''[[wikt: peidio#Welsh|peidio]]'' in Welsh, or the Chinese prohibitive particle [[wikt: 別|別]].)
* The final mood is the prohibitive (a.k.a. the negative imperative – “Don’t verb!”) which has a construction similar to the imperative. There are a few ways to form the prohibitive, but the most common is as a regular imperative with the verb ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ followed by an infinitive. (This is a little bit like the verb ''[[Contionary: wikt: peidio#Welsh|peidio]]'' in Welsh, or the Chinese prohibitive particle [[Contionary: wikt: 別|別]].)
** ''[[ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘Don’t eat bread.’
*** ‘Don’t eat bread.’


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There are four basic voices:
There are four basic voices:
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''active'', “do”
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''active'', “do”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I eat bread.’
*** ‘I eat bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: ga#Europic|ga]]''''' - ''passive'', “is done”
* '''''[[Contionary: ga#Europic|ga]]''''' - ''passive'', “is done”
** ''[[Contionary: klebru#Europic|Klebru]] [[Contionary: ga#Europic|ga]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] ([[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]).''
** ''[[Contionary: klebru#Europic|Klebru]] [[Contionary: ga#Europic|ga]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] ([[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]).''
*** ‘(The) bread is eaten (by me).’
*** ‘(The) bread is eaten (by me).’
** NB: When an agent is specified in a passive phrase (usually with “by” in English), it is introduced by the preposition ''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''.
** NB: When an agent is specified in a passive phrase (usually with “by” in English), it is introduced by the preposition ''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''.
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** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ki#Europic|ki]] [[Contionary: vide#Europic|vide]] [[Contionary: no#Europic|no]] [[Contionary: luma-grafu#Europic|luma-grafu]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ki#Europic|ki]] [[Contionary: vide#Europic|vide]] [[Contionary: no#Europic|no]] [[Contionary: luma-grafu#Europic|luma-grafu]].''
*** ‘I see myself in the photograph.’
*** ‘I see myself in the photograph.’
** ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|Ru]] [[Contionary: ki#Europic|ki]] [[Contionary: lave#Europic|lave]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ra#Europic|ra]][[Contionary: voltu#Europic|voltu]].''
** ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|Ru]] [[Contionary: ki#Europic|ki]] [[Contionary: lave#Europic|lave]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ra#Europic|ra]] [[Contionary: voltu#Europic|voltu]].''
*** ‘He washes his (own) face.’
*** ‘He washes his (own) face.’
* '''''[[Contionary: dri#Europic|dri]]''''' - ''reciprocal'', “do to each other”
* '''''[[Contionary: dri#Europic|dri]]''''' - ''reciprocal'', “do to each other”
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The final category of verb functions is that of polarity, and while I can say a bunch of important-sounding words about it, it is very simply forming the negative and interrogative. Verbs are negated with the particle ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]''. Sentences are made interrogative with the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''.  
The final category of verb functions is that of polarity, and while I can say a bunch of important-sounding words about it, it is very simply forming the negative and interrogative. Verbs are negated with the particle ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]''. Sentences are made interrogative with the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''.  
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''positive'', “do”
* ∅ (unmarked) - ''positive'', “do”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] ''∅'' [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I eat bread.’
*** ‘I eat bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]''''' - ''negative'', “do not”
* '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]''''' - ''negative'', “do not”
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I do not eat bread.’
*** ‘I do not eat bread.’
** NB: ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]'' is always closest to the verb, preceded by any other particles..
** NB: ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]'' always falls closest to the verb, preceded by any other particles..
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''''' - interrogative, “is it that…?”
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''''' - interrogative, “is it that…?”
** ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: vle#Europic|vle]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]]?''
** ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: vle#Europic|vle]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]]?''
*** ‘Do you want to eat some bread?’
*** ‘Do you want to eat some bread?’
** NB: ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]]'' is placed at the beginning of a clause, like a conjunction.
** NB: ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]]'' is placed at the beginning of a clause, like a conjunction.
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]] … [[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]''''' - negative interrogative, “isn’t it that…?”
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]] … [[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]''''' - negative interrogative, “isn’t it that…?”
** ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]] [[Contionary: vle#Europic|vle]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ni#Europic|ni]]-[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]]?''
** ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]] [[Contionary: vle#Europic|vle]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ni#Europic|ni]]-[[Contionary: nwa#Europic|nwa]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]]?''
*** ‘Don’t you want to eat any bread?’
*** ‘Don’t you want to eat any bread?’


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* '''''[[Contionary: djo-go#Europic|djo-go]]''''' - immediate future ‘about to do’
* '''''[[Contionary: djo-go#Europic|djo-go]]''''' - immediate future ‘about to do’
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: djo-go#Europic|djo-go]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: djo-go#Europic|djo-go]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I am about to eat bread.’
*** ‘I am about to eat bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: fu-djo#Europic|fu-djo]]''''' - immediate cessative ‘just stopped doing’
* '''''[[Contionary: fu-djo#Europic|fu-djo]]''''' - immediate cessative ‘just stopped doing’
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: fu-djo#Europic|fu-djo]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: fu-djo#Europic|fu-djo]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I just stopped eating bread.’
*** ‘I just stopped eating bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: ga-ha-go#Europic|ga-ha-go]]''''' - passive future perfect ‘will have been done’
* '''''[[Contionary: gaha-go#Europic|gaha-go]]''''' - passive future perfect ‘will have been done’
** ''[[Contionary: klebru#Europic|Klebru]] [[Contionary: ga-ha-go#Europic|ga-ha-go]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] ([[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]).''
** ''[[Contionary: klebru#Europic|Klebru]] [[Contionary: ga-ha-go#Europic|ga-ha-go]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] ([[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]).''
*** ‘(The) bread will have been eaten (by me).’
*** ‘(The) bread will have been eaten (by me).’
* '''''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]''''' - future-in-the-past ‘would do’ (as above)
* '''''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]''''' - future-in-the-past ‘would do’ (as above)
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] ([[Contionary: le-ke#Europic|le-ke]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: re-kweme#Europic|re-kweme]]).''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] ([[Contionary: le-ke#Europic|le-ke]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: re-kweme#Europic|re-kweme]]).''
*** ‘I would eat bread (before he returned).’
*** ‘I would eat bread (before he returned).’
* '''''[[Contionary: ha-le#Europic|ha-le]]''''' - pluperfect ‘had done’
* '''''[[Contionary: ha-le#Europic|ha-le]]''''' - pluperfect ‘had done’
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ha-le#Europic|ha-le]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ha-le#Europic|ha-le]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I had eaten bread.’
*** ‘I had eaten bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: ha-sta#Europic|ha-sta]]''''' - perfect continuative ‘has been doing’
* '''''[[Contionary: ha-sta#Europic|ha-sta]]''''' - perfect continuative ‘has been doing’
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ha-sta#Europic|ha-sta]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: ha-sta#Europic|ha-sta]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I have been eating bread.’
*** ‘I have been eating bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-go-le]]''''' - subjunctive future anterior ‘would do’
* '''''[[Contionary: si-gole#Europic|si-gole]]''''' - subjunctive future anterior ‘would do’
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|si-gole]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] ([[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]] [[Contionary: si#Europic|si]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcoklo-plena#Europic|tcoklo-plena]]).''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: si-gole#Europic|si-gole]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] ([[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]] [[Contionary: si#Europic|si]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: tcoklu-plena#Europic|tcoklu-plena]]).''
*** ‘I would eat bread (if it were full of chocolate).’  
*** ‘I would eat bread (if it were full of chocolate).’  
** NB: ''[[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|Si-gole]]'' is ostensibly interchangeable with ''[[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]''.
** NB: ''[[Contionary: si-go-le#Europic|Si-gole]]'' is ostensibly interchangeable with ''[[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]''.
* '''''[[Contionary: stu-ku#Europic|stu-ku]]''''' - habitual iterative ‘usually keeps doing’
* '''''[[Contionary: stu-ku#Europic|stu-ku]]''''' - habitual iterative ‘usually keeps doing’
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: stu-ku#Europic|stu-ku]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: stu-ku#Europic|stu-ku]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I usually keep eating bread.’
*** ‘I usually keep eating bread.’
* '''''[[Contionary: stu-le#Europic|stu-le]]''''' - past habitual ‘used to do’
* '''''[[Contionary: stu-le#Europic|stu-le]]''''' - past habitual ‘used to do’
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: stu-le#Europic|stu-le]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
** ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: stu-le#Europic|stu-le]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].''
*** ‘I used to eat bread.’
*** ‘I used to eat bread.’


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## Past follows present when both are used (''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]'', never **''le-go'')
## Past follows present when both are used (''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]'', never **''le-go'')
# Tenses are preceded by aspect, which in turn is preceded by mood.
# Tenses are preceded by aspect, which in turn is preceded by mood.
## There is not a set order within the tenses and aspects, but there are conventions, e.g. ''[[Contionary: ha-sta#Europic|ha-sta]]'' is very common, but **''sta-ha'' is never used.
## There is not a set order within the aspects, but there are conventions, e.g. ''[[Contionary: ha-sta#Europic|ha-sta]]'' is very common, but **''sta-ha'' is never used.
# The voice particles are mutually exclusive, so they can never be combined with each other (see what I did there?), but they always come before mood, aspect, and tense.
# The mood particles are mutually exclusive, so they cannot be combined.
# The voice particles are mutually exclusive, so they cannot be combined with each other (see what I did there?), but they always come before mood, aspect, and tense.
# The interrogative particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' always occurs at the beginning of its clause.
# The interrogative particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' always occurs at the beginning of its clause.


====Short-form Verbs====
====Short-form Verbs====
There are several verbs which consist solely of an onset and the verbal ending '''-e'''. These are all very frequent or important verbs, and often auxiliary verbs. The verbs ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ and ''[[Contionary: fye#Europic|fye]]'' ‘stop’ are the only short-form verbs which do not have a long form. Many short-form verbs later became adverbial particles in Europic’s daughter languages. (E.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: nave#Europic|nave]]'' ‘I can swim’ → [[Contionary: Iropich]] ''[[pê#Iropich|Pê]] [[neavj#Iropich|nav-emj]]'' [POT swim-1SG].)
There are several verbs which consist solely of an onset and the verbal ending '''''-e'''''. These are all very frequent or important verbs, and often auxiliary verbs. The verbs ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ and ''[[Contionary: fye#Europic|fye]]'' ‘stop’ are the only short-form verbs which do not have a long form. Many short-form verbs later became adverbial particles in Europic’s daughter languages. (E.g. ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: nave#Europic|nave]]'' ‘I can swim’ → [[Iropich]] ''[[Contionary: pê#Iropich|Pê]] [[Contionary: neavj#Iropich|nav-emj]]'' [POT swim-1SG].)


