Columbé: Difference between revisions

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==Classification==

Although most linguists agree today that Columbé is a dialect of Bemé, this status has been the subject of much controversy; early Columbé linguists often argued that Columbé was a distinct [[w:English-based creole language|English creole]] that developed from British colonialism, in a similar way as most creole languages(including standard Bemé). However, studies of [[w:Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligibility]] with Bemé in the 70s and 80s showed that Bemé and Columbé speakers were able to almost completely understand each other, with a mutual intelligibility percentage of around 97%. Although this didn't conclusively prove a dialectal relation(languages such as [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[w:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] also have high mutual intelligibility but are still considered distinct languages), it did catalyse later theories of dialectal relationships, which began to emerge around 1989 as the first theories of Bemé's origin and spread began to emerge.

Although most linguists agree today that Columbé is a dialect of Bemé, this status has been the subject of much controversy; early Columbé linguists often argued that Columbé was a distinct [[w:English-based creole language|English creole]] that developed from British colonialism, in a similar way as most creole languages (including standard Bemé). However, studies of [[w:Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligibility]] with Bemé in the 70s and 80s showed that Bemé and Columbé speakers were able to almost completely understand each other, with a mutual intelligibility percentage of around 97%. Although this didn't conclusively prove a dialectal relation (languages such as [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[w:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] also have high mutual intelligibility but are still considered distinct languages), it did catalyse later theories of dialectal relationships, which began to emerge around 1989 as the first theories of Bemé's origin and spread began to emerge.

The first theory that asserted Columbé as a dialect of Bemé was published in 1993, in a paper that analysed Bemé as a [[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal|dialect continuum]] in the framework of ''tak'' and ''kriyal'' varieties; Columbé was included as a ''kriyal'' variety. Although the assertion of Columbé as a ''kriyal'' variety is considered invalid today(Columbé is generally considered to not contain a creole continuum unlike standard Bemé), it did bring the dialect theory into the mainstream, which by the turn of the century finally dominated the general linguistic consensus. Thus, linguistically, Columbé is considered non-continuum dialect of Bemé.

The first theory that asserted Columbé as a dialect of Bemé was published in 1993, in a paper that analysed Bemé as a [[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal|dialect continuum]] in the framework of ''tak'' and ''kriyal'' varieties; Columbé was included as a ''kriyal'' variety. Although the assertion of Columbé as a ''kriyal'' variety is considered invalid today (Columbé is generally considered to not contain a creole continuum unlike standard Bemé), it did bring the dialect theory into the mainstream, which by the turn of the century finally dominated the general linguistic consensus. Thus, linguistically, Columbé is considered non-continuum dialect of Bemé.

However, this consensus is not as represented in Columban administration and culture; both Bemé and Columbé speakers, despite understanding each other, still mostly consider both dialects distinct languages.

==History==

There are two main theories on how Columbé developed as a dialect of Bemé so far from the centre of development of Bemé in Cassim Po; the '''migration and divergence theory'''('''MDT''') and the '''independent development and convergence theory'''('''IDC'''). The IDC theory states that Columbé originally developed as a separate creole language, then over time converged through contact with Bemé into a dialect of Bemé. This theory is generally disregarded as unlikely in the general consensus, with the MDT theory considered more likely and also supported by archaeological evidence.

There are two main theories on how Columbé developed as a dialect of Bemé so far from the centre of development of Bemé in Cassim Po; the '''migration and divergence theory''' ('''MDT''') and the '''independent development and convergence theory''' ('''IDC'''). The IDC theory states that Columbé originally developed as a separate creole language, then over time converged through contact with Bemé into a dialect of Bemé. This theory is generally disregarded as unlikely in the general consensus, with the MDT theory considered more likely and also supported by archaeological evidence.

===Pink Map War===

[[Bemé]] developed into an English creole language in Cassim Po around the 1850s, and has remarkably stayed relatively stable since; in the mean time, Bemé spread in use away from its home city due to the British centralisation of power in the archipelago in Cassim Po, which is how Bemé spread in use as a lingua franca throughout most of the archipelago. However, the island of St Columban, previously settled by [[Ketaserang|Seru]] and Bemang peoples, remained outside this influence due to its administration under the Portuguese colonial empire as '''São Jorge e Paulo'''(lit. "Saint George and Paul") since 1775.

