Eta-Talmic

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

• Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
• Ejectives become voiced stops:
  • cʼ z > z
  • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
  • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
• xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
• ƛ > t
• Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
• lenition of p > φ
• Cluster simplifications
• tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Uvular	Labiouvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless		*t			*k	*kʷ	*q	*qʷ
	voiced	*b	*d			*g	*gʷ
Fricative	voiceless	*ɸ	*s	*ɬ						*h
	voiced			*ɮ				*ʁ	*ʁʷ
Resonant			*r	*l	*j		*w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

• *a > o > o
• *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
• *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
• *ə > e > e
• *i > i > i
• *u > u > u
• *ay > oi > ȳ
• *əy > ai > ae
• *iy > ei > ē
• *uy > ui > ui
• *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
• *aw > ow > ao
• *əw > ew > iō
• *iw > iw > iū
• *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
• *uw > ou > ao
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co > Co
• *Cx > Cə > Cy
• *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > aw > ao
• *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > ew > iō
• *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
• *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
• *iy(ə)x > ije > iē

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Neuter nouns

tektəs 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tektəs	tetektəs	tektəen
Definite	tektəes	tetektəes	tektəer

Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tektət
1sg possessor	tektən
2sg.m possessor	tektəssi
2sg.f possessor	tektəsswi
3sg.m possessor	tektətu
3sg.f possessor	tektətī
3sg.n possessor	tektəta
1exc possessor	tektymo
1inc possessor	tectyci
2pl possessor	tektyca
3pl possessor	tektōr

jenaqs 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenaqs	jenenaqs
Definite	jenaqes	jenenaqes

stuφs 'fire' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	stuφs	stetuφs
Definite	stuφes	stetuφes

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	ni-	mē-
1 + 2	-	ɬē-
2	ti-	sē-
3	bi-	nē-

TAM + subject markers

Present indicative

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaisman	*kaφsən
2SG	*ʁaismar	*kaφsər
3SG.M	*ʁaismam	*kaφsəm
3SG.F	*ʁaismasim	*kaφsəsim
3SG.N	*ʁaisma	*kaφs
1EX	*ʁaismamē	*kaφsmē
1IN	*ʁaismant	*kaφsənt
2PL	*ʁaismaske	*kaφsəske
3PL	*ʁaismat	*kaφsət

Preterite indicative

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaismannem	*keφsənnem
2SG	*ʁaismarəg	*keφsrəg
3SG.M	*ʁaismasəm	*keφsəsəm
3SG.F	*ʁaismast	*keφsəst
3SG.N	*ʁaismaso	*keφso
1EX	*ʁaismamer	*keφsəmer
1IN	*ʁaismanter	*keφsənter
2PL	*ʁaismasker	*keφsəsker
3PL	*ʁaismater	*keφsəter

Subjunctive

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaismanai	*kaφsnai
2SG	*ʁaismarai	*kaφsrai
3SG.M	*ʁaismamewr	*kaφsmewr
3SG.F	*ʁaismasewr	*kaφsəsewr
3SG.N	*ʁaismawr	*kaφsewr
1EX	*ʁaismamai	*kaφsmai
1IN	*ʁaismantai	*kaφsəntai
2PL	*ʁaismaskai	*kaφsəskai
3PL	*kaismatewr	*kaφsətewr

Imperative

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel-stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	*ʁaismā!	*kaφsə!
1IN	*ʁaismantē!	*kaφsəntē!
2PL	*ʁaismaskē!	*kaφsəskē!

Syntax

• *-is = emphatic particle