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===Nouns===
===Nouns===


==== The Noun Template ====
==== The Noun Template ====
Line 366: Line 365:
# Tactile
# Tactile
# Other Attributes
# Other Attributes
<!-- Insert transition here -->
===Number ===
Number is usually determined by context, but plurality can be indicated by either joining a cardinal number, a quantifier, or the plural marker ''no'' before the noun.  The noun is always linked to these modifiers by the ''si-'' connective, as in ''no si-kurashno'' "the girls".
===Demonstrative Clitics===
{|  class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Type !! Spatial !! English Translation !! Example
|-
| '''Proximal '''|| =shkoro || this one near me; now || nan=ishkoro "this man here"; oriyat=hepi "today"
|-
| '''Medio-Proximal''' || =hori, =ori || that one by you; just awhile ago|| nan=hori "that man next to you";
|-
| '''Distal''' || =nko, =kekori || yonder, that one near him/her/them; yesterday, a few days ago|| nan=inko "yonder man""
|-
| '''Invisible''' || =nanak || that one beyond the horizon, or occluded by a distant object|| nan=nanak "that man (e.g. on the other side of the mountain)"
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Spatial !! Temporal !! English Translation !! Example
|-
| Proximal || =shkoro || =hepi || this one near me; now || nan=ishkoro "this man here"; oriyat=hepi "today"
|-
| Medio-Proximal || =hori || =enmosh || that one by you; just awhile ago|| nan=hori "that man next to you";
|-
| Distal || =nko || =kekori || yonder, that one near him/her/them; yesterday, a few days ago|| nan=inko "yonder man"; oriyat=kekori "yesterday", ono=kekori "a few days ago"
|-
| Invisible || =nanak || =sinkar || a long time ago|| nan=nanak "that man (e.g. on the other side of the mountain)"; oriyat=sinkar "a long time ago"
|}
-->
=== Derivational Affixes ===
-no: Diminutive suffix, e.g. ''kurash'' (woman), ''kurashno'' (girl)
=== Pronouns ===
The first group of pronouns are the simple independent pronouns.  The animacy of each pronoun is arranged in the following hierarchy:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Pronominal hierarchy
|-
| style="text-align:center"|1st >> 2nd >> 3rd
|}
Plurality generally does not affect the animacy level across persons.  However, if two 3rd person arguments have the same animacy and one of the arguments is plural, then the plural argument is assigned a higher animacy level.
The following table lists the forms of the simple independent pronouns:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Intransitive Independent  Pronouns'''
|-
!
! Singular
!  Plural
|-
! 1S
| ak
| akôs, akôsh
|-
! 2S
| kā, ka
| kakôs, kakôsh
|-
! 3S
| tā, ta
| takôs, takôsh
|-
|}
If used as a core argument, they appear in intransitive clauses only, and just before the clause-final copula ''itá'',e.g. ''Nitori kā itá!'' (You are a fool); sometimes the pronoun is cliticized to the main verb, e.g.  ''Nitoriká' itá!'', in which case a final long vowel is shortened and is appended with the glottal stop.  They may also be used to emphasize a noun, in which case the pronoun precedes the noun linked with the connective ''si='', as in ''tā shi=naho'' (She/Her, the mother).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Transitive Portmanteau Pronouns'''
|-
! colspan="4"| Singular
! colspan="4"| Plural
|-
!
! 1S
! 2S
! 3S
! 1P
! 2P
! 3P
|-
! 1S
|
--
| akak
| akat
|
--
| akakos, akakosh
| akatos, akatosh
|-
! 2S
| akak
|
--
| kat
| akoska, akoshka
|
--
| katakos, katakosh
|-
! 3S
| akat
| kat
| tat
| akosta, akoshta
| kakosta, kakoshta
| takosta, takoshta
|-
! colspan="8"| Plural x Plural
|-
! colspan="4"| 1P
|
--
| akoskos, akoshkosh
| akostos, akoshtosh
|-
! colspan="4"|  2P
| akoskos, akoshkosh
|
--
| kakostos, kakoshtosh
|-
! colspan="4"|  3P
| akostos, akoshtosh
| kakostos, kakoshtosh
| takostos, takoshtosh
|-
|}
As earlier stated, nouns in Nankôre are not inflected, nor are case clitics attached to them to indicate case relations.  Transitive verbs take two NPs as core arguments. The case relations of the two arguments are determined by the position of the noun in the animacy hierarchy; the core argument that is higher in the animacy hierarchy is assigned the Agent role, and the other argument is assigned the Patient role.  However, an inverse affix ''tā=/tāh=/ta=/t='' is prefixed to the verb or its auxiliary to alter the argument structure by marking the lower-animacy argument as Agent.
