Minhast: Difference between revisions

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~~Another system is~~ an indigenous script ~~adapted~~ from the ~~Tagalog~~ and ~~Ilocano versions~~ of the Baybayin ~~script, a native~~ Philippine ~~abugida~~:

However, Minhast has an indigenous script. This script is descended from a Philippine abugida called ''Baybayin'', the official script of both the Rajahnate of Kirmai and the Sultunate of Daligan. The ''Baybayin'' script itself is ultimately descended from the Sankrit script. Merchants from the two principal Philippine powers are believed to have brought the script to Minhay around 1300 CE. The Salmon Speakers appear to have been the first to adopt the ''Baybayin''. The following graphic shows the present-day standardized ''Baybayin'' that predominates in the Philippine nations:

'''The Baybayin'''

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</gallery>

The ~~Minhast~~ script ~~is called~~ ''Širkattarnaft'', which literally means "that which is scratched across a surface".

Shortly after the adoption of the ''Baybayin'', the Salmon Speakers introduced several modifications. Some of the modifications arose due to the constraints the materials for writing: wood is an abundant resource in Salmon Speaker Country, and knives and metal blades were the principal instruments available for incising the scripts onto this medium. Thus, the curved lines of the ''Baybayin'' characters were either unsuitable or inefficient in writing; the material the Salmon Speakers had favored straight and angular lines, and so they created a straight-incision style. Additionally, the Salmon Speakers added new characters to represent sounds not represented in the original orthography, such as /r/. The script was reorganized such that consonants with the same points of articulation, e.g. all labial consonants, voiced, unvoiced, stops, and fricatives, would be represented by a single character with extensions to represent the different phonemes. Another innovation the Salmon Speakers added was to retain some characters from the older ideographic-logographic script, partly due to their usefulness as a type of shorthand, or due to some conservative/traditionalist influences. These changes eventually led to what has become today's script, know as the ''Širkattarnaft'', which literally means "that which is scratched across a surface". This script is shown in the following graphic:

'''The Širkattarnaft'''

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File:Minhast_Script.jpg|

</gallery>

Although the Širkattarnaft is based on the Baybayin, several differences can be found between the two. Several Minhast innovations arose, partly from the influence of the materials used for writing, and the addition of characters from the older Minhast ideographic-logographic script. Comparisons and contrasts are enumerated as follows:

The relationship between the glottal stop in the Baybayin and that of the Širkattarnaft is recognizable. The Širkattarnaft glyph for <d> is actually an inverted form of the Baybayin glyph for <t>. Similarly, the Širkattarnaft glyph for <z> is descended from the Baybayin glyph <s>. Other discernable similarities can be found with the glyphs <l> and <m>. Some phonemes not found in the Tagalog or Ilocano languages were innovated, but these innovations came from a method of deriving additional glyphs from a base glyph from which certain classes of phonemes could be derived.

The Širkattarnaft was modified from the original Baybayin to map a base glyph and its variants to certain related phonemes (e.g. the base glyph and its variants to the labial consonants). For example, the glyphs for the labials ~~,~~ , and <f> are based on the glyph . Additions of dashes to the base glyph distinguish voiced, unvoiced, and fricatives. This explains why there is less variability in the Širkattarnaft script. The glyphs for the dentals /d/ and /t/ in the Baybayin are represented by two separate glyphs that have no resemblance to each other; in contrast the glyphs in the Širkattarnaft for these same phonemes differ from each other only by the addition of a dash to the base glyph <d> to derive the glyph <t> . As can be seen from the chart, the voiced consonant is assigned the base glyph, and dashes are added to this base glyph for unvoiced and fricatives for a given phonemic class (labials, dentals, aleveolars, etc). The Širkattarnaft is thus more economical.

The Širkattarnaft was modified from the original Baybayin to map a base glyph and its variants to certain related phonemes (e.g. the base glyph and its variants to the labial consonants). For example, the glyphs for the labials and <f> are based on the glyph . Additions of dashes to the base glyph distinguish voiced, unvoiced, and fricatives. This explains why there is less variability in the Širkattarnaft script. The glyphs for the dentals /d/ and /t/ in the Baybayin are represented by two separate glyphs that have no resemblance to each other; in contrast the glyphs in the Širkattarnaft for these same phonemes differ from each other only by the addition of a dash to the base glyph <d> to derive the glyph <t> . As can be seen from the chart, the voiced consonant is assigned the base glyph, and dashes are added to this base glyph for unvoiced and fricatives for a given phonemic class (labials, dentals, aleveolars, etc). The Širkattarnaft is thus more economical.

Each glyph of the Širkattarnaft has a default underlying vowel /a/; all other vowels must be marked explicitly attached to the vowel signs (indicated in the lower right-hand corner; the box is simply a representation of where the base glyph would be located). Long vowels are represented by a vertical dash through the diamonds representing the short vowels and <e>, and a horizontal one between the diamonds of the vowel .

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The Širkattarnaft, unlike the Baybayin, is written vertically, from right to left.

