Hadda: Difference between revisions

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|ð̞ || rowspan="2" | Đ đ || D d || || rowspan="2" | ذ || ደ || ך || allophone of /d/ between vowels
|ð̞ || rowspan="2" | Đ đ || D d || || rowspan="2" | ذ || ደ || ך || allophone of /d/ between vowels
|-
|-
|ð || Dh dh || || ዘ || ךֿ || occurs in loanwords
|ð || Dh dh || || ዘ || ךֿ || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /d ~ ð̞/
|-
|-
|ɗ || Ɗ ɗ || D' d' || || ڟ || ጠ || טּ ||
|ɗ || Ɗ ɗ || D' d' || || ڟ || ጠ || טּ ||
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|ɣ̞ || Ǥ ǥ || G g || || ڠ || ገ || ג || allophone of /g/ between vowels
|ɣ̞ || Ǥ ǥ || G g || || ڠ || ገ || ג || allophone of /g/ between vowels
|-
|-
|ʁ || Ɣ ɣ || Gh gh || || غ || ኀ || גֿ || occurs in loanwords
|ʁ || Ɣ ɣ || Gh gh || || غ || ኀ || גֿ || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /g ~ ɣ̞/
|-
|-
|ɠ || Ɠ ɠ || G' g' || || کٴ || ቀ || קּ ||
|ɠ || Ɠ ɠ || G' g' || || ڨ || ቀ || קּ ||
|-
|-
|gʷ || Gw gw || Gw gw || || ڭو || ጐ || גּו ||
|gʷ || Gw gw || Gw gw || || ڭو || ጐ || גּו ||
|-
|-
|h || H h || H h || || ھ || ሀ || ה || allophone of /k/ between vowels in non-guttural environment; <br /> occurs in loanwords
|h || H h || H h || || ھ || ሀ || ה || allophone of /k/ between vowels in non-guttural environment; <br /> phonemic in loanwords (nativized as /ħ/)
|-
|-
|hʷ || Hw hw || Hw hw || || هو || ዀ || הו || allophone of /kʷ/ between vowels in non-guttural environment
|hʷ || Hw hw || Hw hw || || هو || ዀ || הו || allophone of /kʷ/ between vowels in non-guttural environment
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|ħ || Ħ ħ || X x || || ح || ሐ || ח ||
|ħ || Ħ ħ || X x || || ح || ሐ || ח ||
|-
|-
|χ || X x || Kh kh || || خ || ኸ || כֿ || occurs in loanwords
|χ || X x || Kh kh || || خ || ኸ || כֿ || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /k ~ h/ or /ħ/
|-
|-
|i || I i || I i || || ـِ || rowspan="2" | ኢ || סִ ||  
|i || I i || I i || || ـِ || rowspan="2" | ኢ || סִ ||  
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|ɟ || J j || J j || || ج || ጀ || גּ׳ ||
|ɟ || J j || J j || || ج || ጀ || גּ׳ ||
|-
|-
|ʄ || Ɉ ɉ || J' j' || || ڇ || ጨ || קּ׳ ||
|ʄ || Ɉ ɉ || J' j' || || ݘ || ጨ || קּ׳ ||
|-
|-
|k || K k || K k || || ک || ከ || כ ||
|k || K k || K k || || ک || ከ || כ ||
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|ɔː || O o || O o || || ـٗو || סוֹ ||
|ɔː || O o || O o || || ـٗو || סוֹ ||
|-
|-
|p || P p || P p || || پ || ፐ || פּ || occurs in loanwords