{| style="width:75%"|
{| style="width:75%"|
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* '''''[[be#Europic|be]]''''' (''[[Contionary: bate#Europic|bate]]'') ‘build’
* '''''[[Contionary: be#Europic|be]]''''' (''[[Contionary: bate#Europic|bate]]'') ‘build’
* '''''[[Contionary: ble#Europic|ble]]''''' (''[[Contionary: blive#Europic|blive]]'') ‘become’
* '''''[[Contionary: ble#Europic|ble]]''''' (''[[Contionary: blive#Europic|blive]]'') ‘become’
* '''''[[Contionary: bre#Europic|bre]]''''' (''[[Contionary: brute#Europic|brute]]'') ‘use’
* '''''[[Contionary: bre#Europic|bre]]''''' (''[[Contionary: brute#Europic|brute]]'') ‘use’
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* '''''[[Contionary: fye#Europic|fye]]''''' ‘stop’
* '''''[[Contionary: fye#Europic|fye]]''''' ‘stop’
* '''''[[Contionary: ge#Europic|ge]]''''' (''[[Contionary: gane#Europic|gane]]'') ‘give’
* '''''[[Contionary: ge#Europic|ge]]''''' (''[[Contionary: gane#Europic|gane]]'') ‘give’
* '''''[[Contionary: gle#Europic|gle]]''''' (''[[Contionary: galte#Europic|galte]]'') ‘keep’
* '''''[[Contionary: gre#Europic|gre]]''''' (''[[Contionary: grade#Europic|grade]]'') ‘step’
* '''''[[Contionary: gre#Europic|gre]]''''' (''[[Contionary: grade#Europic|grade]]'') ‘step’
* '''''[[Contionary: gye#Europic|gye]]''''' (''[[Contionary: gine#Europic|gine]]'') ‘start’
* '''''[[Contionary: gye#Europic|gye]]''''' (''[[Contionary: gine#Europic|gine]]'') ‘start’
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* '''''[[Contionary: he#Europic|he]]''''' (''[[Contionary: have#Europic|have]]'') ‘have’
* '''''[[Contionary: he#Europic|he]]''''' (''[[Contionary: have#Europic|have]]'') ‘have’
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* '''''[[Contionary: hwe#Europic|hwe]]''''' (''[[Contionary: hwalde#Europic|hwalde]]'') ‘look for’
* '''''[[Contionary: hwe#Europic|hwe]]''''' (''[[Contionary: hwalde#Europic|hwalde]]'') ‘look for’
* '''''[[Contionary: hye#Europic|hye]]''''' (''[[Contionary: hite#Europic|hite]]'') ‘hit’
* '''''[[Contionary: hye#Europic|hye]]''''' (''[[Contionary: hite#Europic|hite]]'') ‘hit’
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* '''''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''''' (''[[Contionary: pove#Europic|pove]]'') ‘can’
* '''''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''''' (''[[Contionary: pove#Europic|pove]]'') ‘can’
* '''''[[Contionary: ple#Europic|ple]]''''' (''[[Contionary: platce#Europic|platce]]'') ‘like’
* '''''[[Contionary: ple#Europic|ple]]''''' (''[[Contionary: platce#Europic|platce]]'') ‘like’
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* '''''[[Contionary: pre#Europic|pre]]''''' (''[[Contionary: prate#Europic|prate]]'') ‘understand’
* '''''[[Contionary: pre#Europic|pre]]''''' (''[[Contionary: prate#Europic|prate]]'') ‘understand’
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* '''''[[Contionary: re#Europic|re]]''''' (''[[Contionary: rekwe#Europic|rekwe]]'') ‘need, must’
* '''''[[Contionary: re#Europic|re]]''''' (''[[Contionary: rekwe#Europic|rekwe]]'') ‘need, must’
* '''''[[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]''''' (''[[Contionary: heste#Europic|heste]]'') ‘be’
* '''''[[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]''''' (''[[Contionary: heste#Europic|heste]]'') ‘be’
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While designed to be flexible as to whether one uses the short or long forms of these verbs, there are some conventions to note:
While designed to be flexible as to whether one uses the short or long forms of these verbs, there are some conventions to note:
* The short form is usually used in compounds after a full word, while the long form is used after a prefix, e.g.  
* The short form is usually used in compounds after a full word, while the long form is used after a prefix.
* The full form is almost always used before any suffixes, e.g. (The most common excpetion to this is ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''~''[[Contionary: derte#Europic|derte]]'', which frequently makes use of suffixes like ''-dantu'' ‘maker’ or ''-dacu'' ‘action’.)
* The full form is almost always used before any suffixes, e.g. (The most common excpetion to this is ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''~''[[Contionary: derte#Europic|derte]]'', which frequently makes use of suffixes like ''-dantu'' ‘maker’ or ''-dacu'' ‘action’.)
* Prefixes of more than one syllable tend to take a short form, e.g. ''[[Contionary: notre-ye#Europic|notre-ye]]'' ‘to enter’, ''[[Contionary: rojo-ge#Europic|rojo-ge]]'' ‘to arm’, ''[[Contionary: vigre-we#Europic|vigre-we]]'' ‘to throw away’ instead of ''[[Contionary: notre-yite#Europic|notre-yite]]'', ''[[Contionary: roju#Europic|rojo-]][[Contionary: gane#Europic|gane]]'', or ''[[Contionary: vigri#Europic|vigre-]][[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verpe]]''. (In colloquial speech, terms suffixed with ''[[Contionary: ye#Europic|-ye]]'' are even further simplified: ''[[Contionary: notre-ye#Europic|notre-ye]]'' ‘to enter’, ''[[Contionary: vigre-ye#Europic|vigre-ye]]'' ‘to leave’, ''[[Contionary: katre-ye#Europic|katre-ye]]'' ‘to exit’, ''[[Contionary: pode-ye#Europic|pode-ye]]'' ‘to walk’ → ''[[Contionary: notre#Europic|notre]]'', ''[[Contionary: vigre#Europic|vigre]]'', ''[[Contionary: katre#Europic|katre]]'', ''[[Contionary: pode#Europic|pode]]''. These would later become standard in [[Contionary: Vulgar European]].)
* Prefixes of more than one syllable tend to take a short form, e.g. ''[[Contionary: notri-ye#Europic|notri-ye]]'' ‘to enter’, ''[[Contionary: roju-ge#Europic|roju-ge]]'' ‘to arm’, ''[[Contionary: vigri-we#Europic|vigri-we]]'' ‘to throw away’ instead of ''[[Contionary: notri-yite#Europic|notri-yite]]'', ''[[Contionary: roju#Europic|roju-]][[Contionary: gane#Europic|gane]]'', or ''[[Contionary: vigri#Europic|vigri-]][[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verpe]]''. (In colloquial speech, terms suffixed with ''[[Contionary: ye#Europic|-ye]]'' are even further simplified: ''[[Contionary: notri-ye#Europic|notri-ye]]'' ‘to enter’, ''[[Contionary: vigri-ye#Europic|vigri-ye]]'' ‘to leave’, ''[[Contionary: katri-ye#Europic|katri-ye]]'' ‘to exit’, ''[[Contionary: podi-ye#Europic|podi-ye]]'' ‘to walk’ → ''[[Contionary: notre#Vulgar European|notre]]'', ''[[Contionary: vigre#Vulgar European|vigre]]'', ''[[Contionary: katre#Vulgar European|katre]]'', ''[[Contionary: pode#Vulgar European|pode]]''. These would later become standard in [[Vulgar European]].)


NB: Classical calques ''always'' use the long forms of verbs even if a short form is available. This may sometimes contradict the above, or create doublets, e.g. trans-it ‘go through’ has a native form of ''[[tratre-ye#Europic|tratre-ye]]'' and a calqued form of ''[[Contionary: tra-yite#Europic|tra-yite]]''.
NB: Classical calques ''always'' use the long forms of verbs even if a short form is available. This may sometimes contradict the above, or create doublets, e.g. ''trans-it'' ‘go through’ has a native form of ''[[Contionary: tratri-ye#Europic|tratri-ye]]'' and a calqued form of ''[[Contionary: tra-yite#Europic|tra-yite]]''.
 
====Verbs with Adverbial Compounds====
Many verbs can be compounded with various adverbs (usually prepositions) in order to create more specific or nuanced terms, or to mirror calques of similar terms derived from classical languages. Consider, for example, the verb ''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verpe]]'' ‘to throw’ (equivalent to Latin calques with the root ''[[wikt: -ject|-ject]]''), which can take prepositional prefixes like ''[[Contionary: no#Europic|no]]'' ‘in’ (''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]]'' = in-ject), ''[[Contionary: mi#Europic|mi]]'' ‘between’ (''[[Contionary: mi-verpe#Europic|mi-verpe]]'' = inter-ject), ''[[Contionary: so#Europic|so]]'' ‘under’ (''[[Contionary: so-verpe#Europic|so-verpe]]'' ‘sub-ject’), ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]'' ‘for’ (''[[Contionary: pro-verpe#Europic|pro-verpe]]'' = pro-ject), and so on. When these verbs take a direct object, the object must take the preposition ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: so-verpe#Europic|so-verpe]] [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: ka-trentu#Europic|ka-trentu]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: swaru#Europic|swaru]]'' ‘to subject someone to an experiment’. Most of these terms, can also be “inverted” – that is, the preposition can be separated from the verb and replace the ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'' of the direct object: ''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verpe]] [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: ka-trentu#Europic|ka-trentu]] [[Contionary: so#Europic|so]] [[Contionary: swaru#Europic|swaru]]''. Some other examples:
* ''[[Contionary: da-tire#Europic|da-tire]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: djenterdu#Europic|djenterdu]]'' ‘to attract a crowd’ = ''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tire]] [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: djenterdu#Europic|djenterdu]]''
* ''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: storva-blastu#Europic|storva-blastu]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: swaru#Europic|swaru]]'' ‘to inject someone with medication’ = ''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verpe]] [[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: storva-blastu#Europic|storva-blastu]] [[Contionary: no-tri#Europic|no(tri)]] [[Contionary: swaru#Europic|swaru]]''
* ''[[Contionary: bo-tenge#Europic|bo-tenge]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: swasu#Europic|swasu]]'' ‘to think about something’ = ''[[Contionary: tenge#Europic|tenge]] [[Contionary: bo#Europic|bo]] [[Contionary: swasu#Europic|swasu]]''
Although we do not usually think of it as a preposition in European languages, ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'' can also be treated as a pronominal adverb, though it cannot be prefixed to a verb, e.g. ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: bo-tenge#Europic|bo-tenge]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]''? ‘What are you thinking about?’ → ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: tenge#Europic|tenge]] [[Contionary: bo#Europic|bo]] [[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]''? or ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: bo-tenge#Europic|bo-tenge]] [[Contionary: kwa-na#Europic|kwa-na]]''?
 
It should be noted that prepositions do not compound with short-form verbs, so, for example, ''[[Contionary: pro-verpe#Europic|pro-verpe]]'' cannot be replaced with **''pro-we''. This is generally also true for polysyllabic adverbs (mainly those ending in ''[[Contionary: -tri#Europic|‑tri]]''), but in practice it is quite common to say, for example ''[[Contionary: datri-ye#Europic|datri-ye]]'' instead of the more formal ''[[Contionary: datri-yite#Europic|datri-yite]]''.


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
Most adverbs end in '''-i''' but this is not as consistent as other parts of speech: This mainly applies to deadjectival adverbs (those derived from adjectives).
Most adverbs end in '''''-i''''' but this is not as consistent as other parts of speech: This mainly applies to deadjectival adverbs (those derived from adjectives). Other parts of speech may take the correlative ending ''[[Contionary: ‑mo#Europic|-mo]]''. This also applies (officially) to adjectives ending in the suffix ''[[Contionary: nya#Europic|‑nya]]'' (technically a preposition), though ''[[Contionary: -nyi#Europic|‑nyi]]'' is also acceptable. (By the time of Vulgar European, ''[[Contionary: -mo#Europic|-mo]]'' had become the most common deadjectival suffix, applied to most adjectives, possibly having been conflated with French suffix ''[[wikt: -ment#French|-ment]]'' ‘''idem''’.)


====Prepositions====
====Prepositions====
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* '''''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''''' ‘of’
* '''''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''''' ‘of’
* '''''[[Contionary: dji#Europic|dji]]''''' ‘until’
* '''''[[Contionary: dji#Europic|dji]]''''' ‘until’
* '''''[[Contionary: dru#Europic|dru]]''''' ‘across, facing’
* '''''[[Contionary: du#Europic|du]]''''' ‘during’
* '''''[[Contionary: du#Europic|du]]''''' ‘during’
* '''''[[Contionary: flo#Europic|flo]]''''' ‘across, facing’
* '''''[[Contionary: fa#Europic|fa]]''''' ‘made of’
* '''''[[Contionary: fo#Europic|fo]]''''' ‘source of’
* '''''[[Contionary: fra#Europic|fra]]''''' ‘from’
* '''''[[Contionary: fra#Europic|fra]]''''' ‘from’
* '''''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]''''' ‘after’
* '''''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]''''' ‘after’
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* '''''[[Contionary: pi#Europic|pi]]''''' ‘above’
* '''''[[Contionary: pi#Europic|pi]]''''' ‘above’
* '''''[[Contionary: pra#Europic|pra]]''''' ‘among’
* '''''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]''''' ‘for’
* '''''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]''''' ‘for’
* '''''[[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]''''' ‘since’
* '''''[[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]''''' ‘since’
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* '''''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]''''' ‘in front of’
* '''''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]''''' ‘in front of’
* '''''[[Contionary: vi#Europic|vi]]''''' ‘touching’
* '''''[[Contionary: vi#Europic|vi]]''''' ‘touching’
* '''''[[Contionary: vigri#Europic|vigri]]''''' ‘away from’
|}
|}


