Lyaateq: Difference between revisions
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#ē > é; ī > í; ō > ó; ū > ó | #ē > é; ī > í; ō > ó; ū > ó | ||
#voicing distinction > aspiration/fortis | #voicing distinction > aspiration/fortis | ||
#*Boot Polish: {{spell-nv|''chiima, cyisya, | #*Boot Polish: {{spell-nv|''chiima, cyisya, nazjyoo, dzyookɂoo, calisyoo, ɂala, ghaajyoo, lozyacyɂoo, kɂazjhoo, ɂaya''}} | ||
BOOT POLISH | BOOT POLISH | ||
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Forming the genitive for masculine singular nouns: | Forming the genitive for masculine singular nouns: | ||
# If the noun ends in a non-ejective stop, turn it to an ejective: {{spell-nv|''lyiijh''}} 'grass' > {{spell-nv|''lyiichʼ''}} | # If the noun ends in a non-ejective stop, turn it to an ejective: {{spell-nv|''lyiijh''}} 'grass' > {{spell-nv|''lyiichʼ''}} | ||
# If the word ends in another consonant, add {{spell-nv|''-Vɂ''}} (where V is a short non-nasal counterpart of the last vowel): {{spell-nv|'' | # If the word ends in another consonant, add {{spell-nv|''-Vɂ''}} (where V is a short non-nasal counterpart of the last vowel): {{spell-nv|''schɂoy''}} 'love' > {{spell-nv|''schɂoyoɂ''}} | ||
# If the word ends in a vowel, add {{spell-nv|''-ɂ''}}: {{spell-nv|'' | # If the word ends in a vowel, add {{spell-nv|''-ɂ''}}: {{spell-nv|''ghaƞsjhaƞ''}} 'bucket' > {{spell-nv|''ghaƞsjhaƞɂ''}} | ||
Forming the genitive for feminine singular nouns: | Forming the genitive for feminine singular nouns: | ||
Revision as of 22:17, 17 March 2016
| Lyaateq | |
|---|---|
| Bootɂ palishoo | |
| Pronunciation | [/puːtʼ pʰɑlɪʂuː/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Extinct | 220 v.T. |
Lyaateq (Bootɂ palishoo 'Boot's language') is a Quihum language spoken by the Boot people (or "Boot Poles"). It is primarily inspired by Polish, Navajo, and Ancient Greek.
Sound changes from Proto-Quihum
- kʷēma, tiłōr, nazgē, λawp’ē, caliłē, qʷ’ela, rōdē, lozet’ē, pʼazgʷē, q’eyōr
- k > kʲ > ts; kʷ > ʈʂ
- q > x, k' > ʔ, g > ɣ
- p > kʷ > k
- s z > x ɣ / {r u/w K i/y}_
- h > x; r > ɣ
- ɬ tɬ ɮ > ç cç ʝ > ɕ t͡ɕ ʑ
- final ɣ drops out and lengthens the vowel
- tʂēma, tiɕô, nazdzē, dʑawk’ē, tsaliɕē, ʔela, ɣōdē, lozet’ē, k’aʐdʐē, ʔejô
- uu > oo > aa > ee > ii > yee
- aaa, eee > aay, iii > uuy, ooo > aaw, uuu > iiw
- long diphthongs lose their offglides: aay aaw > aa, eey, eew > ee, iiw > ii, ooy, oow > oo. uuy > uu
PROTO-SHOEIC
- tʂīma, tiɕā, nazdzī, dʑawk’ī, tsaliɕī, ʔela, ɣādī, lozet’ī, kʼaʐdʐī, ʔejā
- after ejectives, vowels shift because of creaky voice
- aa > ea, ee > iə, ii > üü, oo > əə, uu > oo
- a > ə, i > e, u > o
- noncreaky uu > üü; final -ii > üü
- tʂīma, tiɕā, nazdzǖ, dʑawk’ǖ, tsaliɕǖ, ʔəla, ɣādǖ, lozet’ǖ, kʼəʐdʐǖ, ʔəjā
- ī, ǖ, ē palatalize >ʲī, ʲū, ʲē
- ā > ʲā, əə > ā
- ay > ē, aw > ō, oy uy > ī, iw > ʲū, ey > ʲē, ew > ʲō
- e > ʲa i > ʲɨ, a > o, o > u, u > ɨ, ə > a
- tʲ, cʲ > ć, dʲ, dzʲ > dź, sʲ > ś, zʲ > ź
- pʲ > t, bʲ > d, pʲ' > t'
- l > ł; lʲ > l; xʲ ɣʲ > ʂ ʐ
- ē > é; ī > í; ō > ó; ū > ó
- voicing distinction > aspiration/fortis
- Boot Polish: chiima, cyisya, nazjyoo, dzyookɂoo, calisyoo, ɂala, ghaajyoo, lozyacyɂoo, kɂazjhoo, ɂaya
BOOT POLISH
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ny /ɲ/ | |||||
| Plosive | tenuis | b /p/ | d /t/ | gy /c/ | g /k/ | ɂ /ʔ/ | ||
| aspirated | (p /pʰ/) | t /tʰ/ | ky /cʰ/ | k /kʰ/ | ||||
| ejective | tɂ /tʼ/ | kyɂ /cʼ/ | kɂ /kʼ/ | |||||
| Fricative | lenis | z /z̊/ | zh /ʐ̊/ | zy /ʑ̊/ | gh /ɣ̊/ | |||
| fortis | s /sˑ/ | sh /ʂˑ/ | sy /ɕˑ/ | kh /xˑ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Affricate | tenuis | j /ts/ | jh /tʂ/ | jy /tɕ/ | ||||
| aspirated | c /tsʰ/ | ch /tʂʰ/ | cy /tɕʰ/ | |||||
| ejective | cɂ /tsʼ/ | chɂ /tʂʼ/ | cyɂ /tɕʼ/ | |||||
| Approximant | central | y /j/ | w /w/ | |||||
| lateral | l /l/ | ly /ʎ/ | ||||||
All consonants are long, compared to English: with plain stops the hold is longer, with aspirated stops the aspiration is longer, and with affricates the frication is longer. The voice onset time of the aspirated and ejective stops is twice as long as that found in most other languages.