|p || P p || P p || || پ || ፐ || פּ || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /f/ or /b/
|-
|-
|q || Q q || Q q || || ق || ቀ || קּ || occurs in loanwords
|q || Q q || Q q || || ق || ቀ || קּ || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /ɠ ~ ʔ/
|-
|-
|ʔ || Ɂ ɂ || ' || || ٯٔ ، ء || ቐ || ק || allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels
|ʔ || Ɂ ɂ || ' || || ٯٔ ، ء || ቐ || ק || allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels
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|ɾ || R r || R r || || ر || ረ || ר || allophone of /l/ between vowels
|ɾ || R r || R r || || ر || ረ || ר || allophone of /l/ between vowels
|-
|-
|rˀ || Ɍ ɍ || R' r' || || ݬ || [ረ] || ט || allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels
|rˀ || Ɍ ɍ || R' r' || || ݬ || [ጠ] || ט || allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels
|-
|-
|s || S s || S s || || س || ሰ || ס ||
|s || S s || S s || || س || ሰ || ס ||
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|t || T t || T t || || ت  || ተ || ת ||
|t || T t || T t || || ت  || ተ || ת ||
|-
|-
|θ || Ŧ ŧ || Th th || || ث || ሠ || תֿ || occurs in loanwords
|θ || Ŧ ŧ || Th th || || ث || ሠ || תֿ || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /t/ or /s/
|-
|-
|u || U u || U u || || ـُ || rowspan="2" | ኡ || סֻ ||
|u || U u || U u || || ـُ || rowspan="2" | ኡ || סֻ ||
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|uː || Uu uu || Uu uu || || ـُو || סוּ ||
|uː || Uu uu || Uu uu || || ـُو || סוּ ||
|-
|-
|v || V v || V v || || ڤ || ቨ || בֿ || occurs in loanwords
|v || V v || V v || || ۋ || ቨ || בֿ || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /b ~ β̞ /, /f/, or /w/
|-
|-
|w || W w || W w || || و || ወ || ו || allophone of /gʷ/ between vowels; <br /> phonemic word-initially
|w || W w || W w || || و || ወ || ו || allophone of /gʷ/ between vowels; <br /> phonemic word-initially
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|j || Y y || Y y || || ي || የ || י || allophone of /ɟ/ between vowels; <br /> phonemic word-initially
|j || Y y || Y y || || ي || የ || י || allophone of /ɟ/ between vowels; <br /> phonemic word-initially
|-
|-
|ʔʲ || Ƴ ƴ || 'Y 'y || || ئ || [የ] || ק׳ || allophone of /ʄ/ between vowels
|ʔʲ || Ƴ ƴ || 'Y 'y || || ئ || [ጨ] || ק׳ || allophone of /ʄ/ between vowels
|-
|-
|z || Z z || Z z || || ز || ዘ || ז || occurs in loanwords
|z || Z z || Z z || || ز || ዘ || ז || occurs in loanwords; nativized as /s/ or /d ~ ð̞/
|-
|ʒ || ʒ || Zh zh || || ژ || ዠ || ז׳ || occurs rarely in loanwords; nativized as /ɟ ~ j/ or /ʃ/
|}
|}