~~One striking difference between the two writing systems is the angularity of the Širkattarnaft vs. the Baybayin.~~ The ~~Širkattarnaft consists of straight lines and is very angular, whereas the Baybayin is wavy. This is because~~ the Širkattarnaft ~~was originally carved into wooden planks, as is still done today among the Salmon Speakers; writing on a hard writing surface is easier with straight lines than curvy shapes.~~

The ideographic-logographic elements that were preserved in the Širkattarnaft include determinatives used to indicate case or even verbal tense. Glyphs for common words, such as conjunctions, connectives, existential particles, and negators were also preservedt. Some of these glyphs are combinations of two glyphs, as in the glyph for ''hambin'' ("there is no X"), which is a combination of the negator ''hatāʔ'' and ''matti'' ("there is an X"). The characters for the case clitics ''=(a)ran'' (Dative), ''=ni'' (Benefactive), ''=yar'' (Ablative), ''=par'' (Instrumental), etc. can actually appear before a verb written in the Širkattarnaft, in which case these characters represent the Applicative affixes ''-dut-'', ''-rak-'', ''-raħk-'', ''-ngar-'', respectively.

~~Another difference, as mentioned earlier, is the addition of glyphs from the older native script. This script was largely ideographic, but a few glyphs were~~ determinatives used to indicate case or even verbal tense. Glyphs for common words, such as conjunctions, connectives, existential particles, and negators were ~~added to the Širkattarnaft~~. Some of these glyphs are combinations of two glyphs, as in the glyph for ''hambin'' ("there is no X"), which is a combination of the negator ''hatāʔ'' and ''matti'' ("there is an X"). The characters for the case clitics ''=(a)ran'' (Dative), ''=ni'' (Benefactive), ''=yar'' (Ablative), ''=par'' (Instrumental), etc. can actually appear before a verb written in the Širkattarnaft, in which case these characters represent the Applicative affixes ''-dut-'', ''-rak-'', ''-raħk-'', ''-ngar-'', respectively.

~~The~~ following graphic ~~demonstrates~~ how the Širkattarnaft ~~letters~~ map to the corresponding Baybayin ~~letters~~ from which they were derived:

To see the evolution of the ''Baybayin'' to the Širkattarnaft, the following graphic illustrates how the Širkattarnaft characters map to the corresponding Baybayin characters from which they were derived:

'''Mapping of Širkattarnaft to Baybayin Characters'''