- Stops and affricates
All stops and affricates, except for the bilabial and glottal, have a three-way laryngeal contrast between unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective. The labials /p, pʰ, m/ are found mainly in grammatical affixes and loanwords. Most of the contrasts in the inventory lie within coronal territory at the alveolar and palatoalveolar places of articulation.
The aspirated stops /tʰ, kʰ/ (orthographic ⟨t⟩, ⟨k⟩) are typically aspirated with velar frication [tx, kx] (they are phonetically affricates — homorganic in the case of [kx], heterorganic in the case of [tx]). The acoustic difference between an affricate and a stop + fricative consonant cluster is the rate of increase in the amplitude of the frication noise (i.e. the rise time); affricates have a short rise time, consonant clusters have a longer rise time between the stop and fricative. There is variation within Boot Polish, however, in this respect: some Boot Poles lack strong velar frication having instead a period of aspiration.
Similarly the unaspirated velar /k/ (orthographic ⟨g⟩) is realized as with optional voiced velar frication following the stop burst: [k] ~ [kɣ].
While the aspiration of stops is markedly long compared to most other languages, the aspiration of the affricates is quite short: the main feature distinguishing /ts/, /tʂ/ and /tɕ/ from /tsʰ/, /tʂʰ/ and /tɕʰ/ is that the frication is half again as long in the latter: [tsʰˑ], [tʂʰˑ], [tɕʰˑ]. The ejectives /tsʼ/, /tʂʼ/, /tɕʼ/, on the other hand, have short frication, presumably due to the lack of pulmonic airflow. There is a period of near silence before the glottalized onset of the vowel.
- Fricatives
Boot Polish fricatives are noisier than the fricatives that occur in English.
Boot Polish also does not have consistent phonetic voicing in the "voiced" fricative members: /z, ʐ, ʑ, ɣ/ may be partially devoiced during the constriction. In stem-initial position, /ʐ/ has a slight tendency to be voiceless near the offset, /z/ and /ʑ/ are often mostly voiceless with phonetic voicing only at the onset, /ɣ/ is also only partially voiced with voicing at onset. A more consistent acoustic correlate of the "voicing" is the duration of the consonant: "voiceless" consonants have longer durations than "voiced" consonants.
- Glottal(ized) consonants
Consonants involving a glottal closure — the glottal stop, ejective stops, and the glottalized sonorants — may have optional creaky voice on voiced sounds adjacent to the glottal gesture. Glottal stops may also be realized entirely as creaky voice instead of single glottal closure. Ejectives in Boot Polish differ from the ejectives in many other languages in that the glottal closure is not released near-simultaneously with the release of the oral closure (as is common in other languages) — it is held for a significant amount of time following oral release. The glottalized sonorants /mʼ, nʼ/ are articulated with a glottal stop preceding the oral closure with optional creaky voice during the oral closure: [ʔm ~ ʔm̰, ʔn ~ ʔn̰].
Vowels
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Morphology
Boot Polish is quite fusional, using consonant and vowel changes to inflect words.
Nouns
Forming the genitive for masculine singular nouns:
- If the noun ends in a non-ejective stop, turn it to an ejective: lyiijh 'grass' > lyiichʼ
- If the word ends in another consonant, add -Vɂ (where V is a short non-nasal counterpart of the last vowel): schɂoy 'love' > schɂoyoɂ
- If the word ends in a vowel, add -ɂ: ghaƞsjhaƞ 'bucket' > ghaƞsjhaƞɂ
Forming the genitive for feminine singular nouns:
- If the noun ends in a vowel, add -kh: palishoo 'language' > palishookh
- If the noun ends in a coronal stop, turn it into a dental affricate: jyeed 'tears' > jyeej
- If the word ends in a velar stop, turn it into a retroflex affricate: hooƞk 'armor' > hooƞch
- If the word ends in any other consonant, add -Vkh.