SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form | |||
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. | |||
=====Adverbs===== | |||
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs. | |||
Rules: | Rules: | ||
| Line 10: | Line 18: | ||
Indefinite: | Indefinite: | ||
The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. | The indefinite singular forms end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. | ||
tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled) | eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (enabled) | ||
Indefinite Plural and Definite | Indefinite Plural and Definite | ||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te | The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''', or '''-te''' | ||
These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form. | These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form. | ||
If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te. | If the past tense ends in '''-(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. | ||
tendede, aktiverede. | '''tendede''', '''aktiverede'''. | ||
Strong Verbs eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled) | Strong Verbs eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled) | ||
Indefinite Singular: | Indefinite Singular: | ||
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns eg skoren, afbruten. With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet | The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns eg '''skoren''', '''afbruten'''. With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg '''skoret''', '''afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. | ||
Indefinite plural and Definite: | Indefinite plural and Definite: | ||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene. eg skorene, afbrutene. | The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene'''. eg '''skorene''', '''afbrutene'''. | ||
Past Participles as Adverbs | Past Participles as Adverbs | ||
| Line 33: | Line 41: | ||
Weak Verbs | Weak Verbs | ||
-(e)t eg tendet, aktiveret | '''-(e)t''' eg '''tendet''', '''aktiveret''' | ||
Strong Verbs: | Strong Verbs: | ||
-et eg skoret, afbrutet | -et eg '''skoret''', '''afbrutet''' | ||
| Line 44: | Line 52: | ||
Comparative | Comparative | ||
-ere | '''-ere''' | ||
regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb. | regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb. | ||
| Line 54: | Line 62: | ||
Indefinite singular: | Indefinite singular: | ||
-est | '''-est''' for use with both common gender or neuter nouns | ||
| Line 60: | Line 68: | ||
Indefinite Plural and Definite: | Indefinite Plural and Definite: | ||
-este | '''-este''' | ||
| Line 66: | Line 74: | ||
Adverb: | Adverb: | ||
-est | '''-est''' | ||
Adjectives ending in -en. | Adjectives ending in -en. e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open'''(open),'''rotten'''(rotten) | ||
The behave like past paticiple adjectives (often these originally were) | |||
common -en. (galen | common '''-en'''. ('''galen''', '''open''', '''rotten''') Neuter -et ('''galen''', '''opet''', '''rottet''') | ||
Indefintie plural and definite '''-ene'''. ('''galene''', '''opene''', '''rottene''') | |||
Adverb: -et (galet, | Adverb: '''-et''' ('''galet''', '''opet''', '''rottet''') | ||
Adjectives ending in -t eg matt (tired), rett (right) | Adjectives ending in '''-t''' eg '''matt''' (tired), '''rett''' (right) | ||
No need to change for adverb | No need to change for adverb | ||
| Line 88: | Line 96: | ||
No need to change for indefinite neuter | No need to change for indefinite neuter | ||
Add -e for definite eg matte, rette | Add '''-e''' for indefinite plural and definite eg '''matte''', '''rette''' | ||
Adjectives ending -d eg bred (wide | Adjectives ending '''-d''' eg '''bred''' (wide) | ||
add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred > bredt. The d becomes silent | add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' > '''bredt'''. The '''d''' becomes silent | ||
Add -e for definite. eg brede | Add '''-e''' for definite. eg '''brede''' | ||
Revision as of 09:33, 22 February 2017
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. eg stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Adverbs
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Rules:
Past participle of verb used as an adjective
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as an adjective that follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te. tendede, aktiverede.
Strong Verbs eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns eg skoren, afbruten. With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Indefinite plural and Definite: The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene. eg skorene, afbrutene.
Past Participles as Adverbs
Weak Verbs
-(e)t eg tendet, aktiveret
Strong Verbs:
-et eg skoret, afbrutet
Comparative
-ere
regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb.
Superlative:
Indefinite singular:
-est for use with both common gender or neuter nouns
Indefinite Plural and Definite:
-este
Adverb:
-est
Adjectives ending in -en. e.g. galen (crazy), open(open),rotten(rotten)
The behave like past paticiple adjectives (often these originally were)
common -en. (galen, open, rotten) Neuter -et (galen, opet, rottet)
Indefintie plural and definite -ene. (galene, opene, rottene)
Adverb: -et (galet, opet, rottet)
Adjectives ending in -t eg matt (tired), rett (right)
No need to change for adverb
No need to change for indefinite neuter
Add -e for indefinite plural and definite eg matte, rette
Adjectives ending -d eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred > bredt. The d becomes silent
Add -e for definite. eg brede