@@ Line 353: / Line 353: @@
 |}
-Another system is an indigenous script adapted from the Tagalog and Ilocano versions of the Baybayin script, a native Philippine abugida:
+However, Minhast has an indigenous script.  This script is descended from a Philippine abugida called ''Baybayin'', the official script of both the Rajahnate of Kirmai and the Sultunate of Daligan.  The ''Baybayin'' script itself is ultimately descended from the Sankrit script.  Merchants from the two principal Philippine powers are believed to have brought the script to Minhay around 1300 CE.  The Salmon Speakers appear to have been the first to adopt the ''Baybayin''.  The following graphic shows the present-day standardized ''Baybayin'' that predominates in the Philippine nations:
 '''The Baybayin'''
@@ Line 360: / Line 360: @@
 </gallery>
-The Minhast script is called ''Širkattarnaft'', which literally means "that which is scratched across a surface".
+Shortly after the adoption of the ''Baybayin'', the Salmon Speakers introduced several modifications.  Some of the modifications arose due to the constraints the materials for writing: wood is an abundant resource in Salmon Speaker Country, and knives and metal blades were the principal instruments available for incising the scripts onto this medium.  Thus, the curved lines of the ''Baybayin'' characters were either unsuitable or inefficient in writing; the material the Salmon Speakers had favored straight and angular lines, and so they created a straight-incision style.  Additionally, the Salmon Speakers added new characters to represent sounds not represented in the original orthography, such as /r/.  The script was reorganized such that consonants with the same points of articulation, e.g. all labial consonants, voiced, unvoiced, stops, and fricatives, would be represented by a single character with extensions to represent the different phonemes.  Another innovation the Salmon Speakers added was to retain some characters from the older ideographic-logographic script, partly due to their usefulness as a type of shorthand, or due to some conservative/traditionalist influences.  These changes eventually led to what has become today's script, know as the ''Širkattarnaft'', which literally means "that which is scratched across a surface".  This script is shown in the following graphic:
 '''The Širkattarnaft'''
@@ Line 366: / Line 366: @@
 File:Minhast_Script.jpg|
 </gallery>
-Although the Širkattarnaft is based on the Baybayin, several differences can be found between the two.  Several Minhast innovations arose, partly from the influence of the materials used for writing, and the addition of characters from the older Minhast ideographic-logographic script.  Comparisons and contrasts are enumerated as follows:
 The relationship between the glottal stop in the Baybayin and that of the Širkattarnaft is recognizable.  The Širkattarnaft glyph for <d> is actually an inverted form of the Baybayin glyph for <t>.  Similarly, the Širkattarnaft glyph for <z> is descended from the Baybayin glyph &lt;s&gt;.  Other discernable similarities can be found with the glyphs <l> and <m>.  Some phonemes not found in the Tagalog or Ilocano languages were innovated, but these innovations came from a method of deriving additional glyphs from a base glyph from which certain classes of phonemes could be derived.
-The Širkattarnaft was modified from the original Baybayin to map a base glyph and its variants to certain related phonemes (e.g. the base glyph &lt;b&gt; and its variants to the labial consonants).  For example, the glyphs for the labials &lt;b&gt;, &lt;p&gt;, and <f> are based on the glyph &lt;b&gt;.  Additions of dashes to the base glyph distinguish voiced, unvoiced, and fricatives.  This explains why there is less variability in the Širkattarnaft script.  The glyphs for the dentals /d/ and /t/ in the Baybayin are represented by two separate glyphs that have no resemblance to each other; in contrast the glyphs in the Širkattarnaft for these same phonemes differ from each other only by the addition of a dash to the base glyph <d> to derive the glyph <t> .  As can be seen from the chart, the voiced consonant is assigned the base glyph, and dashes are added to this base glyph for unvoiced and fricatives for a given phonemic class (labials, dentals, aleveolars, etc). The Širkattarnaft is thus more economical.
+The Širkattarnaft was modified from the original Baybayin to map a base glyph and its variants to certain related phonemes (e.g. the base glyph &lt;b&gt; and its variants to the labial consonants).  For example, the glyphs for the labials &lt;p&gt; and <f> are based on the glyph &lt;b&gt;.  Additions of dashes to the base glyph distinguish voiced, unvoiced, and fricatives.  This explains why there is less variability in the Širkattarnaft script.  The glyphs for the dentals /d/ and /t/ in the Baybayin are represented by two separate glyphs that have no resemblance to each other; in contrast the glyphs in the Širkattarnaft for these same phonemes differ from each other only by the addition of a dash to the base glyph <d> to derive the glyph <t> .  As can be seen from the chart, the voiced consonant is assigned the base glyph, and dashes are added to this base glyph for unvoiced and fricatives for a given phonemic class (labials, dentals, aleveolars, etc). The Širkattarnaft is thus more economical.
 Each glyph of the Širkattarnaft has a default underlying vowel /a/; all other vowels must be marked explicitly attached to the vowel signs (indicated in the lower right-hand corner; the box is simply a representation of where the base glyph would be located). Long vowels are represented by a vertical dash through the diamonds representing the short vowels &lt;u&gt; and &lt;e&gt;, and a horizontal one between the diamonds of the vowel &lt;i&gt;.
@@ Line 377: / Line 375: @@
 The Širkattarnaft, unlike the Baybayin, is written vertically, from right to left.
-One striking difference between the two writing systems is the angularity of the Širkattarnaft vs. the Baybayin.  The Širkattarnaft consists of straight lines and is very angular, whereas the Baybayin is wavy.  This is because the Širkattarnaft was originally carved into wooden planks, as is still done today among the Salmon Speakers; writing on a hard writing surface is easier with straight lines than curvy shapes.
+The ideographic-logographic elements that were preserved in the Širkattarnaft include determinatives used to indicate case or even verbal tense.  Glyphs for common words, such as conjunctions, connectives, existential particles, and negators were also preservedt.  Some of these glyphs are combinations of two glyphs, as in the glyph for ''hambin'' ("there is no X"), which is a combination of the negator ''hatāʔ'' and ''matti'' ("there is an X").  The characters for the case clitics ''=(a)ran'' (Dative), ''=ni'' (Benefactive), ''=yar'' (Ablative), ''=par'' (Instrumental), etc. can actually appear before a verb written in the Širkattarnaft, in which case these characters represent the Applicative affixes ''-dut-'', ''-rak-'', ''-raħk-'', ''-ngar-'', respectively.
-Another difference, as mentioned earlier, is the addition of glyphs from the older native script.  This script was largely ideographic, but a few glyphs were determinatives used to indicate case or even verbal tense.  Glyphs for common words, such as conjunctions, connectives, existential particles, and negators were added to the Širkattarnaft.  Some of these glyphs are combinations of two glyphs, as in the glyph for ''hambin'' ("there is no X"), which is a combination of the negator ''hatāʔ'' and ''matti'' ("there is an X").  The characters for the case clitics ''=(a)ran'' (Dative), ''=ni'' (Benefactive), ''=yar'' (Ablative), ''=par'' (Instrumental), etc. can actually appear before a verb written in the Širkattarnaft, in which case these characters represent the Applicative affixes ''-dut-'', ''-rak-'', ''-raħk-'', ''-ngar-'', respectively.
-The following graphic demonstrates how the Širkattarnaft letters map to the corresponding Baybayin letters from which they were derived:
+To see the evolution of the ''Baybayin'' to the Širkattarnaft, the following graphic illustrates how the Širkattarnaft characters map to the corresponding Baybayin characters from which they were derived:
 '''Mapping of Širkattarnaft to Baybayin Characters'''