Many prepositions can be modified by the suffix '''''[[Contionary: -tri#Europic|-tri]]''''' to differentiate an active meaning from their default static. This suffix is roughly equivalent to Esperanto’s use of the ''akuzativo'' with certain prepositions, or in some cases, the English suffix ''-ward(s)''. While it mainly applies to prepositions, ''-tri'' can also be affixed to certain nouns. Some other prepositions can be compounded to create additional meanings or nuance. (NB: When prepositions with -tri are compounded with nouns or verbs, the hyphen before -tri is dropped and placed between the prepositional compound and the following word, and -tri is softened to -tre, e.g. no-tri + yite → notre-yite ‘to enter’.) Here are some of the most common prepositional compounds:
Many prepositions can be modified by the suffix '''''[[Contionary: -tri#Europic|-tri]]''''' to differentiate an active meaning from their default static. This suffix is roughly equivalent to Esperanto’s use of the ''akuzativo'' with certain prepositions, or in some cases, the English suffix ''-ward(s)''. While it mainly applies to prepositions, ''[[Contionary: -tri#Europic|-tri]]'' can also be affixed to certain nouns, creating an adverb. Some other prepositions can be compounded to create additional meanings or nuance. (NB: When prepositions with ''[[Contionary: -tri#Europic|-tri]]'' are compounded with nouns or verbs, the hyphen before ''[[Contionary: -tri#Europic|-tri]]'' is dropped and placed between the prepositional compound and the following word, e.g. ''[[Contionary: no-tri#Europic|no-tri]]'' + ''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'' → ''[[Contionary: notri-yite#Europic|notri-yite]]'' ‘to enter’.) Here are some of the most common prepositional compounds:
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* '''''[[Contionary: da-tri#Europic|da-tri]]''''' ‘toward’
* '''''[[Contionary: da-tri#Europic|da-tri]]''''' ‘toward’
* '''''[[Contionary: di-tri#Europic|di-tri]]''''' ‘apart’
* '''''[[Contionary: di-tri#Europic|di-tri]]''''' ‘apart’
* '''''[[Contionary: flo-tri#Europic|flo-tri]]''''' ‘across, opposite’
* '''''[[Contionary: dru-tri#Europic|dru-tri]]''''' ‘across, opposite’
* '''''[[Contionary: fra-no#Europic|fra-no]]''''' ‘out of’
* '''''[[Contionary: fra-no#Europic|fra-no]]''''' ‘out of’
* '''''[[Contionary: hemo-tri#Europic|hemo-tri]]''''' ‘home(ward)’
* '''''[[Contionary: hemu-tri#Europic|hemu-tri]]''''' ‘home(ward)’
* '''''[[Contionary: ka-tri#Europic|ka-tri]]''''' ‘out of’
* '''''[[Contionary: ka-tri#Europic|ka-tri]]''''' ‘out of’
* '''''[[Contionary: kri-tri#Europic|kri-tri]]''''' ‘around’
* '''''[[Contionary: kri-tri#Europic|kri-tri]]''''' ‘around’
* '''''[[Contionary: lo-tri#Europic|lo-tri]]''''' ‘along’
* '''''[[Contionary: lo-tri#Europic|lo-tri]]''''' ‘along’
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* '''''[[Contionary: mi-tri#Europic|mi-tri]]''''' ‘in between’
* '''''[[Contionary: no-tri#Europic|no-tri]]''''' ‘into, inward’
* '''''[[Contionary: no-tri#Europic|no-tri]]''''' ‘into, inward’
* '''''[[Contionary: pi-tri#Europic|pi-tri]]''''' ‘up’
* '''''[[Contionary: pi-tri#Europic|pi-tri]]''''' ‘up’
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* '''''[[Contionary: bi-vi#Europic|bi-vi]]''''' ‘on the side of’
* '''''[[Contionary: bi-vi#Europic|bi-vi]]''''' ‘on the side of’
* '''''[[Contionary: bro-la#Europic|bro-la]]''''' ‘respective’
* '''''[[Contionary: bro-la#Europic|bro-la]]''''' ‘respective’
* '''''[[Contionary: bro-la-ke#Europic|bro-la-ke]]''''' ‘in other words’
* '''''[[Contionary: bro-la-ke#Europic|brola-ke]]''''' ‘in other words’
* '''''[[Contionary: di-la#Europic|di-la]]''''' ‘separate’
* '''''[[Contionary: di-la#Europic|di-la]]''''' ‘separate’
* '''''[[Contionary: ka-la#Europic|ka-la]]''''' ‘external, outer’
* '''''[[Contionary: ka-la#Europic|ka-la]]''''' ‘external, outer’
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* '''''[[Contionary: va-vi#Europic|va-vi]]''''' ‘on the front of’
* '''''[[Contionary: va-vi#Europic|va-vi]]''''' ‘on the front of’
|}
|}
Many prepositions can be pre-pended to a verb and replaced by na. In other languages where this can occur (such as Esperanto), this can be considered a type of valency promotion, but as the direct object in Europic also requires a preposition, this is perhaps an irrelevant description. For example, there is no difference semantically between the following:
* ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: kweme#Europic|kweme]] [[Contionary: fra#Europic|fra]] [[Contionary: Kanadiyu#Europic|Kanadiyu]]'' ‘I come from Canada’ → ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] [[Contionary: fra-kweme#Europic|fra-kweme]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: Kanadiyu#Europic|Kanadiyu]].''
* ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|Ru]] [[Contionary: ki#Europic|ki]] [[Contionary: klede#Europic|klede]] [[Contionary: no#Europic|no]] [[Contionary: paltu#Europic|paltu]]'' ‘She put on a jacket’ → ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|Ru]] [[Contionary: ki#Europic|ki]] [[Contionary: no-klede#Europic|no-klede]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: paltu#Europic|paltu]].''
* ''[[Contionary: tenge#Europic|Tenge-tu]] [[Contionary: bo#Europic|bo]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' ‘Think about it’ → ''[[Contionary: bo-tenge#Europic|Botenge-tu]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'', ''[[Contionary: bo-tenge#Europic|Botenge-tu]] [[Contionary: la-na#Europic|la-na]]'', or ''[[Contionary: tenge#Europic|Tenge-tu]] [[Contionary: la-bo#Europic|la-bo]].''
=====Pronominal Adverbs=====
The last example reflects another prepositional feature of the language. Possibly inspired by Germanic languages which compound correlatives here / there / where with prepositions to create pronominal adverbs, ostensibly replacing a pronoun (such as ''what'', ''that'', or ''this''), e.g. ‘with that’ → ‘therewith’ (''damit'', ''darmed'', ''daarmee'', &c), ‘for what’ → ‘wherefor’ (''hvorfor'', ''wofür'', ''waarvoor''), &c. In Europic, the same can be done with the particles ''[[Contionary: kwa-#Europic|kwa‑]]'' and ''[[Contionary: la-#Europic|la‑]]'',  e.g. ''[[Contionary: me#Europic|me]] [[Contionary: lasu#Europic|lasu]]'' ‘with it’ → ''[[Contionary: la-me#Europic|la-me]]'' ‘therewith’, ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]] [[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]'' ‘for what’ → ''[[Contionary: kwa-pro#Europic|kwa-pro]]'' ‘wherefor’. Distinction with ''[[Contionary: tci#Europic|tci‑]]'' and ''[[Contionary: li#Europic|li‑]]'' is possible but rare (e.g. ''[[Contionary: tci#Europic|tci]]-[[Contionary: la-da#Europic|la-da]]'' ‘hereto, to this’, ''[[Contionary: li#Europic|li]]-[[Contionary: la-no#Europic|la-no]]'' ‘therein, in that’).


====Particles====
====Particles====
“Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[#Verbs|Verbs]], above; some other particles include:
“Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[Contionary: #Verbs|Verbs]], above; some other particles include:


* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ (Creates a relative conjunction from a ''kwa''-correlative.)
* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ (Creates a relative conjunction from a ''kwa''-correlative.)
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The final category of “Can it be another adverb?” is the conjunction. Perhaps also particles, these are set aside because they always occur at the beginning of a clause. Many of the conjunctions are the old standards we know and love - “and, or, but, if…” - but, being an auxiliary language, there are also a number of specialized conjunctions among these. In particular, Chrysanthi made use of several “logic gates” for the conjunctions, so, for example, there are different words to translate ‘or’ where both of the elements that it joins can be true - ''[[Contionary: dro#Europic|dro]]'' (‘and/or’ ~ ‘x or y or both’) compared to ‘or’ where those elements are mutually exclusive - ''[[Contionary: dwa#Europic|dwa]]'' (‘or’ ~ ‘x or y but not both’).
The final category of “Can it be another adverb?” is the conjunction. Perhaps also particles, these are set aside because they always occur at the beginning of a clause. Many of the conjunctions are the old standards we know and love - “and, or, but, if…” - but, being an auxiliary language, there are also a number of specialized conjunctions among these. In particular, Chrysanthi made use of several “logic gates” for the conjunctions, so, for example, there are different words to translate ‘or’ where both of the elements that it joins can be true - ''[[Contionary: dro#Europic|dro]]'' (‘and/or’ ~ ‘x or y or both’) compared to ‘or’ where those elements are mutually exclusive - ''[[Contionary: dwa#Europic|dwa]]'' (‘or’ ~ ‘x or y but not both’).


Most conjunctions by default are phrasal - that is, they join two elements within a single clause (''[[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] '''[[Contionary: wa#Europic|wa]]''' [[Contionary: brumblu#Europic|brumblu]]'' ‘bread <u>and</u> butter’,  ''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: teru#Europic|teru]] '''[[Contionary: dwa#Europic|dwa]]''' [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: maru#Europic|maru]]'' ‘by land <u>or</u> by sea’), but they can be made clausal with the addition of the affix ''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|-ke]]''. Clausal conjunctions separate two complete clauses: Those minimally containing a verb (''[[Contionary: ru-ya#Europic|Ruya]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] '''[[Contionary: wa#Europic|wa]]''' [[Contionary: brumblu#Europic|brumblu]], '''[[Contionary: wa-ke#Europic|wa-ke]]''' [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: bevoke#Europic|bevoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: vinu#Europic|vinu]].'' ‘They ate bread <u>and</u> butter '''<u>and</u>''' drank wine.”)
Most conjunctions by default are phrasal - that is, they join two elements within a single clause (''[[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] '''[[Contionary: wa#Europic|wa]]''' [[Contionary: brumblu#Europic|brumblu]]'' ‘bread <u>and</u> butter’,  ''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: teru#Europic|teru]] '''[[Contionary: dwa#Europic|dwa]]''' [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]] [[Contionary: maru#Europic|maru]]'' ‘by land <u>or</u> by sea’), but they can be made clausal with the addition of the affix ''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|-ke]]''. Clausal conjunctions separate two complete clauses: Those minimally containing a verb (''[[Contionary: ru-ya#Europic|Ruya]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]] '''[[Contionary: wa#Europic|wa]]''' [[Contionary: brumblu#Europic|brumblu]], '''[[Contionary: wa-ke#Europic|wa-ke]]''' [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: bevu-ke#Europic|bevu-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: vinu#Europic|vinu]].'' ‘They ate bread <u>and</u> butter '''<u>and</u>''' drank wine.”)


In addition to converting phrasal conjunctions to clausal ones, ''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|-ke]]'' can also be used to form a number of conjunctions from prepositions, e.g. compare '''''[[Contionary: dji#Europic|dji]]''' [[Contionary: la#Europic|la]] [[Contionary: martu#Europic|martu]]'' ‘'''until''' the morning’ to '''''[[Contionary: dji-ke#Europic|dji-ke]]''' [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: vekable#Europic|vekable]]'' ‘'''until''' he wakes up’.
In addition to converting phrasal conjunctions to clausal ones, ''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|-ke]]'' can also be used to form a number of conjunctions from prepositions, e.g. compare '''''[[Contionary: dji#Europic|dji]]''' [[Contionary: la#Europic|la]] [[Contionary: martu#Europic|martu]]'' ‘'''until''' the morning’ to '''''[[Contionary: dji-ke#Europic|dji-ke]]''' [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]] [[Contionary: veka-ble#Europic|veka-ble]]'' ‘'''until''' he wakes up’.


{| style="width:50%"|
{| style="width:75%"|
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
* '''''[[Contionary: be#Europic|be]]''''' ‘but’
* '''''[[Contionary: be#Europic|be]]''''' ‘but’
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* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘that (''subordinate'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘that (''subordinate'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwo#Europic|ke-kwo]]''''' ‘as, like, that’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwo#Europic|ke-kwo]]''''' ‘as, like, that’
* '''''[[Contionary: ko-ke#Europic|ko-ke]]''''' ‘because of that’
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
* '''''[[Contionary: ko-ke#Europic|ko-ke]]''''' ‘because of that’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''''' ‘whether, if’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]''''' ‘whether, if’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwasi#Europic|kwasi]]''''' ‘as if, like, as though’
* '''''[[Contionary: kwasi#Europic|kwasi]]''''' ‘as if, like, as though’
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* '''''[[Contionary: nyu-ke#Europic|nyu-ke]]''''' ‘nor, neither (''clausal'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: nyu-ke#Europic|nyu-ke]]''''' ‘nor, neither (''clausal'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: pro-ke#Europic|pro-ke]]''''' ‘in order to’
* '''''[[Contionary: pro-ke#Europic|pro-ke]]''''' ‘in order to’
* '''''[[Contionary: sti-ke#Europic|sti-ke]]''''' ‘instead’
* '''''[[Contionary: wa#Europic|wa]]''''' ‘and, also (''phrasal'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: wa#Europic|wa]]''''' ‘and, also (''phrasal'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: wa-ke#Europic|wa-ke]]''''' ‘and, also (''clausal'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: wa-ke#Europic|wa-ke]]''''' ‘and, also (''clausal'')’
* '''''[[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]]''''' ‘if
* '''''[[Contionary: ye#Europic|ye]]''''' ‘if
|}
|}
Relative conjunctions are formed by adding ''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke-]]'' to the beginning of any of the interrogative correlatives, e.g.:
{| style="width:75%"|
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwa#Europic|ke-kwa]]''''' ‘that, which’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwaru#Europic|ke-kwaru]]''''' ‘who’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwasu#Europic|ke-kwasu]]''''' ‘what’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwavo#Europic|ke-kwavo]]''''' ‘where’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwano#Europic|ke-kwano]]''''' ‘when’
|style="vertical-align: top;"|
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwamo#Europic|ke-kwamo]]''''' ‘how’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwanta#Europic|ke-kwanta]]''''' ‘how much’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwantano#Europic|ke-kwantano]]''''' ‘how long’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwayo#Europic|ke-kwayo]]''''' ‘why’
* '''''[[Contionary: ke-kwaca#Europic|ke-kwaca]]''''' ‘what kind’
|}
These differ from the interrogatives in that they are not forming a question, but answering it in a subordinate clause. Compare, for example the following pairs:
* ''[[Contionary: li-laru#Europic|Li-laru]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] '''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|kwaru]]'''?'' ‘'''Who''' is that?’ but:
* ''[[Contionary: se#Europic|Se]] [[Contionary: djentu#Europic|djentu]], '''[[Contionary: ke-kwaru#Europic|ke-kwaru]]''' [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: fraste#Europic|fraste]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]] [[Contionary: supu#Europic|supu]].'' ‘That’s the person '''who''' stole my soup.’
* ''[[Contionary: mu-tu#Europic|Mu-tu]] '''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]''' [[Contionary: go#Europic|go]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]?'' ‘'''When''' are we going?’
* ''[[Contionary: mu-tu#Europic|Mu-tu]] [[Contionary: go#Europic|go]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]], '''[[Contionary: ke-kwano#Europic|ke-kwano]]''' [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]] [[Contionary: prete#Europic|prete]].'' ‘We’ll go '''when''' I am ready.’
Note that unlike the pure interrogatives, which move around according to their role in the sentence, relativized interrogatives always occur at the beginning of a clause, and are (ideally) preceded by a comma.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Word Orders and Alignments===
===Word Orders and Alignments===
====Typology====
====Typology====
The basic word order is SVO, though this is flexible because the order of the clause-internal phrases is so strict. Since the direct object role is marked by a preposition (''[[Contionary: na#europic|na]]''), the direct object is treated as a prepositional phrase, though in clauses with multiple PPs, ''[[na#europic|na]]''-phrases usually come last.
The basic word order is SVO, though this is flexible because the order of the clause-internal phrases is so strict. Since the direct object role is marked by a preposition (''[[Contionary: na#europic|na]]''), the direct object is treated as a prepositional phrase, though in clauses with multiple PPs, ''[[Contionary: na#europic|na]]''-phrases usually come last.


