Bemé: Difference between revisions

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/t d/ both become /t̚/ ([[w:No audible release|no audible release]]) in word-final coda positions, so ''{{bm|dat|da'''t'''}}'' is pronounced {{bm-ipa|dat̚}} while ''{{bm|data|da'''t'''a}}'' is pronounced with audible release as {{bm-ipa|data}}. This allophonic variation without audible release has also been described as [[w:Dental consonant|dentalised]]; thus, words like ''{{bm|dat}}'' have also been transcribed as {{bm-ipa|dat̪̚}}.

/t d/ both become /t̚/ ([[w:No audible release|no audible release]]) in word-final coda positions, so {{l|beme|dat|da'''t'''}} is pronounced {{l|beme-ipa|dat̚}} while {{l|beme|data|da'''t'''a}} is pronounced with audible release as {{l|beme-ipa|data}}. This allophonic variation without audible release has also been described as [[w:Dental consonant|dentalised]]; thus, words like {{l|beme|dat}} have also been transcribed as {{l|beme-ipa|dat̪̚}}.

Unlike in English, /ŋ/ can appear in onset positions, such as in '''''ng'''os'' "nose". The palatal nasal /ɲ/ usually occurs when differentiating between words that would be homophones in standard English, e.g. ''nap'' vs ~~''[[wikt:knap#Verb~~|knap~~]]''~~, which in Bemé became '''''n'''ap'' "rest (v.)" and '''''ny'''ap'' "punch (v.)".

Unlike in English, /ŋ/ can appear in onset positions, such as in '''''ng'''os'' "nose". The palatal nasal /ɲ/ usually occurs when differentiating between words that would be homophones in standard English, e.g. ''nap'' vs {{l|en|knap}}, which in Bemé became '''''n'''ap'' "rest (v.)" and '''''ny'''ap'' "punch (v.)".

[[w:Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]] /l̩/ appears in a few words, such as ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[bei̯bl̩]]] "Bible" and ''teyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[tei̯bl̩]]] "table".

/ɲ/ is the only consonant that cannot appear in a coda position; typically, this is circumvented by adding /ɛ/ or /a/ postpositionally, so ''{{bm|grin}}'' becomes ''{{bm|grinyeh}}''.

/ɲ/ is the only consonant that cannot appear in a coda position; typically, this is circumvented by adding /ɛ/ or /a/ postpositionally, so {{l|beme|grin}} becomes {{l|beme|grinyeh}}.

====Nasal assimilation====

"'''Nasal assimilation'''" in Bemé refers to a [[w:Sandhi|sandhi]] process where the [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|alveolar nasal]] /n/ (corresponding with the graphemes ⟨Nn⟩) is shifted to a different nasal before certain [[w:Obstruent consonants|obstruents]]. This process varies among Bemé dialects; the differences between major dialects are shown in the following table.

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| colspan=2 | /n/ || colspan=2 | /ɲ/ || -

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The placement of /n/ before /h/ only occurs in one word: ''{{bm|Anhara}}'', a girl's name of Sasubi origin ([[Sasubi]]: انخارا); the /n/ is pronounced as a [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|bilabial nasal]] [m] in standard Bemé and [[Bijun]] but not pronounced whatsoever in [[Columbé]], instead giving /ahaɾa/ or /aːhaɾa/(the first /a/ may be lengthened to compensate for a lack of a /n/). In the original [[Sasubi]], the name is pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ɐŋxɐˈra]]].

The placement of /n/ before /h/ only occurs in one word: {{l|beme|Anhara}}, a girl's name of Sasubi origin ([[Sasubi]]: انخارا); the /n/ is pronounced as a [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|bilabial nasal]] [m] in standard Bemé and [[Bijun]] but not pronounced whatsoever in [[Columbé]], instead giving /ahaɾa/ or /aːhaɾa/(the first /a/ may be lengthened to compensate for a lack of a /n/). In the original [[Sasubi]], the name is pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ɐŋxɐˈra]]].

