Caryatic: Difference between revisions

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** '''Timuric''' (pretty much identical to Ancient Egyptian, since reconstructing the vowels makes it something of a conlang in itself)
** '''Timuric''' (pretty much identical to Ancient Egyptian, since reconstructing the vowels makes it something of a conlang in itself)


In the context of this word, Caryatic roughly takes the place of Greek and Latin, Elerain that of Latin and Germanic, Safuntic that of Phoenician, and Timuric that of Egyptian.
In the context of this world, Caryatic roughly takes the place of Greek and Latin, Elerain that of Latin and Germanic. Safuntic takes the place of Phoenician, Timuric that of Egyptian.


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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* '''Nasal assimilation:''' [Note that these sound laws are, for the most part, not reflected in the standard orthography]
* '''Nasal assimilation:''' [Note that these sound laws are, for the most part, not reflected in the standard orthography]
*# Nasals drop before homoörganic sounds, with nasalization of the previous vowel.
*# Nasals drop before homoörganic sounds, with nasalization of the previous vowel. (For the purpose of this rule, /n/ counts as homoörganic to both alveolar and velar sounds)
*# Nasals assimilate to the place of the following sound.
*# Nasals assimilate to the place of the following sound.


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<!--===Prosody===-->
<!--===Prosody===-->
====Stress====
===Accent===
The accent is probably pitch-based, rather than stress-based, but this is uncertain. It is assigned as follows:
The accent is probably pitch-based, rather than stress-based, but this is uncertain.<ref>In fact, this idea is very recent, and is based mainly on the fact that when David Salo attempted [[#Letter to The Salos|to read Caryatic outloud]] (December 2013—January 2014) he sounded much more using a pitch accent than a stress accent.</ref>  It is assigned as follows:
# Accent falls on the long vowel nearest the beginning of the word.
# Accent falls on the long vowel nearest the beginning of the word.
# If there are no long vowels, accent falls on the first syllable.
# If there are no long vowels, accent falls on the first syllable.
<!--====Intonation====-->
<!--====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===-->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Caryatic is strongly, nearly relentlessly, head-final. Basic word order is, therefor, SOV.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Noun phrases go in the following order:
: ('''{Article}''') ('''{Adective Phrase}''' or '''{genitive Noun Phrase}''') '''Noun'''
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Verb phrases go in the following order
: ('''{indirect object}''' or '''{Prepositional Phrase}''') ('''{direct object}''' or '''{dependent clause}''') '''Verb'''
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
Main clauses end in sentence determiner, of which the following are known:
:{|
| ''ga''
| declarative
|-
| ''ra''
| interrogative
|-
| ''ya''
| imparative
|-
| ''dā''
| exclamstive
|}
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
Dependent clauses do not use sentence determiners, and are marked by the clitic form of the verb, if it has one.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==


===Letter to The Salos===
===Letter to The Salos===
A slightly modified version of a letter originally written for Andrew Sihler. Both versions were likely sent in early January 1998.
A slightly modified version<ref>In fact, they vary only in their salutation: the original reads ''Yūdīs Masfīus Andrayā Sīlir-ad''.</ref> of a letter originally written for Andrew Sihler. Both versions were likely sent in early January 1998.
:Yūdīs Masfīus tās Salūnas-ad
:Yūdīs Masfīus tās Salūnas-ad
:Ti taisam Kaimānam Pirâda-an āsmi. Sas vaiks anāï “''Hell''” nāma-sānt ādi-ga. Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga. Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga. Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga. Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga. Tū pid hāsi-ra? Tū tī dimba gankasi-ra?<br/>
:Ti taisam Kaimānam Pirâda-an āsmi. Sas vaiks anāï “''Hell''” nāma-sānt ādi-ga. Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga. Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga. Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga. Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga. Tū pid hāsi-ra? Tū tī dimba gankasi-ra?
:
: ''Justin to the Salos''
: ''I am in the Cayman Islands. There is a town here named "Hell." But this island is not infernal but heavenly. I write you in my language. Its name is "Caryatic." I write you in it, because it is Indo-European. What do you think? Do you understand this language?''<br/>
 