====Noun Phrases====
====Noun Phrases====
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=8 style="text-align: left;"| ''Ru le yite me li-la triya djentotcu burta (ya) fra viliku Djana…''
!colspan=8 style="text-align: left;"| ''Ru le yite me li-triya djentotcu burta fra viliku Djana…''
|-
|-
| S
| S
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| 7
| 7
|-
|-
| '''''[[ru#Europic|ru]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: me#Europic|me]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: me#Europic|me]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: li-la#Europic|li-la]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: li#Europic|li]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: djentotcu#Europic|djentotcu]] [[Contionary: burta#Europic|burta]] ([[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]¹)'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: djentotcu#Europic|djentotcu]] [[Contionary: burta#Europic|burta]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: fra#Europic|fra]] [[Contionary: vilu#Europic|vil]][[Contionary: -ik-#Europic|-iku]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: fra#Europic|fra]] [[Contionary: vilu#Europic|vil]][[Contionary: -ik-#Europic|-iku]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djan]][[Contionary: -a#Europic|-a]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djan]][[Contionary: -a#Europic|-a]]'''''
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| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst-dem</span>
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst-dem</span>
| 3
| 3
| man ugly (<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pl</span>)
| man ugly
| from town-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dim</span>
| from town-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dim</span>
| John-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">poss</span>
| John-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">poss</span>
Line 1,853: Line 1,928:
| '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: fraste#Europic|fraste]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: fraste#Europic|fraste]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]²'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]¹'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: bratu#Europic|brat]][[Contionary: -otc-#Europic|-otcu]]'''''
| '''''[[Contionary: bratu#Europic|brat]][[Contionary: -otc-#Europic|-otcu]]'''''
Line 1,873: Line 1,948:
|colspan=6| …who stole my brother’s dog.
|colspan=6| …who stole my brother’s dog.
|}
|}
¹ <small>Normally it is not permissible to use ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'' with a number, but it may be used optionally (usually for emphasis) if separated from the noun by at least one adjective.</small><br />
¹ <small>Here the possessive phrase is rendered with ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'' because the possessive-''cum''-adjective structure is mainly used with a single word or name. If the phrase had been “...the child’s dog,” it would usually be rendered as ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]] [[Contionary: kinda#Europic|kinda]]'', but the extra word ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ‘my’ causes it to default to the ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''-construction. ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|Na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]] [[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]-[[Contionary: bratotcu#Europic|bratotca]]'' and ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]]'' are not wrong, just less common. (Note, too, that there is a special hyphenated construction when you “adjectivize” a noun with a determiner.)</small>
² <small>Here the possessive phrase is rendered with ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'' because the possessive-''cum''-adjective structure is mainly used with a single word or name. If the phrase had been “...the child’s dog,” it would usually be rendered as ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]] [[Contionary: kinda#Europic|kinda]]'', but the extra word ''[[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]'' ‘my’ causes it to default to the ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]''-construction. ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|Na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]] [[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]]-[[Contionary: bratotcu#Europic|bratotca]]'' and ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]] [[Contionary: de#Europic|de]] [[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]]'' are not wrong, just less common. (Note, too, that there is a special hyphenated construction when you “adjectivize” a noun with a determiner.)</small>


====Adjective Phrases====
====Adjective Phrases====
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|colspan=5| That is a very good (well-behaved) cat.
|colspan=5| That is a very good (well-behaved) cat.
|}
|}
====Adverb Phrases====
Adverbs, always the black sheep of the parts of speech, are slipperier than most to define and trickier to assign concrete rules.  There are a few guidelines, however.
# When an adverb complements a verb, it precedes the verb.
#: ''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|Mu-ya]] '''[[Contionary: taldi#Europic|taldi]]''' [[Contionary: spete#Europic|spete]].'' ‘We wait patiently.’ (“We '''patiently''' wait.”)
# When there are verbal particles present, the negative particles most closely precedes the verb, preceded by other verbal particles, preceded by non-particle adverbs.
#: ''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|Mu-ya]] '''[[Contionary: taldi#Europic|taldi]]''' [[Contionary: sta-le#Europic|sta-le]] [[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]] [[Contionary: spete#Europic|spete]].'' ‘We were not waiting patiently.’ (“We '''patiently''' were not waiting.”)
# Interrogative adverbs (as well as other adverbial correlatives) are treated as any other adverb, and precede the verb as directly as possible. (See the [[#Adverbial Interrogative|Adverbial Interrogative]], below.)
#: ''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|Mu-ya]] '''[[Contionary: kwantano#Europic|kwantano]]''' [[Contionary: hasta#Europic|hasta]] [[Contionary: spete#Europic|spete]]?'' ‘How long have we been waiting?’ (“We '''how-long''' have-been waiting?”)
# When an adverb complements another part of speech (usually an adjective or another adverb), it immediately precedes it (see also [[#Adjective Phrases|Adjective Phrases]], above).
#: ''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|Mu-ya]] [[Contionary: hasta#Europic|hasta]] [[Contionary: spete#Europic|spete]] [[Contionary: du#Europic|du]] [[Contionary: vrimyu#Europic|vrimyu]] '''[[Contionary: lanti#Europic|lanti]]''' [[Contionary: longa#Europic|longa]]!'' ‘We have been waiting for such a long time!’ (“We have-been waiting for (a) while '''so''' long!”)


====Verb Phrases (Clauses)====
====Verb Phrases (Clauses)====
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# Adverbs (other than particles and negatives)
# Adverbs (other than particles and negatives)
# Particles
# Particles
## Voice (''[[Contionary: ga#Europic|ga]]'', ''[[Contionary: dri#Europic|dri]]'')
## Voice (''[[Contionary: ga#Europic|ga]]'', ''[[Contionary: dri#Europic|dri]]'', ''[[Contionary: ki#Europic|ki]]''…)
## Mood (''[[Contionary: si#Europic|si]]'', ''[[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]'')
## Mood (''[[Contionary: si#Europic|si]]'', ''[[Contionary: ba#Europic|ba]]''…)
## Aspect (''[[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]]'', ''[[Contionary: sta#Europic|sta]]'', ''[[Contionary: gi#Europic|gi]]'')
## Aspect (''[[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]]'', ''[[Contionary: sta#Europic|sta]]'', ''[[Contionary: gi#Europic|gi]]''…)
## Tense (''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]'', ''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]'')
## Tense (''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]'', ''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]''…)
## Negative Marker (''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'')
## Negative Marker (''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'')
# '''Verb'''
# '''Verb'''
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====Identity Clauses====
====Identity Clauses====
Identity clauses are those that use a copula (“to be”) to join a noun or pronoun to another noun that identifies it. These may seem “backwards” in Europic: Their structure is similar to the construction in Welsh, for example. Rather than “I am a writer,” the phrase would normally be rendered as “Writer am I” (Welsh: ''Awdur ydw i'').
Identity clauses are those that use a copula (“to be”) to join a noun or pronoun to another noun that identifies it. These may seem “backwards” in Europic: Their structure is similar to the construction in Welsh, for example. Rather than “I am a writer,” the phrase would normally be rendered as “Writer am I” (Welsh: ''Awdur ydw i'').
* I am a writer. ''[[Contionary: grafantu#Europic|Grafantu]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]].''  
* I am a writer. ''[[Contionary: grafatru#Europic|Grafatru]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]].''  
* He is a poor man. ''[[Contionary: djentu#Europic|Djentu]] [[Contionary: povra#Europic|povra]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]].''
* He is a poor man. ''[[Contionary: djentu#Europic|Djentu]] [[Contionary: povra#Europic|povra]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]].''


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====Polar Questions====
====Polar Questions====
Polar questions (also known as yes-no questions, binary questions, or boolean question) are formed by adding the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' to the beginning of a clause. (While there is no great English translation for this word, it is directly equivalent to Esperanto ''[[wikt: ĉu#Esperanto|ĉu]]'', Japanese [[wikt: ね|ね]], or Chinese [[wikt: 嗎|嗎]]. If you really wanted to translate this word directly into English, you might think of it as ‘is it the case that’. It is also directly comparable to the French phrase ''[[wikt: est-ce que|est-ce que]]''.) The word order within the clause does ''not'' change as it does in many European languages. E.g.  
Polar questions (also known as yes-no questions, binary questions, or boolean question) are formed by adding the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' to the beginning of a clause. (While there is no great English translation for this word, it is directly equivalent to Esperanto ''[[Contionary: wikt: ĉu#Esperanto|ĉu]]'', Japanese [[Contionary: wikt: ね|ね]], or Chinese [[Contionary: wikt: 嗎|嗎]]. If you really wanted to translate this word directly into English, you might think of it as ‘is it (true) that’. It is also directly comparable to the French phrase ''[[Contionary: wikt: est-ce que|est-ce que]]''.) The word order within the clause does ''not'' change as it does in many European languages. E.g.  
* '''''You can''''' come tomorrow. → '''''Can ⇄ you''''' come tomorrow?
* '''''You can''''' come tomorrow. → '''''Can ⇄ you''''' come tomorrow?
* '''''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]].'' → '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?''
* '''''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]].'' → '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?''


====Wh-Questions====
====Wh-Questions====
In most European languages, Wh–Questions (yeah, sorry, that’s just what they’re called; I hate it too) are formed with an interrogative word, such as ‘who’, ‘where’, ‘what’, &c – those words that in Europic begin with ''kwa-'' – and these words generally appear at the beginning of the clause. In Europic, however, pronominal interrogatives (those question words ending in '''-u''') may appear at the beginning of the clause for emphasis, but normally they occur ''after'' the verb, particularly in clauses where they are the object of the verb. Where the interrogative is adverbial (when, how, where, how much) they precede the verb as other adverbs. The following are the ''unmarked'' (normal) orders for each type of question:
In most European languages, Wh-Questions (yeah, sorry, that’s just what they’re called; I hate it too) are formed with an interrogative word, such as ‘who’, ‘where’, ‘what’, &c – those words that in Europic begin with ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa-]]'' – and these words generally appear at the beginning of the clause. In Europic, however, pronominal interrogatives (those question words ending in '''''-u''''') may appear at the beginning of the clause for emphasis, but normally they occur ''after'' the verb, particularly in clauses where they are the object of the verb. Where the interrogative is adverbial (''when'', ''how'', ''where'', ''how much''…) they precede the verb as other adverbs. The following are the ''unmarked'' (normal) orders for each type of question:


=====Pronominal Interrogative as Copular Subject=====
=====Pronominal Interrogative as Copular Subject=====
The pronominal interrogatives consist of those question words which act as pronouns, which is an irksomely roundabout way to describe them. More specifically, words like ‘who’ or ‘what’ which refer back to a noun. Even more specifically, these are any of the ''kwa''-correlatives which end in '''-u'''. As specifically as I am willing to get in this space, they may be any of the following interrogatives: ''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|kwaru]]'' ‘who’, ''[[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]'' ‘what’ ''[[Contionary: kwantu#Europic|kwantu]]'' ‘how many/much (of it)’, ''[[Contionary: kwayaru#Europic|kwayaru]]'' ‘what kind of person’ and ''[[Contionary: kwayasu#Europic|kwayasu]]'' ‘what kind of thing’.
The pronominal interrogatives consist of those question words which act as pronouns, which is an irksomely roundabout way to describe them. More specifically, words like ‘who’ or ‘what’ which refer back to a noun. Even more specifically, these are any of the ''kwa''-correlatives which end in '''-u'''. As specifically as I am willing to get in this space, they may be any of the following interrogatives: ''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|kwaru]]'' ‘who’, ''[[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]'' ‘what’ ''[[Contionary: kwantu#Europic|kwantu]]'' ‘how many/much (of it)’, ''[[Contionary: kwacaru#Europic|kwacaru]]'' ‘what kind of person’ and ''[[Contionary: kwacasu#Europic|kwacasu]]'' ‘what kind of thing’.


When a pronominal interrogative is used as the subject of an identity clause, they follow the verb (usually ''[[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]'').  
When a pronominal interrogative is used as the subject of an identity clause, they follow the verb (usually ''[[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]'').  
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=====Pronominal Interrogative as Subject with Object=====
=====Pronominal Interrogative as Subject with Object=====
When a pronominal interrogative serves as the subject of a sentence in which there is a direct object, it takes the primary (subject) position, i.e. it comes at the beginning of the clause, before the verb.
When a pronominal interrogative serves as the subject of a sentence in which there is a direct object, it takes the primary (subject) position, i.e. it comes at the beginning of the clause, before the verb.
* '''Who''' ate my eggs? '''''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|Kwaru]]''' [[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]] [[Contionary: wovu#Europic|wovu]] [[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]?'' (“'''What-person''' has eaten (acc.) my eggs?”)
* '''Who''' ate my eggs? '''''[[Contionary: kwaru#Europic|Kwaru]]''' [[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]] [[Contionary: wovu#Europic|wovu]] [[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]?'' (“'''What-person''' has eaten (''acc.'') my eggs?”)
* '''What''' happened to your house? '''''[[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|Kwasu]]''' [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: sketce#Europic|sketce]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]] [[Contionary: mezu#Europic|mezu]]?'' (“'''What-thing''' did happen to your house?”)
* '''What''' happened to your house? '''''[[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|Kwasu]]''' [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: sketce#Europic|sketce]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]] [[Contionary: mezu#Europic|mezu]]?'' (“'''What-thing''' did happen to your house?”)


=====Pronominal Interrogative as Object=====
=====Pronominal Interrogative as Object=====
When a pronominal interrogative serves as the object of a sentence (direct or indirect – which is irrelevant, because there’s not really such a thing as a direct object in Europic), it follows the verb and is preceded by a preposition.
When a pronominal interrogative serves as the object of a sentence (direct or indirect – which is irrelevant, because there’s not really such a thing as a direct object in Europic), it follows the verb and is preceded by a preposition.
* '''What''' are you doing? ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: derte#Europic|derte]] '''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]'''?''  (“You do '''(acc.) what-thing'''?”)
* '''What''' are you doing? ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: derte#Europic|derte]] '''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kwasu#Europic|kwasu]]'''?''  (“You do '''(''acc.'') what-thing'''?”)
* '''How many''' are you taking? ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]] '''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kwantu#Europic|kwantu]]'''?'' (“You go '''with how-many'''?”)
* '''How many''' are you taking? ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]] '''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: kwantu#Europic|kwantu]]'''?'' (“You go '''with how-many'''?”)