===Vowels===

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| colspan=2 | [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]

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There are only three diphthongs in Bemé: /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/, written ⟨ey, oi, ow⟩ respectively. However, although these diphthongs may roughly match with similar English diphthongs /eɪ̯ oɪ̯ oʊ̯/, these diphthongs rarely match; diphthongs in general are rare in Bemé, but even with words derived from English words with diphthongs, the diphthongs are often replaced with monophthongs, e.g. ''sh'''e'''k'' [[IPA for Bemé|[ʃek]]], compared to English sh'''a'''ke /[[w:Help:IPA/English|ˈʃeɪ̯k]]/. In ''kriyal'' varieties diphthongs may be entirely replaced by monophthongs, so words like ''sk'''ey''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[skei̯]]] become [[IPA for Bemé|[skɛ]]].

There are only three diphthongs in Bemé: /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/, written ⟨ey, oi, ow⟩ respectively. However, although these diphthongs may roughly match with similar English diphthongs /eɪ̯ oɪ̯ oʊ̯/, these diphthongs rarely match; diphthongs in general are rare in Bemé, but even with words derived from English words with diphthongs, the diphthongs are often replaced with monophthongs, e.g. ''sh'''e'''k'' [[IPA for Bemé|[ʃek]]], compared to English sh'''a'''ke /[[w:Help:IPA/English|ˈʃeɪ̯k]]/. In ''kriyal'' varieties diphthongs may be entirely replaced by monophthongs, so words like {{l|beme|skey|sk'''ey'''}} [[IPA for Bemé|[skei̯]]] become [[IPA for Bemé|[skɛ]]].

====''Leleh''====

'''''Leleh''''' or '''''lelé''''' (<small>with ''leleh'':</small> [[IPA for Bemé|[lelɛ]]]; <small>without:</small> [[IPA for Bemé|[lele]]]) is a Bemé word describing the distinction between /e/ and /ɛ/ in a Bemé dialect. ''Leleh'' is present in ''Bemetak'', as well as in all Cassim Po dialects; it is also present in [[Bijun Creole]], though the distinction occurs instead between /i/ and /ɛ/ as /e/ merges with /i/.