 
: Yūdīs Masfīus tās Salūnas-ad
: Yūdīs Masfīus tās Salūnas-ad
: [ˈjuːtiːz masˈfiːws tʰɑːssaˈluːnazat]
: [ˈjuːtiːz masˈfiːws tʰɑːssaˈluːnazat]
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:
:
: Sas vaiks anāï “''Hell''" nāma-sānt ādi-ga.
: Sas vaiks anāï “''Hell''" nāma-sānt ādi-ga.
: [sas ϕajkʰs aˈnɑːhi] “Hell” [ˈnɑːmazɑ̃ːt ˈɑːtika]
: [sas ϕajkʰs aˈnɑːɦi] “Hell” [ˈnɑːmazɑ̃ːt ˈɑːtika]
:
:
: Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga.
: Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga.
: [aw zipʰiˈrʲɑːta ha huˈpʰɑːnaː haw kʰaˈβɑːnɑː ˈhɑːtika]
: [aw ˈziː pʰiˈrʲɑːta ɦa ɦuˈpʰɑːnaː ɦaw kʰaˈβɑːnɑː ˈɦɑːtika]
:
:
: Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga.
: Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga.
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:
:
:  Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga.
:  Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga.
: [tʰɑːˈtɑːɣ ˈnɑːma ˈkʰɑːrʲjɑːtʰiˌkʰɑː ˈhɑːtika]
: [tʰɑːˈtɑːɣ ˈnɑːma ˈkʰɑːrʲjɑːtʰiˌkʰɑː ˈɦɑːtika]
:
:
:Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga.  
:Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga.  
: [ˈiku tʰwa ˈhiːza tʰɑːssɑ̃t iː hĩtawrʲupʰaˈjɑːhaːti ˈkarʲvuka]
: [ˈiku tʰwa ˈɦiːza tʰɑːssɑ̃t iː ɦĩtawrʲupʰaˈjɑːhaːti ˈkarʲvuka]
:
:
: Tū pid hāsi-ra?
: Tū pid hāsi-ra?
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: [tʰuː tʰiː ˈtĩpa ˈkãkʰazirʲa]
: [tʰuː tʰiː ˈtĩpa ˈkãkʰazirʲa]
:
:
[[:File:David Salo reads the Epistle to Sihler.wav|The above text, read by David Salo]]:
<span id="Epistle">[http://linguifex.com/w/images/5/5f/David_Salo_reads_the_Epistle_to_Sihler.wav The above text, read by David Salo]]:
[[File:David Salo reads the Epistle to Sihler.wav]]
[[File:David Salo reads the Epistle to Sihler.wav]]</span>
 
===On Dragons===
The original file notes that this is "[f]rom a manuscript found in the Dîvakunis Archives at Bâtavaiks," which implies that this is an elementary text for Bataic speakers learning Caryatic.
 
# Ti taisâm tâmasram dikântam gânâsâ pâmpâ isânti-ga.
# Sâ âh anitus pâtâkâ praûs âdi-ga.
# Sâ âlfs dikâs ti snaiva-a dâmâî-ga.
# Sâ nâks dikâs tis guarkan bântias-a raudî-ga
# Is sama siyinkâ akuarin âghârfî-pâ, [......] pâpi-ga.
# Â, Tâ dârva-ân dâmâî dikânta, tâ hâl dikânta pîrîbâkyu-ya!
# Sâ âh anitû di-ta numanâ, tân-da âpa bâaisî.
# Au sâ flaus dikâs tis savas sinktuas tâtikas-ân dâmâî-ga.
# ...............................
 
 
# There are five kinds of evil dragons.
# The white dragon lives in the snow
# Its breath is deadly frost.
# The black dragon lurks in muddy swamps.
# It spits out a slick black acid, and eats [decayed?] flesh.
# Beware the dragon that lives in the forest, the green dragon!
# Its breath burns the eyes and the lungs.
# But the blue dragon dwells in the hot sandy deserts.
# [It shoots a bolt of lightning from its mouth.]
 


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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== External Links ==
== External Links ==
* [http://cals.conlang.org/language/caryatic/ Caryatic] on CALS
* [http://cals.conlang.org/language/caryatic/ Caryatic] on CALS
== Notes ==
<references/>


<!-- Template area -->
<!-- Template area -->

Revision as of 18:20, 8 March 2016


"Sanakas" Upā-a pid âdi-ra???

Caryatic was dreamed up by Iustinus in between taking notes for Andrew Sihler's "Comparative Grammar: Indo-European Phonology," in fall of 1997. It was first committed to computer on Dec. 11 of that year. Work continued on and off until late 2003. The language remained largely dormant until 2013, when work resumed, albeit at an absurdly glacial pace.

Inspiration

The original inspiration was to "reverse engineer" the reconstruction of Indo-European from its daughter languages—which felt like an amazing new idea at the time, but which I now know as one of the most common sorts of conlang. I had actually attempted this a couple times before (ðɛ̃ʃwa ɛ̃nɛ̃nõta, "Indo-Tonal), but never with the depth of knowledge I had acquired from my graduate-level Historical Linguistics classes.

