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Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

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Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
![[w:Labial_consonant|Labial]]
![[w:dental_consonant|Dental]]
![[w:alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]]
![[w:postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[w:palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
![[w:dorsal_consonant|Dorsal]]
![[w:glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive Consonant
|[[w:Voiced_labiodental_nasal|ɱ]] '''m'''
!Phoneme
|
!ɱ
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
!n
|
!ɲ
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ny, ñ'''
!ŋ
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng, ŋ'''
!p
|
!t
!t͡ʃ
!k
!ʔ
!b
!d͡z
!d͡ʒ
!ɡ
!ŋ͡ʇ
!ŋ͡ǃ¡
!ŋ͡ǂ
!k͡ʇ
!k͡ǃ¡
!k͡ǂ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:stop_consonant|Stop]]
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|''m''
|[[w:voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] '''p'''
|''n''
|
|''ny''
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|''ng''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch, č'''
|''p''
|
|''t''
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|''ch''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''q'''
|''k''
|''q''
|''b''
|''dz''
|''j''
|''g''
|''cn''
|''cǹ''
|''cñ''
|''ct''
|''cl''
|''cy''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|''m''
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|''n''
|
|''ñ''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz, ẑ'''
|''ŋ''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|''p''
|
|''t''
|[[w:IPA_g|ɡ]] '''g'''
|''č''
|
|''k''
|''q''
|''b''
|''ẑ''
|''j''
|''g''
|''cn''
|''cǹ''
|''cñ''
|''ct''
|''cl''
|''cy''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
! rowspan="3" |Continuant Consonant
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
!Phoneme
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
!f
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th, þ'''
!θ
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
!s
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh, š'''
!ʃ
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh, ç'''
!ʎ̝̊
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
!x
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
!h
!v
!ð
!z
!ʒ
!w
!l
!j
!w̃
!l̃
!j̃
!ɾ
!ʀ
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|''f''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|''th''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|''s''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh, ž'''
|''sh''
|
|''lh''
|
|''x''
|
|''h''
|''v''
|''d''
|''z''
|''zh''
|''w''
|''l''
|''y''
|''wǹ''
|''lǹ''
|''yǹ''
|''r''
|''rr''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
|''f''
![[w:oral_consonant|Oral]]
|''þ''
|[[w:IPA_w|w]] '''w'''
|''s''
|
|''š''
|[[w:IPA_l|l]] '''l'''
|''ç''
|
|''x''
|[[w:IPA_j|j]] '''y'''
|''h''
|
|''v''
|[[w:IPA_h|h̞]] '''ḥ'''
|''d''
|-
|''z''
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|''ž''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''wǹ, ṽ'''
|''w''
|
|''l''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''lǹ, ł'''
|''y''
|
|''ṽ''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''yǹ,''' '''ỹ'''
|''ł''
|
|''ỹ''
|
|''r''
|-
|''ř''
! colspan="2" |[[w:vibrant_consonant|Vibrant]]
|
|
|[[w:voiced_alveolar_tap|ɾ]] '''r'''
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr, ř'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[w:click_consonant|Click]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''cǹ'''
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''cñ'''
|
|
|-
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''ct'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''cl'''
|
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''cy'''
|
|
|}
|}
Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.
Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
![[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
![[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
![[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Vowel
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
!Phoneme
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''î'''
!i
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''û'''
!ɪ
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
!ʊ
|-
!u
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
!e
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
!ə
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''ê'''
!ʌ
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''ô'''
!o
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
!a
!ɑ
|-
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
!Grapheme
|[[w:IPA_a|a]] '''a'''
|''i''
|
|''î''
|
|''û''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''â'''
|''u''
|''e''
|''ê''
|''ô''
|''o''
|''a''
|''â''
|}
|}
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Syllabic Consonant
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
!Phoneme
|
!ɱ̩
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
!n̩
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
!ɲ̩
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
!ŋ̩
!v̩
!ð̩
!z̩
!ʒ̍
!w̩
!l̩
!j̍
!w̩̃
!l̩̃
!j̩̃
!ɾ̩
!ʀ
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
!Grapheme
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|''ṃ''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|''ṇ''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|''ṇy''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|''ṇg''
|
|''ṿ''
|-
|''ḍ''
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
|''ẓ''
!Oral
|''ẓh''
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|''ẉ''
|
|''ḷ''
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|''ẏ''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|''ẉǹ''
|
|''ḷǹ''
|-
|''ẏǹ''
!Nasal
|''ṛ''
|w̩̃ '''ẉǹ'''
|''ṛr''
|
|l̩̃ '''ḷǹ'''
|j̩̃ '''ẏǹ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
|}
=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɪ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).  
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɪ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩).  