=====Adverbial Interrogative=====
=====Adverbial Interrogative=====
Adverbial interrogatives are those question words which are neither pronouns nor determiners; they pose questions that ask about time, location, motivation, or manner. Specifically, they are the interrogatives ending in '''-o''': ''[[Contionary: kwaro#Europic|kwaro]]'' ‘where’, ''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]'' ‘when’, ''[[Contionary: kwamo#Europic|kwamo]]'' ‘how’, ''[[Contionary: kwayo#Europic|kwayo]]'' ‘why’, and ''[[Contionary: kwantano#Europic|kwantano]]'' ‘how long’. Adverbial interrogatives tend to immediately precede the main verb of the clause.
Adverbial interrogatives are those question words which are neither pronouns nor determiners; they pose questions that ask about time, location, motivation, or manner. Specifically, they are the interrogatives ending in '''-o''': ''[[Contionary: kwavo#Europic|kwavo]]'' ‘where’, ''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]'' ‘when’, ''[[Contionary: kwamo#Europic|kwamo]]'' ‘how’, ''[[Contionary: kwayo#Europic|kwayo]]'' ‘why’, and ''[[Contionary: kwantano#Europic|kwantano]]'' ‘how long’. Adverbial interrogatives tend to immediately precede the main verb of the clause.
* '''When''' is your sister coming? ''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|Ta]] [[Contionary: bratu#Europic|bratu]] '''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]''' [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?'' (“Your sibling '''what-time''' comes?”)
* '''When''' is your sister coming? ''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|Ta]] [[Contionary: bratu#Europic|bratu]] '''[[Contionary: kwano#Europic|kwano]]''' [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?'' (“Your sibling '''what-time''' comes?”)
* '''Where''' did I put my keys? ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] '''[[Contionary: kwaro#Europic|kwaro]]''' [[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]] [[Contionary: mete#Europic|mete]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]] [[Contionary: klutcerdu#Europic|klutcerdu]]?'' (“I '''what-place''' did put (acc.) my key-collection?”)
* '''Where''' did I put my keys? ''[[Contionary: mu#Europic|Mu]] '''[[Contionary: kwavo#Europic|kwavo]]''' [[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]] [[Contionary: mete#Europic|mete]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ma#Europic|ma]] [[Contionary: klutcevlu#Europic|klutcevlu]]?'' (“I '''what-place''' did put (''acc.'') my set-of-keys?”)


=====Adjectival Interrogative=====
=====Adjectival Interrogative=====
Finally, adjectival interrogatives are simply determiners that are interrogative in nature. They are always accompanied by a noun or noun phrase and they stick with their noun, wherever that happens to fall in the clause. Adjectival interrogatives consist of ''kwa'' ‘which’, ''kwanta'' ‘how much, how many’, and ''kwaya'' ‘what kind of’.
Finally, adjectival interrogatives are simply determiners that are interrogative in nature. They are always accompanied by a noun or noun phrase and they stick with their noun, wherever that happens to fall in the clause. Adjectival interrogatives consist of ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' ‘which’, ''[[Contionary: kwanta#Europic|kwanta]]'' ‘how much, how many’, and ''[[Contionary: kwaca#Europic|kwaca]]'' ‘what kind of’.
* '''How many children''' do you have? ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: he#Europic|he]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] '''[[Contionary: kwanta#Europic|kwanta]] [[Contionary: filu#Europic|filu]]'''?'' (“You have (''acc.'') '''how-many child(ren)'''?”)
* '''How many children''' do you have? ''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: he#Europic|he]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] '''[[Contionary: kwanta#Europic|kwanta]] [[Contionary: filu#Europic|filu]]'''?'' (“You have (''acc.'') '''how-many child(ren)'''?”)
* '''Which person''' said that? '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: djentu#Europic|djentu]]''' [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]][[Contionary: dike#Europic|dike]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: lasu#Europic|lasu]]?'' (“'''Which person''' did say (''acc.'') that-thing?”)
* '''Which person''' said that? '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: djentu#Europic|djentu]]''' [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]][[Contionary: dike#Europic|dike]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: lasu#Europic|lasu]]?'' (“'''Which person''' did say (''acc.'') that-thing?”)
* '''What kind of animal''' is it? '''''[[Contionary: kwaya#Europic|Kwaya]] [[Contionary: djuru#Europic|djuru]]''' [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]?'' (“'''What-kind-of animal''' is [that/it]?”)
* '''What kind of animal''' is it? '''''[[Contionary: kwaca#Europic|Kwaca]] [[Contionary: djuru#Europic|djuru]]''' [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]?'' (“'''What-kind-of animal''' is [that/it]?”)


====Commands====
====Commands====
There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ne ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[#Mood|the Imperative Mood]].)
There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[Contionary: #Mood|the Imperative Mood]].)
* Go to work! '''''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|Yite]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: labraryu#Europic|labraryu]]!'' (“'''Go-you''' to work-place!”)
* Go to work! '''''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|Yite]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: labraryu#Europic|labraryu]]!'' (“'''Go-you''' to work-place!”)
* Don’t go yet! '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: sto#Europic|sto]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]!'' (“'''Don’t-you''' already go!”)
* Don’t go yet! '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: sto#Europic|sto]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]!'' (“'''Don’t-you''' already go!”)
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* ''[[Contionary: fakla#Europic|fakla]]'' ‘easy’ → ''[[Contionary: fakloza#Europic|fakloza]]'' ‘easier’ → ''[[Contionary: faklista#Europic|faklista]]'' ‘easiest’
* ''[[Contionary: fakla#Europic|fakla]]'' ‘easy’ → ''[[Contionary: fakloza#Europic|fakloza]]'' ‘easier’ → ''[[Contionary: faklista#Europic|faklista]]'' ‘easiest’
* ''[[Contionary: fakli#Europic|fakli]]'' ‘easily’ → ''[[Contionary: faklozi#Europic|faklozi]]'' ‘more easily’ → ''[[Contionary: faklisti#Europic|faklisti]]'' ‘most easily’
* ''[[Contionary: fakli#Europic|fakli]]'' ‘easily’ → ''[[Contionary: faklozi#Europic|faklozi]]'' ‘more easily’ → ''[[Contionary: faklisti#Europic|faklisti]]'' ‘most easily’
There is also a contrastive (“anti-comparative”) and a sublative (“anti-superlative”) suffix:
* '''''[[Contionary: -esl-#Europic|-esl-]]''''' forms the contrastive, equivalent to ‘less’.
* '''''[[Contionary: -uzl-#Europic|-uzl-]]''''' forms the sublative, equivalent to ‘least’.
For example:
* ''[[Contionary: fakla#Europic|fakla]]'' ‘easy’ → ''[[Contionary: faklesla#Europic|faklesla]]'' ‘less easy’ → ''[[Contionary: fakluzla#Europic|fakluzla]]'' ‘least easy’
* ''[[Contionary: fakli#Europic|fakli]]'' ‘easily’ → ''[[Contionary: faklesli#Europic|faklesli]]'' ‘less easily’ → ''[[Contionary: fakluzli#Europic|fakluzli]]'' ‘least easily’


The superlative does not take the definite determiner as it does in many languages, as definiteness is implied in the construction, but as the determiner ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'' became more of a true article and less of a neutral demonstrative, it became common to include it in colloquial Europic.
The superlative does not take the definite determiner as it does in many languages, as definiteness is implied in the construction, but as the determiner ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'' became more of a true article and less of a neutral demonstrative, it became common to include it in colloquial Europic.


Two nouns being compared are joined by the preposition '''''[[Contionary: kwo#Europic|kwo]]''''' ‘than’.
Two nouns being compared are joined by the preposition '''''[[Contionary: kwo#Europic|kwo]]''''' ‘than’.
* ''[[Contionary: li-lasu#Europic|Li-lasu]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: kaku#Europic|kaku]] [[Contionary: branista#Europic|branista]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ke-kwasu#Europic|ke-kwasu]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]] [[Contionary: le-lano#Europic|le-lano]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mandjoke#Europic|mandjoke.]] [[Contionary: su#Europic|Su]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: metci#Europic|metci]] [[Contionary: branoza#Europic|branoza]] [[Contionary: kwo#Europic|kwo]] [[Contionary: Maryu#Europic|Marya]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]!'' ‘That was the best cake I’ve ever eaten. It was even better than Mary’s!’
* ''[[Contionary: li-lasu#Europic|Li-lasu]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: kaku#Europic|kaku]] [[Contionary: branista#Europic|branista]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: ke-kwasu#Europic|ke-kwasu]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]] [[Contionary: le-lano#Europic|le-lano]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]]. [[Contionary: su#Europic|Su]] [[Contionary: le#Europic|le]] [[Contionary: se#Europic|se]] [[Contionary: metci#Europic|metci]] [[Contionary: branoza#Europic|branoza]] [[Contionary: kwo#Europic|kwo]] [[Contionary: Maryu#Europic|Marya]][[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]!'' ‘That was the best cake I’ve ever eaten. It was even better than Maria’s!’
* ''[[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djanu]] [[Contionary: vlokozi#Europic|vlokozi]] [[Contionary: krende#Europic|krende]] [[Contionary: kwo#Europic|kwo]] [[Contionary: Dwardu#Europic|Dwardu,]] [[Contionary: be#Europic|be]] [[Contionary: Milyu#Europic|Milyu]] [[Contionary: vlokisti#Europic|vlokisti]] [[Contionary: krende#Europic|krende]].'' ‘John runs faster than Edward, but Emilia runs (the) fastest.’
* ''[[Contionary: Djanu#Europic|Djanu]] [[Contionary: vlokozi#Europic|vlokozi]] [[Contionary: krende#Europic|krende]] [[Contionary: kwo#Europic|kwo]] [[Contionary: Dwardu#Europic|Dwardu,]] [[Contionary: be#Europic|be]] [[Contionary: Milyu#Europic|Milyu]] [[Contionary: vlokisti#Europic|vlokisti]] [[Contionary: krende#Europic|krende]].'' ‘John runs faster than Edward, but Emilia runs (the) fastest.’


The comparative forms can often be found in inchoative verbs (usually suffixed with ''[[Contionary: ble#Europic|-ble]]''). In most familiar languages, the comparative is implied in the inchoative (e.g. ‘to heat up’ ≅ ‘to become hot-''ter''’), but there is a more subtle distinction possible in Europic where ''[[Contionary: kaldable#Europic|kald-able]]'' ‘to become hot’ is not quite synonymous with ''[[Contionary: kaldozable#Europic|kald-oz-able]]'' ‘to become hotter’.
The comparative forms can often be found in inchoative verbs (usually suffixed with ''[[Contionary: ble#Europic|-ble]]''). In most familiar languages, the comparative is implied in the inchoative (e.g. ‘to heat up’ ≅ ‘to become hot-''ter''’), but there is a more subtle distinction possible in Europic where ''[[Contionary: kalda-ble#Europic|kalda-ble]]'' ‘to become hot’ is not quite synonymous with ''[[Contionary: kaldozable#Europic|kald-oza-ble]]'' ‘to become hotter’.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
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# If there is a common theme throughout multiple European languages that fits Europic phonology, use it. E.g. Romance, Celtic ''trist-'' ‘sad’ → ''[[Contionary: trista#Europic|trista]]''. (Usually these are borrowings from Latin or Greek that have propagated across the continent.)
# If there is a common theme throughout multiple European languages that fits Europic phonology, use it. E.g. Romance, Celtic ''trist-'' ‘sad’ → ''[[Contionary: trista#Europic|trista]]''. (Usually these are borrowings from Latin or Greek that have propagated across the continent.)
# If there is a clear root, but it begins with a vowel, choose an initial consonant (or cluster) from a parallel source: E.g. Romance ''-am-'' ‘love’ + Germanic/Slavic ''liub-' → ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyam-]]''.
# If there is a clear root, but it begins with a vowel, choose an initial consonant (or cluster) from a parallel source: E.g. Romance ''-am-'' ‘love’ + Germanic/Slavic ''liub-' → ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyam-]]''.
# If there are two clear roots and one is already used by Esperanto, use the other. E.g. Eo. ''[[wikt: hundo#Esperanto|hundo]]'', ''[[wikt: bovo#Esperanto|bovo]]'', ''[[wikt: ŝnuro#Esperanto|ŝnuro]]'' → Eu. ''[[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]]'', ''[[Contionary: vaku#Europic|vaku]]'', ''[[Contionary: kordu#Europic|kordu]]''.
# If there are two clear roots and one is already used by Esperanto, use the other. E.g. Eo. ''[[Contionary: wikt: hundo#Esperanto|hundo]]'', ''[[Contionary: wikt: bovo#Esperanto|bovo]]'', ''[[Contionary: wikt: ŝnuro#Esperanto|ŝnuro]]'' → Eu. ''[[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]]'', ''[[Contionary: vaku#Europic|vaku]]'', ''[[Contionary: kordu#Europic|kordu]]''.
# If there is a clear root, but it is larger than one syllable, condense it if possible. If it contains illicit consonant clusters, adjust according to the language’s repair strategy. E.g.: ''pastinak-'' ‘parsnips’ →  ''[[Contionary: stanku#Europic|stanku]]''.
# If there is a clear root, but it is larger than one syllable, condense it if possible. If it contains illicit consonant clusters, adjust according to the language’s repair strategy. E.g.: ''pastinak-'' ‘parsnips’ →  ''[[Contionary: stanku#Europic|stanku]]''.
====Prime Roots====
Roots are the primary semantic elements that make up every word. There are five types of root word:
# Basic roots make up the bulk of words in the language. They necessarily consist of an onset (a consonant or valid consonant cluster), a vowel, and a coda made up again of a consonant or consonant cluster. No basic roots are actual words: a final vowel is required to create a licit word.
## ''[[Contionary: √kan#Europic|kan‑]]'' ‘dog’ → ''[[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]]'' ‘dog’, ''[[Contionary: kana#Europic|kana]]'' ‘canine’
## ''[[Contionary: √vid#Europic|vid‑]]'' ‘eye~see’ → ''[[Contionary: vide#Europic|vide]]'' ‘to see’, ''[[Contionary: vida#Europic|vida]]'' ‘visual’, ''[[Contionary: vidu#Europic|vidu]]'' ‘eye’, ''[[Contionary: vidilu#Europic|vidilu]]'' ‘lens’
## ''[[Contionary: √brut#Europic|brut‑]]'' ‘use’ → ''[[Contionary: brute#Europic|brute]]'' ‘to use’, ''[[Contionary: bruta#Europic|bruta]]'' ‘used’, ''[[Contionary: brutu#Europic|brutu]]'' ‘use, usage’, ''[[Contionary: brutunya#Europic|brutunya]]'' ‘useless’
# Long roots are rare, and usually indicate a borrowing. The majority of original long roots were place names and personal names, as well as a handful of minor words which were not deemed important enough to have a dedicated basic root.
## ''[[Contionary: √djapan#Europic|djapan‑]]'' ‘Japan’ → ''[[Contionary: Djapaniyu#Europic|Djapaniyu]]'' ‘Japan’, ''[[Contionary: djapanicu#Europic|djapanicu]]'' ‘Japanese (language)’
## ''[[Contionary: √frangal#Europic|frangal‑]]'' ‘France’ → ''[[Contionary: frangala#Europic|frangala]]'' ‘French’, ''[[Contionary: frangaliya#Europic|frangaliya]]'' ‘from France’
## ''[[Contionary: √kanad#Europic|kanad‑]]'' ‘Canada’ → ''[[Contionary: kanadiya#Europic|kanadiya]]'' ‘Canadian’, ''[[Contionary: Kanadiyu#Europic|Kanadiyu]]'' ‘Canada’
# Affix roots consist of a vowel followed by a consonant (cluster).
## ''[[Contionary: √il#Europic|-il‑]]'' ‘tool’ → ''[[Contionary: bervilu#Europic|bervilu]]'' ‘kettle’, ''[[Contionary: cendilu#Europic|cendilu]]'' ‘staircase’, ''[[Contionary: metrilu#Europic|metrilu]]'' ‘measuring tool’
## ''[[Contionary: √or#Europic|-or‑]]'' ‘level’ → ''[[Contionary: plodoru#Europic|plodoru]]'' ‘volume’, ''[[Contionary: hugroru#Europic|hugroru]]'' ‘humidity’, ''[[Contionary: tejoru#Europic|tejoru]]'' ‘weight’
## ''[[Contionary: √al#Europic|-al‑]]'' ‘fraction’ → ''[[Contionary: tcerala#Europic|tcerala]]'' ‘quarter’, ''[[Contionary: duwalu#Europic|duwalu]]'' ‘half’, ''[[Contionary: triyalu#Europic|triyalu]]'' ‘one third’
# Particle roots consist of an onset and any vowel. Particles are usually full words in their own right, often prepositions, conjunctions, and other adverbial particles.
#Short-form roots consist of a single onset only. They consist of verbs, pronouns, and determiners. The verbs almost always have a full-form basic root equivalent which can be used interchangeably when alone; specific rules govern the use of which form to use in compounds. (See [[Contionary: #Short-form Verbs|Short-form Verbs]]). Pronouns consist of ''[[Contionary: √m#Europic|m‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √t#Europic|t‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √r#Europic|r‑]]'', and ''[[Contionary: √s#Europic|s‑]]''; determiners can also be made into pronouns, but require an affix to avoid confusion. The determiner roots are most often found as the first element of [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]].
=====Root Families=====
Roots do not exist in a vacuum. While roots consisting of similar sounds may be unrelated, there are some groupings of similar roots, especially across the short forms and particles. While short‑ and long-form verbs are obviously related (even edge-case ''[[Contionary: se#Europic|se]]''~''[[Contionary: heste#Europic|heste]]'' ‘to be’), there are some less obvious relationships across parts of speech among the particles.
For instance, short form ''[[Contionary: fye#Europic|fye]]'' ‘stop’ and cessative aspect particle ''[[Contionary: fu#Europic|fu]]'' ‘stop doing’ are generally grouped together, as are their opposites, ''[[Contionary: gye#Europic|gye]]'' ‘begin’, full form ''[[Contionary: gine#Europic|gine]]'', and inceptive aspect ''[[Contionary: gi#Europic|gi]]'' ‘start doing’. Some also consider future tense particle ''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]'' to belong to this family. There is negative concord across ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘not’ and ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]]'' ‘no, none’; ''dr‑'' may indicate opposing forces in ''[[Contionary: dra#Europic|dra]]'' ‘other’, ''[[Contionary: dri#Europic|dri]]'' ‘each other’, ''[[Contionary: dro#Europic|dro]]'' ‘and/or’, and ''[[Contionary: dru#Europic|dru]]'' ‘facing, opposite’; and ''dj‑'' indicates swiftness or immediacy in time with ''[[Contionary: dja#Europic|dja]]'' ‘already’, ''[[Contionary: dje#Europic|dje]]'' ‘just, only’, ''[[Contionary: dji#Europic|dji]]'' ‘up to, until’, ''[[Contionary: djo#Europic|djo]]'' (an immediacy particle) ‘just did, about to do’.