Like most of my conlangs, it draws much inspiration from the classical languages, but has broader influence from the rest of the Indo-European family. The three-vowel system was at least partially inspired by Sanskrit's propensity for the phoneme /a/.

Goals

Caryatic is a deliberate break from my previous conlanging work. Seeking to go in the opposite direction, I gave it a small phonetic inventory, few cases, and a name right from the start.

Setting

Caryatic is from a thus-far still unnamed conworld, based loosely on the ancient Mediterranean. The premise is that this world has the same language families as earth, but different daughter languages. The following languages are known to exist:

  • Indo-European
    • Samasian
        • Caryatic (Detailed)
        • Bataic (sketched)
        • Aduric (roughly sketched)
        • Melavian (roughly sketched)
  • Afro-Asiatic
    • Semitic
      • Safuntic (named only)
    • Timuric (pretty much identical to Ancient Egyptian, since reconstructing the vowels makes it something of a conlang in itself)

In the context of this world, Caryatic roughly takes the place of Greek and Latin, Elerain that of Latin and Germanic. Safuntic takes the place of Phoenician, Timuric that of Egyptian.

Phonology

Orthography

Caryatic is believed to be written in an alphabetical system, which indicates vowel quantities. Two proposals for this system were submitted by David Salo, but both have been lost. There is some hope they might some day be recovered (perhaps with the proposed maps he drew).

The standard transcription works as follows:

Transcription IPA
a [a]
ā, â [ɑː]
b [p]
d [t]
f [f ~ v]
g [k]
h [x ~ ɣ]
i [i], [j]
ī, î [iː]
k [kʰ]
l [ɫ]
m [m]
n [n]
p [pʰ]
r [rʲ], [ʀʲ]
s [s ~ z]
t [tʰ]
u [u], [w]
ū, û [uː]
v, ϕ [ϕ ~ β]
y [j]

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stops p [pʰ]
b [p]
t [tʰ]
d [t]
k [kʰ]
g [k]
Fricatives v, ϕ [ϕ ~ β] f [f ~ v] s [s ~ z] h [x ~ ɣ]
Nasal m [m] n [n]
Glide u [w] i, y [j]

Allophonic variation

  • Voicing:
    1. Vowels are always voiced. Stops are always voiceless. Liquids default to voiced, and fricatives to voiceless.
    2. Liquids lose their voicing when adjacent to stops.
    3. Fricatives are voiced between voiced sounds.
  • S-Assimilation:
    • Alveolars and nasals are dropped before an /s/, usually without compensatory lengthening. Note, however, that when an s is removed [see Sigmatization below] these segments normally reappear.
  • Sigmatization:
    • An aspirate stop preceded by an /s/ deaspirates, and the /s/ drops with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel. (The transcription sometimes—albeit inconsistently—marks this by using a circumflex instead of a macron on the lengthened vowel. However, more often than not, circumflex is used ubiquitously)
    • While this process does occur across word boundaries, note that if a word begins with /s/ followed immediately by a stop, it is often lexicalized in the asigmatic form, and compensatory lengthening is unlikely to occur. Furthermore, the dropping of the s at the end of a word often allows elements which had dropped [i.e. alveolars and nasals] to reassert themselves.
  • Nasal assimilation: [Note that these sound laws are, for the most part, not reflected in the standard orthography]
    1. Nasals drop before homoörganic sounds, with nasalization of the previous vowel. (For the purpose of this rule, /n/ counts as homoörganic to both alveolar and velar sounds)
    2. Nasals assimilate to the place of the following sound.


Vowels

Front Central Back
High ī, î [iː]
i [i]
ū, û [uː]
u [u]
Low ā, â [ɑː]
a [a]

Allophonic variation

  • Hiatus
    • Two vowels in hiatus (i.e. ones that are adjacent, but do not form a diphthong) are separated by an epenthetic [ɦ]. This is not reflected in the standard orthography.

Accent

The accent is probably pitch-based, rather than stress-based, but this is uncertain.[1] It is assigned as follows:

  1. Accent falls on the long vowel nearest the beginning of the word.
  2. If there are no long vowels, accent falls on the first syllable.

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Caryatic is strongly, nearly relentlessly, head-final. Basic word order is, therefor, SOV.