Unlike the Intransitive forms, the portmanteau Transitive forms come before the main verb, not the auxiliary verb, e.g. ''Akostos karok tā'itá' '' , "I ate it".  Sometimes the portmanteau is cliticized to the main verb, as in  ''Akostos=karok tā'itá' ''.  If the Inverse marker appears simultaneously with the Transitive portmanteau pronoun, the preverbal Inverse marker ''tā=/tāh=/ta=/t='' cliticizes to the portmanteau pronoun.  Since the Inverse voice is double-marked, the Inverse form of the auxiliary ''itấ' '' also is used, as in the improbable sentence, ''Takostos karok tahortā'itá'/Takostoskarok tahortā'itá' '', from ''Tā-akostos-karok tahortā'itá' '', "He/she/it ate me".
Oblique arguments on the other hand are treated as adjuncts, and are thus bound to their clause with the connective clitic ''si=''.  Context alone determines the semantic role of the oblique.  Because obliques are considered adjuncts, they may not come between the core arguments and the verb, and therefore must appear either before or after the clause nucleus.  To illustrate, the sentence ''Maska si=ohipna koykare ekán itá'' (anthill=CONN twig boy twist COP.PST), i.e. "The boy inserted the twig into the anthill", the noun ''maska'' (anthill) is the oblique argument and is marked with the clitic ''si='' to join it to the rest of the sentence, e.g. ''Ohipna koykare ekán itá si=maska''.
=== Demonstrative Clitics ===
{|  class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Type !! Spatial !! English Translation !! Example
|-
| '''Proximal '''|| =shkoro || this one near me; now || nan=ishkoro "this man here"; oriyat=hepi "today"
|-
| '''Medio-Proximal''' || =hori, =ori || that one by you; just awhile ago|| nan=hori "that man next to you";
|-
| '''Distal''' || =nko, =kekori || yonder, that one near him/her/them; yesterday, a few days ago|| nan=inko "yonder man""
|-
| '''Invisible''' || =nanak || that one beyond the horizon, or occluded by a distant object|| nan=nanak "that man (e.g. on the other side of the mountain)"
|}
<!--
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Spatial !! Temporal !! English Translation !! Example
|-
| Proximal || =shkoro || =hepi || this one near me; now || nan=ishkoro "this man here"; oriyat=hepi "today"
|-
| Medio-Proximal || =hori || =enmosh || that one by you; just awhile ago|| nan=hori "that man next to you";
|-
| Distal || =nko || =kekori || yonder, that one near him/her/them; yesterday, a few days ago|| nan=inko "yonder man"; oriyat=kekori "yesterday", ono=kekori "a few days ago"
|-
| Invisible || =nanak || =sinkar || a long time ago|| nan=nanak "that man (e.g. on the other side of the mountain)"; oriyat=sinkar "a long time ago"
|}
-->
=== Interrogatives ===
{|  class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Header text !! Header text !! Notes
|-
| Who || ra'|| Possibly cognate with Minhast ''redad''
|-
| What || pôh || c.f. Minhast ''bak''
|-
| When || tu'a ||
|-
| Where || nahí' || c.f. Minhast ''nakki''. Also, note dialectal variant ''enket'' (Sapshira dialect)
|-
| Why || penóh ||
|-
| Which || yôri-||
|}
As Interrogatives proper, they appear BEFORE  the auxiliary ''itá' '' and are accompanied by rising intonation, and often preceded by a slight pause after the main VP: ''Okep nari ayrarke, penóh hô'itá?'' (Why did Okep spank her child earlier this morning?), ''Ka ta-honé, ra pish'itá?'' ("Who is making you cry?)
All Interrogatives can also serve as  conjunctions,  eg ''Hôri ak konsho tā'itá' penóh Okep nari ayrarke ho'' (I did not hear/receive the news why Okep spanked (her) nephew early this morning").
Interrogatives can also serves as Conditionals by a ''shi-'' Topicalization structure: ''Ra'=shi karampo neknek tā'itá, shi-akosh ta-makkó itá' '' ("Whoever slaughtered the bear (in this manner) is a danger to us all"). '''Take note that the embedded clause linked to the Interrogative is linked to its matrix clause by the Connective as well.'''
''Ra' '' is a high-animacy pronoun and is outranked only by proper nouns, and 1st and 2nd person prounouns. With regards to 3rd person pronouns, the situation is more complicated,  where the 3rd person pronoun sometimes outranks ''ra' '', and other times ''ra' '' outranks the 3rd person pronoun. This is because the semantics of the verb (see examples with the Verbs of Victimhood" below).
''Pôh'' is much lower in the Animacy  Heirarchy, classified just above Sessiles.
''Yôri-'' is always prefixed to the noun it modifies and can never appear as an independent word. If  necessary,  it can be prefixed to ''pôh'' and ''ra' '' (''yôripoh'' and ''yôra' '') in order to avoid repeating its host noun, or in cases where the target NP contains more than one noun class or type (e.g. a mix of men and women).