====Classical Calques====
====Classical Calques====
Instead of shoveling “universal” common borrowings directly into the language, there is a sort of formula by which Latin and Greek roots and affixes can be parsed and reassembled. Often, this results in very similar, familiar words, but equally often the resulting word bears no resemblance to the common terms we know and love.  
Instead of shoveling “universal” common borrowings directly into the language, there is a formula by which Latin and Greek roots and affixes can be parsed and reassembled. Often, this results in very similar, familiar words, but equally often the resulting word bears no resemblance to the common terms we know and love.  


=====Prefixes=====
=====Prefixes=====
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* '''''[[Contionary: ka#Europic|ka-]]''''' e-, ex- (‘out’): ''[[Contionary: ka-spete#Europic|ka-spete]]''  ‘expect’, ''[[Contionary: ka-tiratu#Europic|ka-tir-atu]]''  ‘extraction’
* '''''[[Contionary: ka#Europic|ka-]]''''' e-, ex- (‘out’): ''[[Contionary: ka-spete#Europic|ka-spete]]''  ‘expect’, ''[[Contionary: ka-tiratu#Europic|ka-tir-atu]]''  ‘extraction’
* '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le-]]''''' pre-, ante- (‘before’): ''[[Contionary: le-dikatu#Europic|le-dik-atu]]''  ‘prediction’, ''[[Contionary: le-vide#Europic|le-vide]]''  ‘preview’
* '''''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le-]]''''' pre-, ante- (‘before’): ''[[Contionary: le-dikatu#Europic|le-dik-atu]]''  ‘prediction’, ''[[Contionary: le-vide#Europic|le-vide]]''  ‘preview’
* '''''[[Contionary: me#Europic|me-]]''''' con-, syn- (‘with, together’): ''[[Contionary: me-klide#Europic|me-klide]]''  ‘conclude’, ''[[Contionary: me-sent-acu#Europic|me-sent-acu]]''  ‘sympathy’
* '''''[[Contionary: me#Europic|me-]]''''' con-, syn- (‘with, together’): ''[[Contionary: me-klide#Europic|me-klide]]''  ‘conclude’, ''[[Contionary: me-sentacu#Europic|me-sent-acu]]''  ‘sympathy’
* '''''[[Contionary: mi#Europic|mi-]]''''' inter- (‘between’): ''[[Contionary: mi-verpe#Europic|mi-verpe]]''  ‘interject’, ''[[Contionary: mi-kepe#Europic|mi-kepe]]''  ‘intercept’
* '''''[[Contionary: mi#Europic|mi-]]''''' inter- (‘between’): ''[[Contionary: mi-verpe#Europic|mi-verpe]]''  ‘interject’, ''[[Contionary: mi-kepe#Europic|mi-kepe]]''  ‘intercept’
* '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne-]]''''' in-, non- (‘un-, not’): ''[[Contionary: ne-kontabla#Europic|ne-kont-abla]]''  ‘uncountable’, ''[[Contionary: ne-kredabla#Europic|ne-kred-abla]]''  ‘incredible’
* '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne-]]''''' in-, non- (‘un-, not’): ''[[Contionary: ne-kontabla#Europic|ne-kont-abla]]''  ‘uncountable’, ''[[Contionary: ne-kredabla#Europic|ne-kred-abla]]''  ‘incredible’
* '''''[[Contionary: no#Europic|no-]]''''' in-, en- (‘in’): ''[[Contionary: no-hale#Europic|no-hale]]''  ‘inhale’, ''[[Contionary: no-feratu#Europic|no-fer-atu]]''  ‘inference’
* '''''[[Contionary: no#Europic|no-]]''''' in-, en- (‘in’): ''[[Contionary: no-hale#Europic|no-hale]]''  ‘inhale’, ''[[Contionary: no-feratu#Europic|no-fer-atu]]''  ‘inference’
* '''''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa-]]''''' pan-, tot-, omni- (‘all’): ''[[Contionary: pa-savanta#Europic|pa-sav-anta]]''  ‘omniscient’, ''[[Contionary: pa-diwismu#Europic|pa-diw-ismu]]''  ‘pantheism’
* '''''[[Contionary: pa#Europic|pa-]]''''' pan-, tot-, omni- (‘all’): ''[[Contionary: pa-saventa#Europic|pa-sav-enta]]''  ‘omniscient’, ''[[Contionary: pa-diwismu#Europic|pa-diw-ismu]]''  ‘pantheism’
* '''''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe-]]''''' per- (‘by way of, for’): ''[[Contionary: pe-gane#Europic|pe-gane]]''  ‘forgive’, ''[[Contionary: pe-kepe#Europic|pe-kepe]]''  ‘perceive’
* '''''[[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe-]]''''' per- (‘by way of, for’): ''[[Contionary: pe-gane#Europic|pe-gane]]''  ‘forgive’, ''[[Contionary: pe-kepe#Europic|pe-kepe]]''  ‘perceive’
* '''''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro-]]''''' pro- (‘forward, for’): ''[[Contionary: pro-dukacu#Europic|pro-duk-acu]]''  ‘production’, ''[[Contionary: pro-verpe#Europic|pro-verpe]]''  ‘project’
* '''''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro-]]''''' pro- (‘forward, for’): ''[[Contionary: pro-dukacu#Europic|pro-duk-acu]]''  ‘production’, ''[[Contionary: pro-verpe#Europic|pro-verpe]]''  ‘project’
* '''''[[Contionary: re#Europic|re-]]''''' re- (‘back, again’): ''[[Contionary: re-rulacu#Europic|re-rul-acu]]''  ‘revolution’, ''[[Contionary: re-plene#Europic|re-plene]]''  ‘reply’
* '''''[[Contionary: re#Europic|re-]]''''' re- (‘back, again’): ''[[Contionary: re-rulacu#Europic|re-rul-acu]]''  ‘revolution’, ''[[Contionary: re-plene#Europic|re-plene]]''  ‘reply’
* '''''[[Contionary: so#Europic|so-]]''''' sub-, hypo- (‘down, under’): ''[[Contionary: so-plenatu#Europic|so-plen-atu]]''  ‘supply’, ''[[Contionary: so-swivanta#Europic|so-swiv-anta]]''  ‘subsequent’
* '''''[[Contionary: so#Europic|so-]]''''' sub-, hypo- (‘down, under’): ''[[Contionary: so-plenatu#Europic|so-plen-atu]]''  ‘supply’, ''[[Contionary: so-swiventa#Europic|so-swiv-enta]]''  ‘subsequent’
* '''''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]''''' contra-, anti- (‘against’): ''[[Contionary: to-dike#Europic|to-dike]]''  ‘contradict’, ''[[Contionary: to-no-dikacu#Europic|to-no-dik-acu]]''  ‘counter-indication’
* '''''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]''''' contra-, anti- (‘against’): ''[[Contionary: to-dike#Europic|to-dike]]''  ‘contradict’, ''[[Contionary: to-nodikacu#Europic|to-no-dik-acu]]''  ‘counter-indication’
* '''''[[Contionary: tra#Europic|tra-]]''''' tra-, trans- (‘through’): ''[[Contionary: tra-fere#Europic|tra-fere]]''  ‘transfer’, ''[[Contionary: tra-yite#Europic|tra-yite]]''  ‘transit’
* '''''[[Contionary: tra#Europic|tra-]]''''' tra-, trans- (‘through’): ''[[Contionary: tra-fere#Europic|tra-fere]]''  ‘transfer’, ''[[Contionary: tra-yite#Europic|tra-yite]]''  ‘transit’
* '''''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va-]]''''' ante- (‘in front of’): ''[[Contionary: le-va-bi-kinsa#Europic|le-va-bi-kinsa]]''  ‘preantepenultimate’, ''[[Contionary: va-kombru#Europic|va-kombru]]''  ‘anteroom’
* '''''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va-]]''''' ante- (‘in front of’): ''[[Contionary: le-va-bi-kinsa#Europic|le-va-bi-kinsa]]''  ‘preantepenultimate’, ''[[Contionary: va-kombru#Europic|va-kombru]]''  ‘anteroom’
Line 2,047: Line 2,159:
* '''''[[Contionary: diwu#Europic|diw]]''''' de(o)-, theo- (‘god’)
* '''''[[Contionary: diwu#Europic|diw]]''''' de(o)-, theo- (‘god’)
* '''''[[Contionary: duke#Europic|duk]]''''' duct, duce (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: tra-duke#Europic|tra-duke]]''  ‘translate’, ''[[Contionary: pro-dukatu#Europic|pro-duk-atu]]''  ‘product’
* '''''[[Contionary: duke#Europic|duk]]''''' duct, duce (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: tra-duke#Europic|tra-duke]]''  ‘translate’, ''[[Contionary: pro-dukatu#Europic|pro-duk-atu]]''  ‘product’
* '''''[[Contionary: grade#Europic|grad]]''''' -grade, -gress (‘step’): ''[[Contionary: retre-grada#Europic|re-tre-grad-a]]''  ‘retrograde’, ''[[Contionary: de-grade#Europic|de-grade]]''  ‘degrade’
* '''''[[Contionary: grade#Europic|grad]]''''' -grade, -gress (‘step’): ''[[Contionary: retri-grada#Europic|re-tri-grad-a]]''  ‘retrograde’, ''[[Contionary: de-grade#Europic|de-grade]]''  ‘degrade’
* '''''[[Contionary: grafe#Europic|graf]]''''' -scribe, -gram, -graphy (‘write’): ''[[Contionary: byuva-grafatu#Europic|byuva-graf-atu]]''  ‘biography’, ''[[Contionary: luma-grafu#Europic|luma-grafu]]''  ‘photograph’
* '''''[[Contionary: grafe#Europic|graf]]''''' -scribe, -gram, -graphy (‘write’): ''[[Contionary: byuva-grafatu#Europic|byuva-graf-atu]]''  ‘biography’, ''[[Contionary: luma-grafu#Europic|luma-grafu]]''  ‘photograph’
* '''''[[Contionary: kade#Europic|kad]]''''' -cide (‘fall’): ''[[Contionary: de-kade#Europic|de-kade]]''  ‘decide’, ''[[Contionary: me-no-kadatu#Europic|me-no-kad-atu]]''  ‘coincidence’
* '''''[[Contionary: kade#Europic|kad]]''''' -cide (‘fall’): ''[[Contionary: de-kade#Europic|de-kade]]''  ‘decide’, ''[[Contionary: me-no-kadatu#Europic|me-no-kad-atu]]''  ‘coincidence’
Line 2,053: Line 2,165:
* '''''[[Contionary: klagru#Europic|klagr]]''''' carn-, sarc- (‘meat’): ''[[Contionary: klagralya#Europic|klagr-alya]]''  ‘carnivorous’, ''[[Contionary:  re-no-klagra-de#Europic| re-no-klagra-de]]''  ‘reincarnate’
* '''''[[Contionary: klagru#Europic|klagr]]''''' carn-, sarc- (‘meat’): ''[[Contionary: klagralya#Europic|klagr-alya]]''  ‘carnivorous’, ''[[Contionary:  re-no-klagra-de#Europic| re-no-klagra-de]]''  ‘reincarnate’
* '''''[[Contionary: klide#Europic|klid]]''''' -clude (‘close’): ''[[Contionary: no-klide#Europic|no-klide]]''  ‘include’, ''[[Contionary: ka-klide#Europic|ka-klide]]''  ‘exclude’
* '''''[[Contionary: klide#Europic|klid]]''''' -clude (‘close’): ''[[Contionary: no-klide#Europic|no-klide]]''  ‘include’, ''[[Contionary: ka-klide#Europic|ka-klide]]''  ‘exclude’
* '''''[[Contionary: kweme#Europic|kwem]]''''' -vent, -vene (‘come’): ''[[Contionary: me-kweme#Europic|me-kweme]]''  ‘convene’, ''[[Contionary: da-kwematu#Europic|da-kwem-atu]]''  ‘adventure’
* '''''[[Contionary: kweme#Europic|kwem]]''''' -vent, -vene (‘come’): ''[[Contionary: me-kweme#Europic|me-kweme]]''  ‘convene’, ''[[Contionary: da-kwematu#Europic|da-kwem-atu]]''  ‘adventure’
* '''''[[Contionary: lumu#Europic|lum]]''''' -lumin, -luc, -photo (‘light’): ''[[Contionary: luma-me-ponatu#Europic|luma-me-pon-atu]]''  ‘photosynthesis’
* '''''[[Contionary: lumu#Europic|lum]]''''' -lumin, -luc, -photo (‘light’): ''[[Contionary: luma-meponatu#Europic|luma-me-pon-atu]]''  ‘photosynthesis’
* '''''[[Contionary: mete#Europic|met]]''''' -mit, -met, -pon (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-metatu#Europic|me-met-atu]]''  ‘committee’, ''[[Contionary: tra-mete#Europic|tra-mete]]''  ‘transmit’
* '''''[[Contionary: mete#Europic|met]]''''' -mit, -met, -pon (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-metatu#Europic|me-met-atu]]''  ‘committee’, ''[[Contionary: tra-mete#Europic|tra-mete]]''  ‘transmit’
* '''''[[Contionary: morfe#Europic|morf]]''''' mut-, morph-, form- (‘change’): ''[[Contionary: tra-morfe#Europic|tra-morfe]]''  ‘transform’, ''[[Contionary: ka-morfatu#Europic|ka-morf-atu]]''  ‘exchange’
* '''''[[Contionary: morfe#Europic|morf]]''''' mut-, morph-, form- (‘change’): ''[[Contionary: tra-morfe#Europic|tra-morfe]]''  ‘transform’, ''[[Contionary: ka-morfatu#Europic|ka-morf-atu]]''  ‘exchange’
* '''''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muj]]''''' multi-, poly- (‘many’): ''[[Contionary: mujangla#Europic|muj-angla]]''  ‘polygonal’, ''[[Contionary: muja-tranka#Europic|muja-tranka]]''  ‘multi-faceted’
* '''''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muj]]''''' multi-, poly- (‘many’): ''[[Contionary: mujangla#Europic|muj-angla]]''  ‘polygonal’, ''[[Contionary: muja-tranka#Europic|muja-tranka]]''  ‘multi-faceted’
* '''''[[Contionary: pone#Europic|pon]]''''' pon-, pos-, thes- (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-ponacu#Europic|me-pon-acu]]''  ‘composition, synthesis’
* '''''[[Contionary: pone#Europic|pon]]''''' pon-, pos-, thes- (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-ponacu#Europic|me-pon-acu]]''  ‘composition, synthesis’
* '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire]]''  ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]''  ‘subtraction’
* '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire]]''  ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]''  ‘subtraction’
* '''''[[Contionary: trewe#Europic|trew]]''''' -fide (‘trust’): ''[[Contionary: me-trewe#Europic|me-trewe]]''  ‘confide’, ''[[Contionary: di-trewalya#Europic|di-trew-alya]]''  ‘diffident’
* '''''[[Contionary: trewe#Europic|trew]]''''' -fide (‘trust’): ''[[Contionary: me-trewe#Europic|me-trewe]]''  ‘confide’, ''[[Contionary: di-trewalya#Europic|di-trew-alya]]''  ‘diffident’
* '''''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verp]]''''' -ject (‘throw’): ''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]]''  ‘inject’, ''[[Contionary: kri-verpu#Europic|kri-verpu]]''  ‘environment’
* '''''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verp]]''''' -ject (‘throw’): ''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]]''  ‘inject’, ''[[Contionary: kri-verpu#Europic|kri-verpu]]''  ‘environment’
* '''''[[Contionary: vide#Europic|vid]]''''' vis-, vid- (‘see’): ''[[Contionary: pi-vidantu#Europic|pi-vid-antu]]''  ‘supervisor’, ''[[Contionary: ka-vidatu#Europic|ka-vid-atu]]''  ‘evidence’
* '''''[[Contionary: vide#Europic|vid]]''''' vis-, vid- (‘see’): ''[[Contionary: pi-vidatru#Europic|pi-vid-atru]]''  ‘supervisor’, ''[[Contionary: ka-vidatu#Europic|ka-vid-atu]]''  ‘evidence’
 