Noun phrase

Noun phrases go in the following order:

({Article}) ({Adective Phrase} or {genitive Noun Phrase}) Noun


Verb phrase

Verb phrases go in the following order

({indirect object} or {Prepositional Phrase}) ({direct object} or {dependent clause}) Verb

Sentence phrase

Main clauses end in sentence determiner, of which the following are known:

ga declarative
ra interrogative
ya imparative
exclamstive


Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses do not use sentence determiners, and are marked by the clitic form of the verb, if it has one.

Example texts

Letter to The Salos

A slightly modified version[2] of a letter originally written for Andrew Sihler. Both versions were likely sent in early January 1998.

Yūdīs Masfīus tās Salūnas-ad
Ti taisam Kaimānam Pirâda-an āsmi. Sas vaiks anāï “Hell” nāma-sānt ādi-ga. Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga. Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga. Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga. Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga. Tū pid hāsi-ra? Tū tī dimba gankasi-ra?
Justin to the Salos
I am in the Cayman Islands. There is a town here named "Hell." But this island is not infernal but heavenly. I write you in my language. Its name is "Caryatic." I write you in it, because it is Indo-European. What do you think? Do you understand this language?


Yūdīs Masfīus tās Salūnas-ad
[ˈjuːtiːz masˈfiːws tʰɑːssaˈluːnazat]
Ti taisam Kaimānam Pirâda-an āsmi.
[tʰitʰajzãŋ̊kʰajˈmɑːnã pʰiˈrʲɑːtahan ˈazmika]
Sas vaiks anāï “Hell" nāma-sānt ādi-ga.
[sas ϕajkʰs aˈnɑːɦi] “Hell” [ˈnɑːmazɑ̃ːt ˈɑːtika]
Au sī pirâdā a “upānā” au kavānā âdi-ga.
[aw ˈziː pʰiˈrʲɑːta ɦa ɦuˈpʰɑːnaː ɦaw kʰaˈβɑːnɑː ˈɦɑːtika]
Ti mama dimba-sa garfu-ga.
[tʰiˈmama ˈtĩpaza ˈkarʲvuka]
Tād āh nāma “Kāriātikā” âdi-ga.
[tʰɑːˈtɑːɣ ˈnɑːma ˈkʰɑːrʲjɑːtʰiˌkʰɑː ˈɦɑːtika]
Igu tua ī-sa, tāssānt ī “Indaurupayā” âdi, garfu-ga.
[ˈiku tʰwa ˈɦiːza tʰɑːssɑ̃t iː ɦĩtawrʲupʰaˈjɑːhaːti ˈkarʲvuka]
Tū pid hāsi-ra?
[tʰuː pʰit ˈxɑːzirʲa]
Tū tī dimba gankasi-ra?
[tʰuː tʰiː ˈtĩpa ˈkãkʰazirʲa]

The above text, read by David Salo]: File:David Salo reads the Epistle to Sihler.wav

On Dragons

The original file notes that this is "[f]rom a manuscript found in the Dîvakunis Archives at Bâtavaiks," which implies that this is an elementary text for Bataic speakers learning Caryatic.

  1. Ti taisâm tâmasram dikântam gânâsâ pâmpâ isânti-ga.
  2. Sâ âh anitus pâtâkâ praûs âdi-ga.
  3. Sâ âlfs dikâs ti snaiva-a dâmâî-ga.
  4. Sâ nâks dikâs tis guarkan bântias-a raudî-ga
  5. Is sama siyinkâ akuarin âghârfî-pâ, [......] pâpi-ga.
  6. Â, Tâ dârva-ân dâmâî dikânta, tâ hâl dikânta pîrîbâkyu-ya!
  7. Sâ âh anitû di-ta numanâ, tân-da âpa bâaisî.
  8. Au sâ flaus dikâs tis savas sinktuas tâtikas-ân dâmâî-ga.
  9. ...............................


  1. There are five kinds of evil dragons.
  2. The white dragon lives in the snow
  3. Its breath is deadly frost.
  4. The black dragon lurks in muddy swamps.
  5. It spits out a slick black acid, and eats [decayed?] flesh.
  6. Beware the dragon that lives in the forest, the green dragon!
  7. Its breath burns the eyes and the lungs.
  8. But the blue dragon dwells in the hot sandy deserts.
  9. [It shoots a bolt of lightning from its mouth.]


Other resources

External Links

Notes

  1. ^ In fact, this idea is very recent, and is based mainly on the fact that when David Salo attempted to read Caryatic outloud (December 2013—January 2014) he sounded much more using a pitch accent than a stress accent.
  2. ^ In fact, they vary only in their salutation: the original reads Yūdīs Masfīus Andrayā Sīlir-ad.