Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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======Tense and Voice ====== | ======Tense and Voice ====== | ||
The Nankôre verb is rich in voice and tense distinctions. These distinctions are combined in an auxiliary verb, formed by adding one or more prefixes to the copular verb ''itá'' /ɪ'taʔ/, hence this auxiliary is called the ''itá''-verb. The ''itá''-auxiliary verb is always clause final, the main verb and any other VP particles preceding it. | The Nankôre verb is rich in voice and tense distinctions. These distinctions are combined in an auxiliary verb, formed by adding one or more prefixes to the copular verb ''itá'' /ɪ'taʔ/, hence this auxiliary is called the ''itá''-verb. The ''itá''-auxiliary verb is always clause final, the main verb and any other VP particles preceding it. Some voices also encode formality, with the long forms, e.g. ''man'itá', suphitá', tā'itá', hô'itá', and pā'itá' '', used for formal situations, and the short forms ''manta'/nitá', supta', tayta', hoyta''', and ''pitáh'' for informal conversation among friends and family. | ||
Note that the Present Inverse form ''tā'itá''' is identical in form with that of the Past Direct form. Fortunately, the Inverse Voice is double-marked: the enclitic ''ta='' and its allomorphs ''tā=/tah=/tāh='' cliticizes to the main verb so no ambiguity arises. | Note that the Present Inverse form ''tā'itá''' is identical in form with that of the Past Direct form. Fortunately, the Inverse Voice is double-marked: the enclitic ''ta='' and its allomorphs ''tā=/tah=/tāh='' cliticizes to the main verb so no ambiguity arises. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Direct | ! style=""| Direct | ||
| itá'|| man'itá', nitá' ||suphitá', | | itá'|| man'itá', manta', nitá' ||suphitá', supta'|| tā'itá', tayta'|| hô'itá', hoyta' || pā'itáhi, pitáh | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Inverse | ! style=""| Inverse | ||
| tā'itá'|| taman'itá'|| tahorish'itá'|| tahortā'itá'|| tahorô'itá' || tahorpā'itáhi | | tā'itá', tayta'|| taman'itá', tamanta'|| tahorish'itá', taroshta'|| tahortā'itá', tahorta'|| tahorô'itá', taróyta' || tahorpā'itáhi, torpáytah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Intransitive Active | ! style=""| Intransitive Active | ||
| kitá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá'|| hôkitá' || pākitáhi | | kitá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá', takta'|| hôkitá', hokta' || pākitáhi, paktah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Intransitive Stative | ! style=""| Intransitive Stative | ||
| itá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá'|| hôkitá' || pākitáhi | | itá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá', takta'|| hôkitá', hokta' || pākitáhi, paktah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Passive-Direct | ! style=""| Passive-Direct | ||
| horkitá'|| horankitá'|| horishkitá'|| hortākitá'|| horôkitá' || horpākitáhi | | horkitá'|| horankitá'|| horishkitá'|| hortākitá', hortakta|| horôkitá', horokta || horpākitáhi, horpaktah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Reflexive | ! style=""| Reflexive | ||
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! style=""| Reciprocal | ! style=""| Reciprocal | ||
| | | soshorkitá' || masoshorkitá'|| isoshorkitá'|| tasoshorkitá'|| hososhorkitá' || pasoshorkitáhi, pasoshorkitah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Middle/Inchoative | ! style=""| Middle/Inchoative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Simple Causative | ! style=""| Simple Causative | ||
| shiphitá'|| mashpitá'|| ishpitá'|| tashpitá'|| hoshpitá'|| pashpitáhi | | shiphitá'|| mashpitá'|| ishpitá'|| tashpitá'|| hoshpitá'|| pashpitáhi, pashpitah | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Double Causative | ! style=""| Double Causative | ||
| shipshiphitá'|| mashishpitá'|| ishishpitá'|| tashishpitá'|| hoshishpitá'|| pashishpitáhi | | shipshiphitá'|| mashishpitá'|| ishishpitá'|| tashishpitá'|| hoshishpitá'|| pashishpitáhi, pashishpitah | ||
|} | |} | ||
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The Passive-Direct demotes a lower animate core argument, which is then relegated to oblique status or is dropped from the clause. All Intransitive voices are incompatible with the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' that cliticizes to the main verb. | The Passive-Direct demotes a lower animate core argument, which is then relegated to oblique status or is dropped from the clause. All Intransitive voices are incompatible with the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' that cliticizes to the main verb. | ||
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Detransitive Voices I and II remove one of the core arguments in a transitive clause, thus changing its argument structure by decreasing its valency. The Detransitive I voice removes the core NP argument that has the higher animacy level, and the Detransitive II voice removes the core NP that is lower on the Animacy Heirarchy. The reason that "Passive" and "Antipassive" do not apply is because they are concerned with removing an Agent, in the case of the Passive, or a Patient in the case of the Antipassive. However, it is important to remember that the Agent and Patient roles between the two core arguments of a transitive structure are determined by two factors: their positions in the Animacy Heirarchy with respect to one another, and the presence or absence of the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' affix on both the main verb and the auxiliary. | Detransitive Voices I and II remove one of the core arguments in a transitive clause, thus changing its argument structure by decreasing its valency. The Detransitive I voice removes the core NP argument that has the higher animacy level, and the Detransitive II voice removes the core NP that is lower on the Animacy Heirarchy. The reason that "Passive" and "Antipassive" do not apply is because they are concerned with removing an Agent, in the case of the Passive, or a Patient in the case of the Antipassive. However, it is important to remember that the Agent and Patient roles between the two core arguments of a transitive structure are determined by two factors: their positions in the Animacy Heirarchy with respect to one another, and the presence or absence of the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' affix on both the main verb and the auxiliary. | ||