=====Suffixes=====
* '''''[[Contionary: -abla#Europic|-abla]]''''' -able, -ible (‘able’): ''[[Contionary: re-tirabla#Europic|re-tir-abla]]''  ‘retractable’, ''[[Contionary: kredabla#Europic|kred-abla]]''  ‘credible’
* '''''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]''''' -ation, -ing (‘action’): ''[[Contionary: ka-plenacu#Europic|ka-plen-acu]]''  ‘occupation’, ''[[Contionary: tra-portacu#Europic|tra-port-acu]]''  ‘transportation’
* '''''[[Contionary: -alya#Europic|-alya]]''''' -ive, -al (‘tendency towards’): ''[[Contionary: lestalya#Europic|lest-alya]]''  ‘estival’, ''[[Contionary: nebalya#Europic|neb-alya]]''  ‘nebulous’
* '''''[[Contionary: -atu#Europic|-atu]]''''' -ate, -ment, -Vnce (‘result’): ''[[Contionary: falatu#Europic|fal-atu]]''  ‘requirement’, ''[[Contionary: hestatu#Europic|hest-atu]]''  ‘existence’
* '''''[[Contionary: -de#Europic|-de]]''''' (from derte) -ify, -ficate (‘do, make’): ''[[Contionary: klarade#Europic|klara-de]]''  ‘clarify’, ''[[Contionary: falsade#Europic|falsa-de]]''  ‘falsify’
* '''''[[Contionary: -icu#Europic|-icu]]''''' -ic, -ish, -ian (‘language’): ''[[Contionary: frangalicu#Europic|frangal-icu]]''  ‘French’, ''[[Contionary: latinicu#Europic|latin-icu]]''  ‘Latin’
* '''''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]''''' -ism (‘ideology’)¹: ''[[Contionary: ne-diwismu#Europic|ne-diw-ismu]]''  ‘atheism’, ''[[Contionary: pradismu#Europic|prad-ismu]]''  ‘pacifism’
* '''''[[Contionary: -ita#Europic|-ita]]''''' -ate, -icated (‘done’): ''[[Contionary: di-lanyita#Europic|di-lany-ita]]''  ‘torn asunder’, ''[[Contionary: mortita#Europic|mort-ita]]''  ‘dead’
* '''''[[Contionary: -itu#Europic|-itu]]''''' -ity, -ness (‘state’): ''[[Contionary: kalditu#Europic|kald-itu]]''  ‘heat’, ''[[Contionary: klaritu#Europic|klar-itu]]''  ‘clarity’
* '''''[[Contionary: -oru#Europic|-oru]]''''' -ure, -ity, -th (‘level’): ''[[Contionary: fondoru#Europic|fond-oru]]''  ‘depth’, ''[[Contionary:  kaldoru#Europic| kald-oru]]''  ‘temperature’
* '''''[[Contionary: -osa#Europic|-osa]]''''' -ous, -ful (‘replete with’) ''[[Contionary: priklosa#Europic|prikl-osa]]''  ‘perilous’, ''[[Contionary: gratcosa#Europic|gratc-osa]]''  ‘grateful’
¹ <small>NB: ''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]'' is calqued from ''-ism'' only for ideologies ''in favour of'' (''pro'') something (e.g. ''pacifism'', ''nationalism'', ''fascism''). An ideology ''in opposition to'' something must be prefixed with ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: to-velismu#Europic|to-velismu]]'' ‘ageism’, ''[[Contionary: to-pelaklarvismu#Europic|to-(pela)klarvismu]]'' ‘racism’). ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|To-]]'' also calques ''anti-'' or ''counter''/''contra-'' in terms like ''anti-semitism'' or ''counter-terrorism''. So terms like ‘anti-racism’ take an additional prefix of ''[[Contionary: dru#Europic|dru-]]'' ‘in opposition’ to avoid reduplicating the prefix, e.g. ''[[Contionary: dru-toklarvismu#Europic|dru-toklarvismu]]'' ‘anti-racism’. But that is beyond the scope of calques at this point.</small>
 
Note that some of these calques are more “performative” than accurate. In Latin and Greek, there are often superfluous affixes that don’t contribute directly to the meaning of the word (for example, many words ending in ''-tion'' could be calqued directly to a noun rather than adding the abstract ''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]'' suffix, but it is kept anyway for recognition purposes. Furthermore, some of the calque “blocks” don’t translate their Europic meaning directly; for example, ''de-'' does not faithfully translate ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'', e.g. ‘de-scend’ → ''[[Contionary: decende#Europic|de-cende]]'': ''de'' here would be more accurately translated with ''[[Contionary: so-tri#Europic|so-tri]]'', though non-calque form ''[[Contionary: sotri-cende#Europic|sotri-cende]]'' exists as a synonym. Another oblique match-up is ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]'', which is often better translated as ''[[Contionary: va-tri#Europic|va-tri]]'' ‘forward’, though ''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]'' only occurs in calques as an equivalent of ''[[Contionary: wikt: ante#Latin|ante]]''.
 
====Hyphenation====
While it plays only a minor role in the overall structure of the language, hyphenation in Europic has a storied and contentious history, and prescriptive usage never entirely aligned with best practices.
 
In Chrysanthi’s original proposal of Europic, he argued not only that every morpheme of every word should be separated by hyphens, but also that all elements of every ''phrase'' should be joined by them as well. The result was a bit reminiscent of the transcription of Hittite, known to be one of his interests, which probably inspired the idea. Adverbs and particles were joined to their verbs, and noun phrases were completely connected from preposition through adjective to plural particle. For example, consider the following common phrase: ‘Emilio used to go to France to buy green kazoos for her.’
 
Chrysanthi: ''Milyu stu-le-yite da-Frangal-iyu pro-ke budje na-zumba-su-grena-ya we-ru.''<br />
''Memetatu'': ''[[Contionary: Milyu#Europic|Milyu]] [[Contionary: stu-le#Europic|stu-le]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]] [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: Frangaliyu#Europic|Frangaliyu]] [[Contionary: pro-ke#Europic|pro-ke]] [[Contionary: budje#Europic|budje]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: zumbasu#Europic|zumbasu]] [[Contionary: grena#Europic|grena]] [[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]] [[Contionary: we#Europic|we]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]].''<br />
(Vulgar European: ''Milyu stul’ite da Frangliu proke budje na zumbasui grenai werù.'')<br />
 
While this kind of hyphenation served to nicely bracket many of the phrases in a way that may have simplified learning the grammar, the ''[[Memetatu]]'' opted to avoid hyphenating suffixes, prepositions, and particles that followed a main term, resulting in the stress of all words being completely predictable. (Chrysanthi fought hard for the inclusion of hyphens after prepositions, but it was struck down on the basis that this would change the stress of sequences where prepositions preceded pronouns, e.g. ''[[na#Europic|na]] [[mu#Europic|mù]]'', vs. ''[[na#Europic|nà]]-[[mu#Europic|mu]]''. The first version released by the ''Memetatu'', however, still hyphenated most morphemes, including all elements of compounds.
 