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For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Vowel
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!Phoneme
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!i˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!ɪ˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!ʊ˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!u˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!e˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!ə˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!ʌ˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
!o˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
!a˥
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
!ɑ˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''í''
|''ì''
|''ù''
|''ú''
|''é''
|''è''
|''ò''
|''ó''
|''á''
|''à''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Vowel
!Phoneme
!i˧
!ɪ˧
!ʊ˧
!u˧
!e˧
!ə˧
!ʌ˧
!o˧
!a˧
!ɑ˧
|-
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
!Grapheme
|í '''í'''
|''ĭ''
|ī '''ĭ'''
|''ĩ''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|''ũ''
|ɪ́ '''ì'''
|''ŭ''
|ɪ̄ '''ĩ'''
|''ĕ''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'î'''
|''ẽ''
|ʊ́ '''ù'''
|''õ''
|ʊ̄ '''ũ'''
|''ŏ''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'û'''
|''ă''
|ú '''ú'''
|''ã''
|ū '''ŭ'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Vowel
|é '''é'''
!Phoneme
|ē '''ĕ'''
!i˩
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
!ɪ˩
|ə́ '''è'''
!ʊ˩
|ə̄ '''ẽ'''
!u˩
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'ê'''
!e˩
|ʌ́ '''ò'''
!ə˩
|ʌ̄ '''õ'''
!ʌ˩
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ô'''
!o˩
|ó '''ó'''
!a˩
|ō '''ŏ'''
!ɑ˩
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
!Grapheme
|á '''á'''
|''<nowiki/>'i''
|ā '''ă'''
|''<nowiki/>'î''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|''<nowiki/>'û''
|
|''<nowiki/>'u''
|
|''<nowiki/>'e''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ê''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ô''
|
|''<nowiki/>'o''
|
|''<nowiki/>'a''
|ɑ́ '''à'''
|''<nowiki/>'â''
|ɑ̄ '''ã'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'â'''
|}
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
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Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
|-
!High
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Mid
!Phoneme
!Low
!ɱ̩˥
!High
!n̩˥
!Mid
!ɲ̩˥
!Low
!ŋ̩˥
!High
!v̩˥
!Mid
!ð̩˥
!Low
!z̩˥
!High
!ʒ̍˥
!Mid
!w̩˥
!Low
!l̩˥
!High
!j̍˥
!Mid
!w̩̃˥
!Low
!l̩̃˥
!j̩̃˥
!ɾ̩˥
!ʀ̩˥
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
!Grapheme
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|''ḿ''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|''ń''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|''ńy''
|
|''ńg''
|
|''ŵ''
|
|''ð''
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|''ź''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|''źh''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|''ẃ''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|''ĺ''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|''ý''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|''ẃǹ''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|''ĺǹ''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|''ýǹ''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|''ŕ''
|''ŕr''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
!Phoneme
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
!ɱ̩˧
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
!n̩˧
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
!ɲ̩˧
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
!ŋ̩˧
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
!v̩˧
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
!ð̩˧
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
!z̩˧
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
!ʒ̍˧
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
!w̩˧
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
!l̩˧
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
!j̍˧
|
!w̩̃˧
|
!l̩̃˧
|
!j̩̃˧
!ɾ̩˧
!ʀ̩˧
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Grapheme
!Oral
|''ṁ''
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|''ṅ''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|''ṅy''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|''ṅg''
|
|''ẅ''
|
|''ḋ''
|
|''ż''
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|''żh''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|''ẇ''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|''ŀ''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|''ÿ''
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
|''ẇǹ''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
|''ŀǹ''
|
|''ÿǹ''
|
|''ṙ''
|
|''ṙr''
|-
|-
!Nasal
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
|w̩̃˥ '''ẃǹ'''
!Phoneme
|w̩̃˧ '''ẇǹ'''
!ɱ̩˩
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉǹ'''
!n̩˩
|
!ɲ̩˩
|
!ŋ̩˩
|
!v̩˩
|l̩̃˥ '''ĺǹ'''
!ð̩˩
|l̩̃˧ '''ŀǹ'''
!z̩˩
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷǹ'''
!ʒ̍˩
|j̩̃˥ '''ýǹ'''
!w̩˩
|j̩̃˧ '''ÿǹ'''
!l̩˩
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏǹ'''
!j̍˩
|
!w̩̃˩
|
!l̩̃˩
|
!j̩̃˩
!ɾ̩˩
!ʀ̩˩
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
!Grapheme
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṃ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ṿ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ḍ''
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ḷ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ẏ''
|
|''<nowiki/>'ẉǹ''
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷǹ''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏǹ''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr''
|}
|}
=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.  
Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter.  
Line 465: Line 501:
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''tth''
|''ss''
|''ss''
|''ssh''
|''ssh''
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lanikel_orthography"