Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
|+Present indicative
|+Present indicative
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''daisman'' "I build"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''baisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *daisman || *kaφsən
| 1SG || *baisman || *kaφsən
|-
|-
| 2SG || *daismar || *kaφsər
| 2SG || *baismar || *kaφsər
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *daismam || *kaφsəm
| 3SG.M || *baismam || *kaφsəm
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *daismasim || *kaφsəsim
| 3SG.F || *baismasim || *kaφsəsim
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *daisma || *kaφs
| 3SG.N || *baisma || *kaφs
|-
|-
| 1EX || *daismamē || *kaφsmē
| 1EX || *baismamē || *kaφsmē
|-
|-
| 1IN || *daismant || *kaφsənt
| 1IN || *baismant || *kaφsənt
|-
|-
| 2PL || *daismaske || *kaφsəske
| 2PL || *baismaske || *kaφsəske
|-
|-
| 3PL || *daismat || *kaφsət
| 3PL || *baismat || *kaφsət
|}
|}


Line 164: Line 165:
|+Preterite indicative
|+Preterite indicative
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''daisman'' "I build"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''baisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *daismannem || *keφsənnem
| 1SG || *baismannem || *keφsənnem
|-
|-
| 2SG || *daismaroi || *keφsroi
| 2SG || *baismaroi || *keφsroi
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *daismasəm || *keφsəsəm
| 3SG.M || *baismasəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *daismast || *keφsəst
| 3SG.F || *baismast || *keφsəst
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *daismaso || *keφso
| 3SG.N || *baismaso || *keφso
|-
|-
| 1EX || *daismamer || *keφsəmer
| 1EX || *baismamer || *keφsəmer
|-
|-
| 1IN || *daismanter || *keφsənter
| 1IN || *baismanter || *keφsənter
|-
|-
| 2PL || *daismasker || *keφsəsker
| 2PL || *baismasker || *keφsəsker
|-
|-
| 3PL || *daismater || *keφsəter
| 3PL || *baismater || *keφsəter
|}
|}
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''baisman'' "I swim"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || baismā! || kaφsə!
|-
| 1IN || baismantē! || kaφsəntē!
|-
| 2PL || baismaskē! || kaφsəskē!


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 04:32, 26 February 2017

Proto-Talmic is the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...).

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

  • Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
  • Ejectives become voiced stops:
    • cʼ z > z
    • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
    • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
  • xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
  • ƛ > t
  • Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
  • lenition of p > φ
  • Cluster simplifications
  • tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s *ɬ *h
voiced *ɮ *ʁ *ʁʷ
Resonant *r *l *j *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

  • *a > o > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *ə > e > e
  • *i > i > i
  • *u > u > u
  • *ay > oi > ȳ
  • *əy > ai > ae
  • *iy > ei > ē
  • *uy > ui > ui
  • *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
  • *aw > ou > ao
  • *əw > eu > iō
  • *iw > iu > iū
  • *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
  • *uw > ou > ao
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co > Co
  • *Cx > Cə > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au > ao
  • *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > eu > iō
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
  • *iy(ə)x > ije > iē

Morphology

Verbs

Present indicative
Person baisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *baisman *kaφsən
2SG *baismar *kaφsər
3SG.M *baismam *kaφsəm
3SG.F *baismasim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *baisma *kaφs
1EX *baismamē *kaφsmē
1IN *baismant *kaφsənt
2PL *baismaske *kaφsəske
3PL *baismat *kaφsət


Preterite indicative
Person baisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *baismannem *keφsənnem
2SG *baismaroi *keφsroi
3SG.M *baismasəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *baismast *keφsəst
3SG.N *baismaso *keφso
1EX *baismamer *keφsəmer
1IN *baismanter *keφsənter
2PL *baismasker *keφsəsker
3PL *baismater *keφsəter


Person baisman "I swim"
(a-stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG baismā! kaφsə!
1IN baismantē! kaφsəntē!
2PL baismaskē! kaφsəskē!

Syntax

  • *-is = emphatic particle
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