[[Bemé]] developed into an English creole language in Cassim Po around the 1850s, and has remarkably stayed relatively stable since; in the mean time, Bemé spread in use away from its home city due to the British centralisation of power in the archipelago in Cassim Po, which is how Bemé spread in use as a lingua franca throughout most of the archipelago. However, the island of St Columban, previously settled by [[Ketaserang|Seru]] and Bemang peoples, remained outside this influence due to its administration under the Portuguese colonial empire as '''São Jorge e Paulo''' (lit. "Saint George and Paul") since 1775.

[[File:Mapa Cor-de-Rosa.jpg|thumb|The [[w:Pink Map|Pink Map]], or ''Mapa cor-de-rosa'' in Portuguese]]

However, in 1890, the British government [[w:1890 British Ultimatum|sent an ultimatum]] to the Portuguese to withdraw from the areas between [[w:Angola|Angola]] and [[w:Mozambique|Mozambique]], which Portugal had claimed in hopes of completing the [[w:Pink Map|Pink Map]] project, as Britain wanted to control the area in hopes of completing their own [[w:Cape to Cairo Railway|Cape to Cairo Railway]]. The Portuguese refused the ultimatum,{{efn|Note: in real life the Portuguese accepted the ultimatum, withdrew from the areas, and the situation ended at that, despite a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public.}} and so began the '''Pink Map War''',{{efn|[[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Guerra do mapa cor-de-rosa''}} which saw Portugal militarily humiliated by the British and more importantly, had São Jorge e Paulo occupied by the British. With the 1891 Treaty of London, Portugal was forced to pay a hefty sum of money, and cede the Pink Map areas and São Jorge e Paulo to the British.

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Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh|always pronounced /e/]].

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! Grapheme(s)

! Grapheme (s)

