Nankôre: Difference between revisions
| Line 381: | Line 381: | ||
|} | |} | ||
If used as a core argument, they appear in intransitive clauses only, and just before the clause-final copula ''itá'',e.g. ''Nitori kā itá!'' (You are a fool); sometimes the pronoun is cliticized to the main verb, e.g. '' | If used as a core argument, they appear in intransitive clauses only, and just before the clause-final copula ''itá'',e.g. ''Nitori kā itá!'' (You are a fool); sometimes the pronoun is cliticized to the main verb, e.g. ''Nitoriká' itá!'', in which case a final long vowel is shortened and is appended with the glottal stop. They may also be used to emphasize a noun, in which case the pronoun precedes the noun linked with the connective ''si='', as in ''tā shi=naho'' (She/Her, the mother). | ||
| Line 450: | Line 450: | ||
As earlier stated, nouns in Nankôre are not inflected, nor are case clitics attached to them to indicate case relations. Transitive verbs take two NPs as core arguments. The case relations of the two arguments are determined by the position of the noun in the animacy hierarchy; the core argument that is higher in the animacy hierarchy is assigned the Agent role, and the other argument is assigned the Patient role. However, an inverse affix ''tā-/tāh-'' is prefixed to the verb or its auxiliary to alter the argument structure by marking the lower-animacy argument as Agent. | As earlier stated, nouns in Nankôre are not inflected, nor are case clitics attached to them to indicate case relations. Transitive verbs take two NPs as core arguments. The case relations of the two arguments are determined by the position of the noun in the animacy hierarchy; the core argument that is higher in the animacy hierarchy is assigned the Agent role, and the other argument is assigned the Patient role. However, an inverse affix ''tā-/tāh-'' is prefixed to the verb or its auxiliary to alter the argument structure by marking the lower-animacy argument as Agent. | ||
Unlike the Intransitive forms, the portmanteau Transitive forms come before the main verb, not the auxiliary verb, e.g. ''Akoshtosh karok tā'itá' '' , "I ate it". Sometimes the portmanteau is cliticized to the main verb, as in ''Akoshtosh-karok tā'itá' ''. If the Inverse marker appears simultaneously with the Transitive portmanteau pronoun, the preverbal Inverse marker ''tā-'' cliticizes to the portmanteau pronoun. Since the Inverse voice is double-marked, the Inverse form of the auxiliary ''itấ' '' also is used, as in the improbable sentence, ''Tā-akoshtosh-karok tahortā'itá' | Unlike the Intransitive forms, the portmanteau Transitive forms come before the main verb, not the auxiliary verb, e.g. ''Akoshtosh karok tā'itá' '' , "I ate it". Sometimes the portmanteau is cliticized to the main verb, as in ''Akoshtosh-karok tā'itá' ''. If the Inverse marker appears simultaneously with the Transitive portmanteau pronoun, the preverbal Inverse marker ''tā-'' cliticizes to the portmanteau pronoun. Since the Inverse voice is double-marked, the Inverse form of the auxiliary ''itấ' '' also is used, as in the improbable sentence, ''Tā'akoshtoshkarok tahortā'itá' '', from ''Tā-akoshtosh-karok tahortā'itá' '', "He/she/it ate me". | ||
Oblique arguments on the other hand are treated as adjuncts, and are thus bound to their clause with the connective clitic ''si='' or ''=si''. Context alone determines the semantic role of the oblique. Because obliques are considered adjuncts, they may not come between the core arguments and the verb, and therefore must appear either before or after the clause nucleus. To illustrate, the sentence ''Maska=si ohipna koykare ekán itá'' (anthill=CONN twig boy twist PST), i.e. "The boy inserted the twig into the anthill", the noun ''maska'' (anthill) is the oblique argument and is marked with the clitic ''si='' to join it to the rest of the sentence. Oblique arguments use the form ''=si'' preceding the clause nucleus, or ''si='' following the clause nucleus, e.g. ''Ohipna koykare ekán itá si=maska''. | Oblique arguments on the other hand are treated as adjuncts, and are thus bound to their clause with the connective clitic ''si='' or ''=si''. Context alone determines the semantic role of the oblique. Because obliques are considered adjuncts, they may not come between the core arguments and the verb, and therefore must appear either before or after the clause nucleus. To illustrate, the sentence ''Maska=si ohipna koykare ekán itá'' (anthill=CONN twig boy twist PST), i.e. "The boy inserted the twig into the anthill", the noun ''maska'' (anthill) is the oblique argument and is marked with the clitic ''si='' to join it to the rest of the sentence. Oblique arguments use the form ''=si'' preceding the clause nucleus, or ''si='' following the clause nucleus, e.g. ''Ohipna koykare ekán itá si=maska''. | ||