===Quantifiers===
kamun = "all"
== Pronouns ==
The first group of pronouns are the simple independent pronouns.  The animacy of each pronoun is arranged in the following hierarchy:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Pronominal hierarchy
|-
| style="text-align:center"|1st >> 2nd >> 3rd
|}
Plurality generally does not affect the animacy level across persons.  However, if two 3rd person arguments have the same animacy and one of the arguments is plural, then the plural argument is assigned a higher animacy level.
The following table lists the forms of the simple independent pronouns:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Intransitive Independent  Pronouns'''
|-
!
! Singular
!  Plural
|-
! 1S
| ak
| akôs, akôsh
|-
! 2S
| kā, ka
| kakôs, kakôsh
|-
! 3S
| tā, ta
| takôs, takôsh
|-
|}
If used as a core argument, they appear in intransitive clauses only, and just before the clause-final copula ''itá'',e.g. ''Nitori kā itá!'' (You are a fool); sometimes the pronoun is cliticized to the main verb, e.g.  ''Nitoriká' itá!'', in which case a final long vowel is shortened and is appended with the glottal stop.  They may also be used to emphasize a noun, in which case the pronoun precedes the noun linked with the connective ''si='', as in ''tā shi=naho'' (She/Her, the mother).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Transitive Portmanteau Pronouns'''
|-
! colspan="4"| Singular
! colspan="4"| Plural
|-
!
! 1S
! 2S
! 3S
! 1P
! 2P
! 3P
|-
! 1S
|
--
| akak
| akat
|
--
| akakos, akakosh
| akatos, akatosh
|-
! 2S
| akak
|
--
| kat
| akoska, akoshka
|
--
| katakos, katakosh
|-
! 3S
| akat
| kat
| tat
| akosta, akoshta
| kakosta, kakoshta
| takosta, takoshta
|-
! colspan="8"| Plural x Plural
|-
! colspan="4"| 1P
|
--
| akoskos, akoshkosh
| akostos, akoshtosh
|-
! colspan="4"|  2P
| akoskos, akoshkosh
|
--
| kakostos, kakoshtosh
|-
! colspan="4"|  3P
| akostos, akoshtosh
| kakostos, kakoshtosh
| takostos, takoshtosh
|-
|}
As earlier stated, nouns in Nankôre are not inflected, nor are case clitics attached to them to indicate case relations.  Transitive verbs take two NPs as core arguments. The case relations of the two arguments are determined by the position of the noun in the animacy hierarchy; the core argument that is higher in the animacy hierarchy is assigned the Agent role, and the other argument is assigned the Patient role.  However, an inverse affix ''tā=/tāh=/ta=/t='' is prefixed to the verb or its auxiliary to alter the argument structure by marking the lower-animacy argument as Agent.
Unlike the Intransitive forms, the portmanteau Transitive forms come before the main verb, not the auxiliary verb, e.g. ''Akostos karok tā'itá' '' , "I ate it".  Sometimes the portmanteau is cliticized to the main verb, as in  ''Akostos=karok tā'itá' ''.  If the Inverse marker appears simultaneously with the Transitive portmanteau pronoun, the preverbal Inverse marker ''tā=/tāh=/ta=/t='' cliticizes to the portmanteau pronoun.  Since the Inverse voice is double-marked, the Inverse form of the auxiliary ''itấ' '' also is used, as in the improbable sentence, ''Takostos karok tahortā'itá'/Takostoskarok tahortā'itá' '', from ''Tā-akostos-karok tahortā'itá' '', "He/she/it ate me".
Oblique arguments on the other hand are treated as adjuncts, and are thus bound to their clause with the connective clitic ''si=''.  Context alone determines the semantic role of the oblique.  Because obliques are considered adjuncts, they may not come between the core arguments and the verb, and therefore must appear either before or after the clause nucleus.  To illustrate, the sentence ''Maska si=ohipna koykare ekán itá'' (anthill=CONN twig boy twist COP.PST), i.e. "The boy inserted the twig into the anthill", the noun ''maska'' (anthill) is the oblique argument and is marked with the clitic ''si='' to join it to the rest of the sentence, e.g. ''Ohipna koykare ekán itá si=maska''.