| a || e || eh || i || o || u

|-

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 ==Classification==
-Although most linguists agree today that Columbé is a dialect of Bemé, this status has been the subject of much controversy; early Columbé linguists often argued that Columbé was a distinct [[w:English-based creole language|English creole]] that developed from British colonialism, in a similar way as most creole languages(including standard Bemé). However, studies of [[w:Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligibility]] with Bemé in the 70s and 80s showed that Bemé and Columbé speakers were able to almost completely understand each other, with a mutual intelligibility percentage of around 97%. Although this didn't conclusively prove a dialectal relation(languages such as [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[w:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] also have high mutual intelligibility but are still considered distinct languages), it did catalyse later theories of dialectal relationships, which began to emerge around 1989 as the first theories of Bemé's origin and spread began to emerge.
+Although most linguists agree today that Columbé is a dialect of Bemé, this status has been the subject of much controversy; early Columbé linguists often argued that Columbé was a distinct [[w:English-based creole language|English creole]] that developed from British colonialism, in a similar way as most creole languages (including standard Bemé). However, studies of [[w:Mutual intelligibility|mutual intelligibility]] with Bemé in the 70s and 80s showed that Bemé and Columbé speakers were able to almost completely understand each other, with a mutual intelligibility percentage of around 97%. Although this didn't conclusively prove a dialectal relation (languages such as [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[w:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] also have high mutual intelligibility but are still considered distinct languages), it did catalyse later theories of dialectal relationships, which began to emerge around 1989 as the first theories of Bemé's origin and spread began to emerge.
-The first theory that asserted Columbé as a dialect of Bemé was published in 1993, in a paper that analysed Bemé as a [[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal|dialect continuum]] in the framework of ''tak'' and ''kriyal'' varieties; Columbé was included as a ''kriyal'' variety. Although the assertion of Columbé as a ''kriyal'' variety is considered invalid today(Columbé is generally considered to not contain a creole continuum unlike standard Bemé), it did bring the dialect theory into the mainstream, which by the turn of the century finally dominated the general linguistic consensus. Thus, linguistically, Columbé is considered non-continuum dialect of Bemé.
+The first theory that asserted Columbé as a dialect of Bemé was published in 1993, in a paper that analysed Bemé as a [[Bemé#Tak vs kriyal|dialect continuum]] in the framework of ''tak'' and ''kriyal'' varieties; Columbé was included as a ''kriyal'' variety. Although the assertion of Columbé as a ''kriyal'' variety is considered invalid today (Columbé is generally considered to not contain a creole continuum unlike standard Bemé), it did bring the dialect theory into the mainstream, which by the turn of the century finally dominated the general linguistic consensus. Thus, linguistically, Columbé is considered non-continuum dialect of Bemé.
 However, this consensus is not as represented in Columban administration and culture; both Bemé and Columbé speakers, despite understanding each other, still mostly consider both dialects distinct languages.
 ==History==
-There are two main theories on how Columbé developed as a dialect of Bemé so far from the centre of development of Bemé in Cassim Po; the '''migration and divergence theory'''('''MDT''') and the '''independent development and convergence theory'''('''IDC'''). The IDC theory states that Columbé originally developed as a separate creole language, then over time converged through contact with Bemé into a dialect of Bemé. This theory is generally disregarded as unlikely in the general consensus, with the MDT theory considered more likely and also supported by archaeological evidence.
+There are two main theories on how Columbé developed as a dialect of Bemé so far from the centre of development of Bemé in Cassim Po; the '''migration and divergence theory''' ('''MDT''') and the '''independent development and convergence theory''' ('''IDC'''). The IDC theory states that Columbé originally developed as a separate creole language, then over time converged through contact with Bemé into a dialect of Bemé. This theory is generally disregarded as unlikely in the general consensus, with the MDT theory considered more likely and also supported by archaeological evidence.
 ===Pink Map War===
-[[Bemé]] developed into an English creole language in Cassim Po around the 1850s, and has remarkably stayed relatively stable since; in the mean time, Bemé spread in use away from its home city due to the British centralisation of power in the archipelago in Cassim Po, which is how Bemé spread in use as a lingua franca throughout most of the archipelago. However, the island of St Columban, previously settled by [[Ketaserang|Seru]] and Bemang peoples, remained outside this influence due to its administration under the Portuguese colonial empire as '''São Jorge e Paulo'''(lit. "Saint George and Paul") since 1775.
+[[Bemé]] developed into an English creole language in Cassim Po around the 1850s, and has remarkably stayed relatively stable since; in the mean time, Bemé spread in use away from its home city due to the British centralisation of power in the archipelago in Cassim Po, which is how Bemé spread in use as a lingua franca throughout most of the archipelago. However, the island of St Columban, previously settled by [[Ketaserang|Seru]] and Bemang peoples, remained outside this influence due to its administration under the Portuguese colonial empire as '''São Jorge e Paulo''' (lit. "Saint George and Paul") since 1775.
 [[File:Mapa Cor-de-Rosa.jpg|thumb|The [[w:Pink Map|Pink Map]], or ''Mapa cor-de-rosa'' in Portuguese]]
 However, in 1890, the British government [[w:1890 British Ultimatum|sent an ultimatum]] to the Portuguese to withdraw from the areas between [[w:Angola|Angola]] and [[w:Mozambique|Mozambique]], which Portugal had claimed in hopes of completing the [[w:Pink Map|Pink Map]] project, as Britain wanted to control the area in hopes of completing their own [[w:Cape to Cairo Railway|Cape to Cairo Railway]]. The Portuguese refused the ultimatum,{{efn|Note: in real life the Portuguese accepted the ultimatum, withdrew from the areas, and the situation ended at that, despite a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public.}} and so began the '''Pink Map War''',{{efn|[[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Guerra do mapa cor-de-rosa''}} which saw Portugal militarily humiliated by the British and more importantly, had São Jorge e Paulo occupied by the British. With the 1891 Treaty of London, Portugal was forced to pay a hefty sum of money, and cede the Pink Map areas and São Jorge e Paulo to the British.
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 Among short vowels, /u/ is often pronounced /ʌ/ and /ɛ/ is [[Bemé#Leleh|always pronounced /e/]].
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! Grapheme(s)
+! Grapheme (s)
 | a || e || eh || i || o || u
 |-