Aryan: Difference between revisions

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===Pronouns [...]===

[...]

====Personal Pronouns====

====Personal Pronouns=====

~~Third-person pronouns ...~~

~~DILUVIAN PARTICLES ... -n (gen), -pʰa (dat)~~

~~https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288955?read-now~~=~~1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ...~~

[...]

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The particle <''*m''> gains the property of the serial particle <''*s''> when the latter conflates with the absolute particle ''*s'' (this contamination was likely encouraged due the presence of ''*m'' in the accusative). Vide the genitive plural of the third-person:

The particle <''*m''> gains the property of the serial particle <''*s''> when the latter conflates with the absolute particle ''*ts'' (this contamination was likely encouraged due the presence of ''*m'' in the accusative). Vide the genitive plural of the third-person:

: ''*ítsi̯am'' (Aryan) > ''*éysom'' (PIE) ⇒ ''eum'' (Latin)

~~Analysis~~

*The primordial form of ''*aiǵṓn'' (PIE ''*eǵHóm'') is ''ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː'' (Codex), which would regularly yield ''*aíō'', yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <''*ǵ''> is inserted, plus the affixation of <''*n''>, more securely assumed as a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "I".

*There is a emphatic series of third-person pronouns (i.e. ''*h0i'' "he", ''*ih0'' "she", ''*id́'' "it"). [...] pronouns is, ea, id [...] The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns are morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore cannot stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').

~~Reanalysis~~

*When inflected, lemmas are weakened

**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*tu̯h0'', the form ''*eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.

**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*tu̯h0'', the form ''*h1eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.

*The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /ɔːn/ ⇒ /ɔwn/ ⇒ /ɔm/).

**This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular.

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*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs.

**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).

*In Aryan, third-person pronouns possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh0i'' "he" > ''*h0naír h0í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').

**As a result, the clitic counterparts gained a sense as proximal demonstratives of PIE, being evident in forms such as Latin ''is'' "he", ''ea'' "she", and ''id'' "it", whose anaphoric use prohibts them to stand by themselves.

***e.g. ''*h0í'' "he" ⇒ ''*éy'' "this"; ''*ih0'' "she" ⇒ ''*ih2''; ''*íts'' "it" ⇒ ''*íd'' "this".

====Demonstrative Pronouns====

[..]

tsar > *só "that"

-om (emphatic)

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''*aítsaras'' "~~that~~ one" > ''*h1íteros'' "(an)other"

''*aítsaras'' "one there" > ''*h1íteros'' "(an)other"

-tar (loc.)

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 ===Pronouns [...]===
+[...]
-====Personal Pronouns====
+====Personal Pronouns=====
-Third-person pronouns ...
-DILUVIAN PARTICLES ... -n (gen), -pʰa (dat)
-https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288955?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ...
+[...]
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 3,112: / Line 3,100: @@
 |}
-The particle <''*m''> gains the property of the serial particle <''*s''> when the latter conflates with the absolute particle ''*s'' (this contamination was likely encouraged due the presence of ''*m'' in the accusative). Vide the genitive plural of the third-person:
+The particle <''*m''> gains the property of the serial particle <''*s''> when the latter conflates with the absolute particle ''*ts'' (this contamination was likely encouraged due the presence of ''*m'' in the accusative). Vide the genitive plural of the third-person:
 : ''*ítsi̯am'' (Aryan) > ''*éysom'' (PIE) ⇒ ''eum'' (Latin)
-Analysis
 *The primordial form of ''*aiǵṓn'' (PIE ''*eǵHóm'') is ''ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː'' (Codex), which would regularly yield ''*aíō'', yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <''*ǵ''> is inserted, plus the affixation of <''*n''>, more securely assumed as a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "I".
-*There is a emphatic series of third-person pronouns (i.e. ''*h<sub>0</sub>i'' "he", ''*ih<sub>0</sub>'' "she", ''*id́'' "it"). [...] pronouns is, ea, id [...] The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns are morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore cannot stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').
-Reanalysis
 *When inflected, lemmas are weakened
-**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*tu̯h<sub>0</sub>'', the form ''*eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.
+**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*tu̯h<sub>0</sub>'', the form ''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.
 *The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /ɔːn/ ⇒ /ɔwn/ ⇒ /ɔm/).
 **This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular.
@@ Line 3,129: / Line 3,119: @@
 *The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs.
 **The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).
+*In Aryan, third-person pronouns possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' "he" > ''*h<sub>0</sub>naír h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').
+**As a result, the clitic counterparts gained a sense as proximal demonstratives of PIE, being evident in forms such as Latin ''is'' "he", ''ea'' "she", and ''id'' "it", whose anaphoric use prohibts them to stand by themselves.
+***e.g. ''*h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he" ⇒ ''*éy'' "this"; ''*ih<sub>0</sub>'' "she" ⇒ ''*ih<sub>2</sub>''; ''*íts'' "it" ⇒ ''*íd'' "this".
 ====Demonstrative Pronouns====
 [..]
+tsar > *só "that"
+-om (emphatic)
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@@ Line 3,169: / Line 3,169: @@
 |}
-''*aítsaras'' "that one" > ''*h<sub>1</sub>íteros'' "(an)other"
+''*aítsaras'' "one there" > ''*h<sub>1</sub>íteros'' "(an)other"
 -tar (loc.)