Revision as of 00:20, 8 March 2017

Hadda (Native: ħaɗɗa) is an a priori language inspired by various African languages.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Orthography (under construction)

Hadda orthography
IPA Latin Simplified Latin Marasa Arabic Ge'ez Hebrew Notes
a A a A a ـَ አ סַ
aː Aa aa Aa aa ـَا ኣ סַא
b B b B b ب በ ּב
β̞ Ƀ ƀ B b ب ቨ ב allophone of /b/ between vowels
ɓ Ɓ ɓ B' b' ڀ ጰ קּו
c C c Ch ch چ ቸ כ׳
d D d D d د ደ ּד
ð̞ Đ đ D d ذ ደ ך allophone of /d/ between vowels
ð Dh dh ዘ ךֿ occurs in loanwords; nativized as /d ~ ð̞/
ɗ Ɗ ɗ D' d' ڟ ጠ טּ
ɛ E e E e ـٖ ኤ סֵ
ɛː Ee ee Ee ee ـٖي סֵי
f F f F f ف ፈ פ
g G g G g ݣ ገ גּ
ɣ̞ Ǥ ǥ G g ڠ ገ ג allophone of /g/ between vowels
ʁ Ɣ ɣ Gh gh غ ኀ גֿ occurs in loanwords; nativized as /g ~ ɣ̞/
ɠ Ɠ ɠ G' g' ڨ ቀ קּ
gʷ Gw gw Gw gw ڭو ጐ גּו
h H h H h ھ ሀ ה allophone of /k/ between vowels in non-guttural environment;
phonemic in loanwords (nativized as /ħ/)
hʷ Hw hw Hw hw هو ዀ הו allophone of /kʷ/ between vowels in non-guttural environment
ħ Ħ ħ X x ح ሐ ח
χ X x Kh kh خ ኸ כֿ occurs in loanwords; nativized as /k ~ h/ or /ħ/
i I i I i ـِ ኢ סִ
iː Ii ii Ii ii ـِي סִי
ɟ J j J j ج ጀ גּ׳
ʄ Ɉ ɉ J' j' ݘ ጨ קּ׳
k K k K k ک ከ כ
kʷ Kw kw Kw kw کو ኰ כו
l L l L l ل ለ ל
m M m M m م መ מ
n N n N n ن ነ נ ֹ
ɲ Ɲ ɲ Ny ny ݧ ኘ נ׳
ŋ Ŋ ŋ Ng ng ݢ ጘ נ״
ŋʷ Ŋw ŋw Ngw ngw ڬو ⶓ נ״ו
ɔ O o O o ـٗ ኦ סֹ
ɔː O o O o ـٗو סוֹ
p P p P p پ ፐ פּ occurs in loanwords; nativized as /f/ or /b/
q Q q Q q ق ቀ קּ occurs in loanwords; nativized as /ɠ ~ ʔ/
ʔ Ɂ ɂ ' ٯٔ ، ء ቐ ק allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels
ʕ Ҁ ҁ C c ع ዐ ע
ɾ R r R r ر ረ ר allophone of /l/ between vowels
rˀ Ɍ ɍ R' r' ݬ [ጠ] ט allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels
s S s S s س ሰ ס
ʃ Σ ʃ Sh sh ش ሸ ש
t T t T t ت ተ ת
θ Ŧ ŧ Th th ث ሠ תֿ occurs in loanwords; nativized as /t/ or /s/
u U u U u ـُ ኡ סֻ
uː Uu uu Uu uu ـُو סוּ
v V v V v ۋ ቨ בֿ occurs in loanwords; nativized as /b ~ β̞ /, /f/, or /w/
w W w W w و ወ ו allophone of /gʷ/ between vowels;
phonemic word-initially
ʔʷ Ⱳ ⱳ 'W 'w ؤ ቘ קו allophone of /ɓ/ between vowels
j Y y Y y ي የ י allophone of /ɟ/ between vowels;
phonemic word-initially
ʔʲ Ƴ ƴ 'Y 'y ئ [ጨ] ק׳ allophone of /ʄ/ between vowels
z Z z Z z ز ዘ ז occurs in loanwords; nativized as /s/ or /d ~ ð̞/
ʒ ʒ Zh zh ژ ዠ ז׳ occurs rarely in loanwords; nativized as /ɟ ~ j/ or /ʃ/

Consonants

Allophones and loanword-exclusive phonemes are enclosed in brackets. (needs to be updated)

Consonants
Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Pharyngeal/Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋw /ŋʷ/
Plosive voiceless (p) t c k kw /kʷ/ (q) (ʔ)
voiced b d j /ɟ/ g gw /gʷ/
glottalized ɓ ɗ ɉ /ʄ/ ɠ
Fricative voiceless f s, (ŧ /θ/) (ʃ) (x) (hw /hʷ/) ħ (h)
voiced (v) (z), (đ /ð/) (ɣ)
Approximant voiced (v /β̞/) (đ /ð̝/) y /j/ (ɣ /ɣ̞/) w ʕ
glottalized (ɽ /ʔ͡r/) (ƴ /ʔʲ/) (ⱳ /ʔʷ/)
lateral l
Flap (r /ɾ/)

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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