A spelling reform in 2101ᴀᴅ removed more hyphens, offering the opinion that when multiple words are compounded, the hyphens should be removed from the most closely associated terms (which is essentially how people had been using them anyway). For example, in the adverbial particles: ''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]'' ‘would’ → ''[[Contionary: ha-gole#Europic|ha-gole]]'' ‘would have’ (formerly ''[[Contionary: ha-gole#Europic|ha-go-le]]''). The hyphen between ''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]'' and ''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]'' is removed, because they are more closely related: They are both tenses, while ''[[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]]'' is an aspect.
* ''[[Contionary: vide#Europic|Vide]]'' + ''[[Contionary: pe-kepilu#Europic|pe-kepilu]]'' → ''[[Contionary: vida-pekepilu#Europic|vida-pekepilu]]'' ‘optical sensor’
* ''[[Contionary: go#Europic|Go]]'' + ''[[Contionary: mi-daju#Europic|mi-daju]]'' → ''[[Contionary: go-midaju#Europic|go-midaju]]'' ‘afternoon’
* ''[[Contionary: mu-tu#Europic|Mu-tu]]'' + ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'' → ''[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutu-ya]]'' ‘we all’ (also fully condensed → ''[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutuya]]'')
* ''[[Contionary: mi-daju#Europic|Mi-daju]]'' + ''[[Contionary: mandju#Europic|mandju]]'' → ''[[Contionary: mi-daja-mandju#Europic|midaja-mandju]]'' ‘lunch’
 
A general guideline was issued that a word should contain a maximum of one hyphen, with very few exceptions where further compounding was impractical or ambiguous, e.g.:
* ''[[Contionary: ki-byuva-grafatu#Europic|ki-byuva-grafatu]]'' ‘auto-biography’ (“self-life-writing”)
* ''[[Contionary: ku-pano-la#Europic|ku-pano-la]]'' ‘perpetual’ (“repeatedly-forever-wise”)
* ''[[Contionary: no-flasku-me#Europic|no-flasku-me]]'' ‘to bottle’ (“in-bottle-put”)
The hyphen that remains should serve as a kind of bracketing, e.g.:
* ''[[Contionary: meglivaska-ru#Europic|meglivaska-ru]]'' ‘adult, grown-up’ (''[[Contionary: megli-vaska#Europic|megli-vaska]]'' [“large-grown”] + ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' [“person”]: contrast with ''[[Contionary: megli#Europic|megli]]'' [“large”] + ''[[Contionary: vaska#Europic|vaska-]][[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]''  [“growth-person”])


=====Suffixes=====
Some other hyphenation guidelines:
* '''''[[Contionary: -abla#Europic|-abla]]''''' -able, -ible (‘able’): ''[[Contionary: re-tirabla#Europic|re-tir-abla]]''  ‘retractable’, ''[[Contionary: kredabla#Europic|kred-abla]]''  ‘credible’
* When short-form verbs (and their derivations) are used as a suffix, they should be hyphenated: E.g. ''[[Contionary: blanka-de#Europic|blanka-de]]'' ‘to whiten’, ''[[Contionary: wecku-ge#Europic|wecku-ge]]'' ‘to poison’, ''[[Contionary: skulku-matru#Europic|skulku-matru]]'' ‘accuser’
* '''''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]''''' -ation, -ing (‘action’): ''[[Contionary: ka-plenacu#Europic|ka-plen-acu]]''  ‘occupation’, ''[[Contionary: tra-portacu#Europic|tra-port-acu]]''  ‘transportation’
* ''[[Contionary: -su#Europic|-su]]'' ‘thing’ and ''[[Contionary: -ru#Europic|‑ru]]'' ‘person’ should be hyphenated when suffixed to another complete morpheme, but they are not hyphenated in correlatives: E.g. ''[[Contionary: motra-ru#Europic|motra-ru]]'' ‘mechanic’ (“motor-person”) but ''[[Contionary: naru#Europic|naru]]'' ‘no one’ (“no-person”).
* '''''[[Contionary: -alya#Europic|-alya]]''''' -ive, -al (‘tendency towards’): ''[[Contionary: lestalya#Europic|lest-alya]]''  ‘estival’, ''[[Contionary: nebalya#Europic|neb-alya]]''  ‘nebulous’
* “Stacked” prefixes are usually still separated by hyphens, especially where they might otherwise create a new element that can be confused for a root.
* '''''[[Contionary: -atu#Europic|-atu]]''''' -ate, -ment, -Vnce (‘result’): ''[[Contionary: falatu#Europic|fal-atu]]''  ‘requirement’, ''[[Contionary: hestatu#Europic|hest-atu]]''  ‘existence’
* '''''[[Contionary: -de#Europic|-de]]''''' (from derte) -ify, -ficate (‘do, make’): ''[[Contionary: klarade#Europic|klara-de]]''  ‘clarify’, ''[[Contionary: falsade#Europic|falsa-de]]''  ‘falsify’
* '''''[[Contionary: -icu#Europic|-icu]]''''' -ic, -ish, -ian (‘language’): ''[[Contionary: frangalicu#Europic|frangal-icu]]''  ‘French’, ''[[Contionary: latinicu#Europic|latin-icu]]'' ‘Latin’
* '''''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]''''' -ism (‘ideology’)¹: ''[[Contionary: ne-diwismu#Europic|ne-diw-ismu]]'' ‘atheism’, ''[[Contionary: pradismu#Europic|prad-ismu]]''  ‘pacifism’
* '''''[[Contionary: -ita#Europic|-ita]]''''' -ate, -icated (‘done’): ''[[Contionary: di-lanyita#Europic|di-lany-ita]]''  ‘torn asunder’, ''[[Contionary: mortita#Europic|mort-ita]]''  ‘dead’
* '''''[[Contionary: -itu#Europic|-itu]]''''' -ity, -ness (‘state’): ''[[Contionary: kalditu#Europic|kald-itu]]''  ‘heat’, ''[[Contionary: klaritu#Europic|klar-itu]]'' ‘clarity’
* '''''[[Contionary: -oru#Europic|-oru]]''''' -ure, -ity, -th (‘level’): ''[[Contionary: fondoru#Europic|fond-oru]]''  ‘depth’, ''[[Contionary:  kaldoru#Europic| kald-oru]]''  ‘temperature’
* '''''[[Contionary: -osa#Europic|-osu]]''''' -ous, -ful (‘replete with’) ''[[Contionary: priklosa#Europic|prikl-osa]]''  ‘perilous’, ''[[Contionary: gratcosa#Europic|gratc-osa]]''  ‘grateful’
¹ <small>NB: ''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]'' is calqued from ''-ism'' only for ideologies ''for'' (''pro'') something (e.g. ''pacifism'', ''nationalism'', ''fascism''). An ideology ''against'' something must be prefixed with ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: to-velismu#Europic|to-velismu]]'' ‘ageism’, ''[[Contionary: to-pelaklarvismu#Europic|to-(pela)klarvismu]]'' ‘racism’). ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|To-]]'' also calques ''anti-'' or ''counter''/''contra-'' in terms like ''anti-semitism'' or ''counter-terrorism''. So terms like ‘anti-racism’ take an additional prefix of ''[[Contionary: flo#Europic|flo-]]'' ‘in opposition’ to avoid reduplicating the prefix, e.g. ''[[Contionary: flo-to-klarvismu#Europic|flo-to-klarvismu]]'' ‘anti-racism’. But that is beyond the scope of calques at this point.</small>
 
Note that some of these calques are more “performative” than accurate. In Latin and Greek, there are often superfluous affixes that don’t contribute directly to the meaning of the word (for example, many words ending in ''-tion'' could be calqued directly to a noun rather than adding the abstract ''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]'' suffix, but it is kept anyway for recognition purposes. Furthermore, some of the calque “blocks” don’t translate their Europic meaning directly; for example, ''de-'' does not faithfully translate ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'', e.g. ‘de-scend’→''[[Contionary: decende#Europic|de-cende]]'': ''de'' here would be more accurately translated with ''[[Contionary: so-tri#Europic|so-tri]]'', though non-calque form ''[[Contionary: sotre-cende#Europic|sotre-cende]]'' exists as a synonym. Another oblique match-up is ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]'', which is often better translated as ''[[Contionary: va-tri#Europic|va-tri]]'' ‘forward’, though ''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]'' only occurs in calques as an equivalent of ''[[wikt: ante#Latin|ante]]''.
 
====Hyphenation====
While it plays only a minor role in the overall structure of the language, hyphenation in Europic has a storied and contentious history, and prescriptive usage never entirely aligned with best practices.  


In Chrysanthi’s original proposal of Europic, he argued not only that every morpheme of every word should be separated by hyphens, but also that all elements of every ''phrase'' should be joined by them as well. The result was a bit reminiscent of the transcription of Hittite, known to be one of his interests, which probably inspired the idea. Adverbs and particles were joined to their verbs, and noun phrases were completely connected from preposition through adjective to plural particle. For example, consider the following common phrase: ‘Emilio used to go to France to buy green kazoos for her.’
While these style guides are helpful, the likelihood of their consistent, correct usage is only slightly more widespread than that of your/you’re and there/their/they’re.


Chrysanthi: ''Milyu stu-le-yite da-Frangal-iyu pro-ke budje na-zumba-su-grena-ya we-ru.''<br />
====Names====
''Memetatu'': ''[[Contionary: Milyu#Europic|Milyu]] [[Contionary: stu-le#Europic|stu-le]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]] [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: Frangaliyu#Europic|Frangaliyu]] [[Contionary: pro-ke#Europic|pro-ke]] [[Contionary: budje#Europic|budje]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: zumbasu#Europic|zumbasu]] [[Contionary: grena#Europic|grena]] [[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]] [[Contionary: we#Europic|we]] [[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]].''<br />
Names are the most “open” category in the language, often open to interpretation, modification, contraction, and other processes which are not usually otherwise permissible or grammatical. Most names take a “long root,” but many – especially personal names – have short root “nickname” forms, e.g. ''[[Contionary: Danyelu#Europic|Danyelu]]'' ‘Daniel, Danielle’ with short form ''[[Contionary: Danyu#Europic|Danyu]]'' ‘Dan, Danny’.  
(Vulgar European: ''Milyu stule ite da Frangaliu proke budje na zumbasui grenai weru.'')<br />
(Iropich: ''Milj da Thrangli steuljitj preokj veorh na sumbaosh grene beuqj.'' [miʎ də θraŋɡˈli stɛʊ̯ˈʎiʨ prɛʊ̯kɕ vɛʊ̮ʀ nə sumˈbɔʂ ˈɡrene bɛʊ̯ɣʲ])


=====Personal Names=====
At its inception, [[Syd Chrysanthi|Chrysanthi]] provided many samples of potential names, but advised that names – especially personal names – be left open to interpretation.


While this kind of hyphenation served to nicely bracket many of the phrases in a way that may have simplified learning the grammar, the ''Memetatu'' opted to avoid hyphenating suffixes, prepositions, and particles that followed a main term, resulting in the stress of all words being completely predictable. (Chrysanthi fought hard for the inclusion of hyphens after prepositions, but it was struck down on the basis that this would change the stress of sequences where prepositions preceded pronouns, e.g. ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: mu#Europic|mù]]'', vs. ''[[Contionary: na#Europic|nà]]-[[Contionary: mu#Europic|mu]]''. The first version released by the ''Memetatu'', however, still hyphenated most morphemes, including all elements of compounds.  
Most names have a default long root form and one or more short-form variants, although a few short names do not have a long form, and vice versa. Per Chrysanthi, as long as it conforms to the [[#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] and [[#Morphology|morphology]] of the language, any one‑ or two-syllable word could be a name.


A spelling reform in 2101ᴀᴅ removed more hyphens, offering the opinion that when multiple words are compounded, the hyphens should be removed from the most closely associated terms (which is essentially how people had been using them anyway). For example, in the adverbial particles: ''[[Contionary: go-le#Europic|go-le]]'' ‘would’ → ''[[Contionary: ha-go-le#Europic|ha-gole]]'' ‘would have’ (formerly ''[[Contionary: ha-go-le#Europic|ha-go-le]]''). The hyphen between ''[[Contionary: go#Europic|go]]'' and ''[[Contionary: le#Europic|le]]'' is removed, because they are more closely related: They are both tenses, while ''[[Contionary: ha#Europic|ha]]'' is an aspect.
=====Toponyms (Place Names)=====
* [[Contionary: vide#Europic|Vide]] + [[Contionary: pe-kepilu#Europic|pe-kepilu]] → [[Contionary: vida-pekepilu#Europic|vida-pekepilu]] ‘optical sensor’
Toponyms are usually comprised of long roots, often with additional affixes such as ''[[Contionary: -iyu#Europic|‑iyu]]'' to indicate a country name. Names of cities are usually just long roots with no additions.
* [[Contionary: go#Europic|Go]] + [[Contionary: mi-daju#Europic|mi-daju]] → [[Contionary: go-midaju#Europic|go-midaju]]  ‘afternoon’
* [[Contionary: mu-tu#Europic|Mu-tu]] + [[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]] → [[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutu-ya]] ‘we all’
* [[Contionary: mi-daju#Europic|Mi-daju]] + [[Contionary: mandju#Europic|mandju]] → [[Contionary: mi-daja-mandju#Europic|midaja-mandju]] ‘lunch’
 
A general guideline was issued that a word should contain a maximum of one hyphen, with very few exceptions where further compounding was impractical or ambiguous, e.g.:
* [[Contionary: ki-byuva-grafatu#Europic|ki-byuva-grafatu]] ‘auto-biography’ (“self-life-writing”)
* [[Contionary: ku-pano-la#Europic|ku-pano-la]] ‘perpetual’ (“repeatedly-forever-wise”)


====Kinship Terms====
====Kinship Terms====
Line 2,143: Line 2,274:
(I use the awkward but slightly less cumbersome non-gendered terms ''nibling'' for ‘niece or nephew’ and ''auncle'' for ‘aunt or uncle’ – I know, I hate it too, but sometimes you just have to accept the least horrible options. ''Child'' here should be understood as ‘son or daughter’ rather than any random small human.)
(I use the awkward but slightly less cumbersome non-gendered terms ''nibling'' for ‘niece or nephew’ and ''auncle'' for ‘aunt or uncle’ – I know, I hate it too, but sometimes you just have to accept the least horrible options. ''Child'' here should be understood as ‘son or daughter’ rather than any random small human.)


There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[swekru|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[camu|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[brata-swekru|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[brata-camu|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[vatra-caminu|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.”
There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[Contionary: swekru|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[Contionary: camu|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[Contionary: brata-swekru|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[Contionary: brata-camu|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[Contionary: vatra-caminu|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.”


There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[go-niku|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[le-nonu|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’.
There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[Contionary: go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[Contionary: le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: go-niku|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[Contionary: le-nonu|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’.


====Lexicon====
====Lexicon====
* '''[[:Category: Europic words|Complete List of Europic Words]]'''
* '''[[:Category: Europic words|Complete List of Europic Words]]'''
* '''[[Europic/Swadesh|Swadesh List (Europic only)]]'''
* '''[[Swadesh/Europic|Swedesh List (Europic only)]]'''
 
====[[Europic/Phrasebook|Phrasebook]]====
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