=== Numbers ===
The Nankôre number system is dozenal, i.e. base-12.  The numbers thirteen through twenty-three are modified compounds consisting of the unit numbers ''shori'' (1) through ''shiktash'' (11) compounded to ''shin'' (12).  The number twenty-four ''hanoshin'' can be analyzed as ''han-o-shin'', where the affix ''-o-'' signifies "multiplied by", so ''hanoshin'' literally means "two times twelve".  The multiplicative pattern continues until the number 144, which is called ''nakpa''.  The number 100 (''nenanoshin >> nena ān-o-shin'') is literally "four (and) eight times twelve".  The ordinals for the numbers 1-7 are the cardinal numbers suffixed by ''-ak'' or ''-ok''.  Numbers 8-11 are the cardinal numbers suffixed with the ending ''-u''.  The ordinal for the number 12 is again suffixed with ''-ok'', and the higher numbers with ''-nok''.  If the ''-nok'' affix is preceded by a consonant followed by ''-i-'', the ''-i-'' may be dropped, provided that this does not form the impermissible consonant cluster -CCC- sequence.
{|  class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|  Number  
|  Cardinal 
|  Ordinal    
|-
|  one  
|  shôri  
|  shoriak   
|-
|  two  
|  hani, ôhi  
|  hanyak     
|-
|  three  
|  tushta, tak  
|  tushtak   
|-
|  four  
|  nena, kayoka  
|  nenak     
|-
|  five  
|  shishak
|  chatak     
|-
|  six  
|  shirisho 
|  shirshok
|-
|  seven  
|  kerisho  
|  kirshok   
|-
|  eight  
|  ān  
|  anku       
|-
|  nine  
|  karu  
|  karku     
|-
|  ten  
|  kashe  
|  kashku     
|-
|  eleven  
|  shiktash 
|  shishtu   
|-
|  twelve  
|  shin  
|  shinok     
|-
|  thirteen  
|  shorshin 
|  shorshinok 
|-
|  fourteen  
|  hanshin 
|  hanshinok, hanshnok 
|-
|  fifteen  
|  tushin   
|  tushinok, tushnok   
|-
|  sixteen   
|  ninshin 
|  ninshinok, nishnok 
|-
|  seventeen  
|  chashin 
|  chashinok,chashnok   
|-
|  eighteen  
|  shirshin 
|  shirshinok, shirishnok 
|-
|  nineteen  
|  kirshin 
|  kirshinok, kirishnok 
|-
|  twenty  
|  anshin   
|  anshinok, ashnok   
|-
|  twenty-one  
|  karushin 
|  karushinok, karushnok 
|-
|  twenty-two  
|  kashmin 
|  kashminok 
|-
|  twenty-three
|  shikshin 
|  shikshinok 
|-
|  twenty-four 
|  hanoshin 
|  hanoshinok,hanoshnok 
|-
-
|  thirty-six 
|  tushtoshin
|  tushtoshinok,tushtoshinok 
|-
|  one hundred 
|  nenanoshin
|  nenanoshinok, nenanoshnok 
|-
|  one hundred forty-four 
|  nakpa 
|  nakpanok 
|}
<!--
tak orâshim kot "3 Orashim trees" = 3 hundred.  An orashim tree is apporximately the length of 100 hand lengths (from heel of wrist to the tip of the longest, i.e. 3rd, finger).  An orashim is also 100.
-->
===Clitics===
====Temporal Deictic Clitics====
The Temporal Deitic clitics are usually attached to the first word of a sentence, e.g. ''Anut=antak America san-kamuk tā'itá' '', "A year ago, Anut flew to America".  In multiclausal sentences, the clause in which they appear have scope over the elements preceding it. At least one, ''=yorai'', cannot appear after the initial clause.  These clitics may also be attached to the primary verb, and in the process replace the auxiliary tense affixes of the Direct Voice, as in ''Anut America san-kamuk=inkát itá' '' "Several years ago Anut flew to America" (note that the Temporal Deictic clitic ''=inkát'' has replaced the past tense affix ''tā-'' in ''tā'itá' ''). Compare this with the Direct Voice Distal Past form ''suphitá' '', in ''Anut America san-kamuk suphitá' '', "Anut went to America a while back".  Also note that the other verb voices do not lose their tense markers, as in ''Otok erashi ta-karok=inkat ta'itá''' (boy crab INV-eat=several.years.ago INV.PST-COP) "The crab ate the boy."
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Clitic!! Meaning !! Header text
|-
|  =yorai || Once upon a time || Example
|-
|  =(i)nkát || Several years ago  || Example
|-
| =sheyhori || A few years ago || Example
|-
| =(a)ntak ||A year ago ||  Example
|-
|  =(e)kak || Several days ago, last week || Example
|-
| =nate || The day before yesterday ||  Example
|-
| =kira || Yesterday || Example
|-
| =ho || Earlier this morning || Example
|-
| =tora || Just awhile ago || Example
|-
| =(e)yót || Now || Example
|-
| =(e)nash || Soon || Example
|-
| =k(e)sor || Tomorrow || Example
|-
| =n(i)kos || In the next few days || Example
|-
| =n(a)koy || In the indeterminate future || Example
|-
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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