@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || ||
 |}
-/t d/ both become /t̚/ ([[w:No audible release|no audible release]]) in word-final coda positions, so ''{{bm|dat|da'''t'''}}'' is pronounced {{bm-ipa|dat̚}} while ''{{bm|data|da'''t'''a}}'' is pronounced with audible release as {{bm-ipa|data}}. This allophonic variation without audible release has also been described as [[w:Dental consonant|dentalised]]; thus, words like ''{{bm|dat}}'' have also been transcribed as {{bm-ipa|dat̪̚}}.
+/t d/ both become /t̚/ ([[w:No audible release|no audible release]]) in word-final coda positions, so {{l|beme|dat|da'''t'''}} is pronounced {{l|beme-ipa|dat̚}} while {{l|beme|data|da'''t'''a}} is pronounced with audible release as {{l|beme-ipa|data}}. This allophonic variation without audible release has also been described as [[w:Dental consonant|dentalised]]; thus, words like {{l|beme|dat}} have also been transcribed as {{l|beme-ipa|dat̪̚}}.
-Unlike in English, /ŋ/ can appear in onset positions, such as in '''''ng'''os'' "nose". The palatal nasal /ɲ/ usually occurs when differentiating between words that would be homophones in standard English, e.g. ''nap'' vs ''[[wikt:knap#Verb|knap]]'', which in Bemé became '''''n'''ap'' "rest (v.)" and '''''ny'''ap'' "punch (v.)".
+Unlike in English, /ŋ/ can appear in onset positions, such as in '''''ng'''os'' "nose". The palatal nasal /ɲ/ usually occurs when differentiating between words that would be homophones in standard English, e.g. ''nap'' vs {{l|en|knap}}, which in Bemé became '''''n'''ap'' "rest (v.)" and '''''ny'''ap'' "punch (v.)".
 [[w:Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]] /l̩/ appears in a few words, such as ''Beyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[bei̯bl̩]]] "Bible" and ''teyb'''l''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[tei̯bl̩]]] "table".
-/ɲ/ is the only consonant that cannot appear in a coda position; typically, this is circumvented by adding /ɛ/ or /a/ postpositionally, so ''{{bm|grin}}'' becomes ''{{bm|grinyeh}}''.
+/ɲ/ is the only consonant that cannot appear in a coda position; typically, this is circumvented by adding /ɛ/ or /a/ postpositionally, so {{l|beme|grin}} becomes {{l|beme|grinyeh}}.
 ====Nasal assimilation====
 "'''Nasal assimilation'''" in Bemé refers to a [[w:Sandhi|sandhi]] process where the [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|alveolar nasal]] /n/ (corresponding with the graphemes ⟨Nn⟩) is shifted to a different nasal before certain [[w:Obstruent consonants|obstruents]]. This process varies among Bemé dialects; the differences between major dialects are shown in the following table.
@@ Line 200: / Line 200: @@
 | colspan=2 | /n/ || colspan=2 | /ɲ/ || -
 |}
-The placement of /n/ before /h/ only occurs in one word: ''{{bm|Anhara}}'', a girl's name of Sasubi origin ([[Sasubi]]: انخارا); the /n/ is pronounced as a [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|bilabial nasal]] [m] in standard Bemé and [[Bijun]] but not pronounced whatsoever in [[Columbé]], instead giving /ahaɾa/ or /aːhaɾa/(the first /a/ may be lengthened to compensate for a lack of a /n/). In the original [[Sasubi]], the name is pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ɐŋxɐˈra]]].
+The placement of /n/ before /h/ only occurs in one word: {{l|beme|Anhara}}, a girl's name of Sasubi origin ([[Sasubi]]: انخارا); the /n/ is pronounced as a [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|bilabial nasal]] [m] in standard Bemé and [[Bijun]] but not pronounced whatsoever in [[Columbé]], instead giving /ahaɾa/ or /aːhaɾa/(the first /a/ may be lengthened to compensate for a lack of a /n/). In the original [[Sasubi]], the name is pronounced [[Help:IPA|[ɐŋxɐˈra]]].
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 219: / Line 219: @@
 | colspan=2 | [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
 |}
-There are only three diphthongs in Bemé: /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/, written ⟨ey, oi, ow⟩ respectively. However, although these diphthongs may roughly match with similar English diphthongs /eɪ̯ oɪ̯ oʊ̯/, these diphthongs rarely match; diphthongs in general are rare in Bemé, but even with words derived from English words with diphthongs, the diphthongs are often replaced with monophthongs, e.g. ''sh'''e'''k'' [[IPA for Bemé|[ʃek]]], compared to English sh'''a'''ke /[[w:Help:IPA/English|ˈʃeɪ̯k]]/. In ''kriyal'' varieties diphthongs may be entirely replaced by monophthongs, so words like ''sk'''ey''''' [[IPA for Bemé|[skei̯]]] become [[IPA for Bemé|[skɛ]]].
+There are only three diphthongs in Bemé: /ei̯ oi̯ ou̯/, written ⟨ey, oi, ow⟩ respectively. However, although these diphthongs may roughly match with similar English diphthongs /eɪ̯ oɪ̯ oʊ̯/, these diphthongs rarely match; diphthongs in general are rare in Bemé, but even with words derived from English words with diphthongs, the diphthongs are often replaced with monophthongs, e.g. ''sh'''e'''k'' [[IPA for Bemé|[ʃek]]], compared to English sh'''a'''ke /[[w:Help:IPA/English|ˈʃeɪ̯k]]/. In ''kriyal'' varieties diphthongs may be entirely replaced by monophthongs, so words like {{l|beme|skey|sk'''ey'''}} [[IPA for Bemé|[skei̯]]] become [[IPA for Bemé|[skɛ]]].
 ====''Leleh''====
 '''''Leleh''''' or '''''lelé''''' (<small>with ''leleh'':</small> [[IPA for Bemé|[lelɛ]]]; <small>without:</small> [[IPA for Bemé|[lele]]]) is a Bemé word describing the distinction between /e/ and /ɛ/ in a Bemé dialect. ''Leleh'' is present in ''Bemetak'', as well as in all Cassim Po dialects; it is also present in [[Bijun Creole]], though the distinction occurs instead between /i/ and /ɛ/ as /e/ merges with /i/.