User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Roots===
Like the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages of the Middle East, Old Zoki made use of a wealth of consonantal roots out of which various verbs and nouns could be formed. They could contain either two or three consonants. A sampling of some common consonantal roots is given below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
! colspan="3"|Root
! Cognate (Rttirri)
! Meaning
|-
| ''k''
| ''b''
| —
| /kɑpɑ/
| to stop
|-
| ''sh''
| ''j''
| —
| /t͡ʃi/
| to eat
|-
| ''m''
| ''n''
| —
| /munu/
| to drink
|-
| ''ṭ''
| ''kh''
| —
| /fiu/
| to work
|-
| ''s''
| ''g''
| —
| /tøki/
| to lend
|-
| ''t''
| ''b''
| —
| /ʂipi/
| to tell, inform
|-
| ''k''
| ''l''
| —
| /kiɽi/
| to learn, study
|-
| ''p''
| ''k''
| —
| /hiki/
| to grow
|-
| ''z''
| ''g''
| —
| /ʃɑku/ (to trim)
| to edit, correct
|-
| ''k''
| ''ḍ''
| —
| /kɑʔu/ (to squeeze)
| to have, own
|-
| ''b''
| ''zh''
| —
| /piçi/ (electricity)
| to spark, flash, glow
|-
| ''n''
| ''kh''
| —
| /nuwu/ (water)
| to douse, splash
|-
| ''d''
| ''k''
| —
| /ʈukɑ/ (pouch)
| to trap, enclose
|-
| ''kh''
| ''f''
| ''g''
| /wøi/
| to become
|-
| ''g''
| ''j''
| ''n''
| /jɑnɑ/
| to cook
|-
| ''ḍ''
| ''j''
| ''m''
| /cɑmɑ/ (to sew)
| to connect, join
|-
| ''ṭ''
| ''j''
| ''ṇ''
| /çnini/ (problem)
| to bother
|-
| ''g''
| ''j''
| ''m''
| /jɑmɑi/ (fire)
| to burn
|-
| ''b''
| ''v''
| ''l''
| /pøɽɑu/ (bread)
| to expand, puff up
|-
| ''ṭ''
| ''k''
| ''l''
| /tʼuɽɑ/ (boss)
| to supervise, spy on, follow
|-
| ''m''
| ''p''
| ''j''
| /mɑhɑi/ (to name)
| to identify, choose
|}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Verb forms====
====Verb forms====
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.


Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] ''chiu'' "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufukh'', cognate to Rttirri ''rrirneu''). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.
Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] /t͡ʃiu/ "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufukh'', cognate to Rttirri /ɻiɳøu/). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
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!Meaning
!Meaning
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''t-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''ṭ-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
|-
|-
! I
! I
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| ''shikh ___''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''nufukh ___''
| ''nufukh ___''
| to do something
| to do something skillful or foreign
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
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| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''tējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
| ''ṭējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
|-
|-
! III
! III
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| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''tājaṇ'' – he hesitates
| ''ṭājaṇ'' – he hesitates
|-
|-
! IV
! IV
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| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly  
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly  
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''tijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
| ''ṭijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
|-
|-
! V
! V
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| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually  
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually  
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''tijāṇa'' – he annoys
| ''ṭijāṇa'' – he annoys
|}
|}


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| ''*af-''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*kha-''
| —
| ''*khem-''
| ''*khem-''
|-
|-
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| ''*e-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}
===Syntax===
Standard word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Muse-m asi-m bom-shōj.
:cat-PL mouse-PL 3PL.PST-eat.Form_II
:The cats ate the mice.
Adjectives followed nouns.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Binu tavdav
:light bright
:the bright light
However, verb-subject-object (VSO) order was used for some purposes, most commonly conditionals and subjunctives.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Na-kāl nak gijấnâ, biza shagya na-kēḍ mis Tấmo.
:1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II like Tấmo
:If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmo (has).

Revision as of 05:22, 28 March 2017

Old Zoki is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in Myanmar. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-North-Rttirrian.

Phonology

Consonants

Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Nasal *m /m/ *ṇ /n̪/ *n /n/
Plosive *p /p/
*b /b/ 		*ṭ /t̪/
*ḍ /d̪/ 		*t /t/
*d /d/ 		*k /k/
*g /g/
Fricative *f /ɸ/
*v /β/ 		*s /s/
*z /z/ 		*sh /ʃ/
*zh /ʒ/ 		*kh /x/
Affricate *j /d͡ʒ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/ *y /j/

Vowels

The following vowels were used:

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
High *i /i/ *ī /iː/ *u /u/ *ū /uː/
Mid-high *e /e/ *ē /eː/ *o /o/ *ō /oː/
Low-mid *â /ɔ/ *ấ /ɔː/
Low *a /ä/ *ā /äː/

Grammar

Roots

Like the Semitic languages of the Middle East, Old Zoki made use of a wealth of consonantal roots out of which various verbs and nouns could be formed. They could contain either two or three consonants. A sampling of some common consonantal roots is given below:

Root Cognate (Rttirri) Meaning
k b — /kɑpɑ/ to stop
sh j — /t͡ʃi/ to eat
m n — /munu/ to drink
ṭ kh — /fiu/ to work
s g — /tøki/ to lend
t b — /ʂipi/ to tell, inform
k l — /kiɽi/ to learn, study
p k — /hiki/ to grow
z g — /ʃɑku/ (to trim) to edit, correct
k ḍ — /kɑʔu/ (to squeeze) to have, own
b zh — /piçi/ (electricity) to spark, flash, glow
n kh — /nuwu/ (water) to douse, splash
d k — /ʈukɑ/ (pouch) to trap, enclose
kh f g /wøi/ to become
g j n /jɑnɑ/ to cook
ḍ j m /cɑmɑ/ (to sew) to connect, join
ṭ j ṇ /çnini/ (problem) to bother
g j m /jɑmɑi/ (fire) to burn
b v l /pøɽɑu/ (bread) to expand, puff up
ṭ k l /tʼuɽɑ/ (boss) to supervise, spy on, follow
m p j /mɑhɑi/ (to name) to identify, choose

Verbs

Verb forms

Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.

Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb shikh ("to practice", cognate to Rttirri /t͡ʃiu/ "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is nufukh ("process", a truncation of rinufukh, cognate to Rttirri /ɻiɳøu/). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.

Forms Examples
Form Past Present Future Gerund Meaning Biliteral roots, e.g. k-b (to stop) Triliteral roots, e.g. ṭ-j-ṇ (to bother)
I shikh ___ shikh ___ shikh ___ nufukh ___ to do something skillful or foreign shikh pag – he imitates
(from Classical Chinese /*pʰaŋʔ/ 仿) 		shikh sanās – he spins silk
(from Classical Chinese /*snas/ 絮)
II _ō_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly kēb – he stops suddenly ṭējeṇ – he goes crazy
III _ā_(a_) _ā_(a_) _ī_(i_) _ấ_(â_) to undergo a process weakly or gradually kāb – he slows to a halt ṭājaṇ – he hesitates
IV _i_ō(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly kibē – he causes to stop suddenly ṭijēṇe – he completely disrupts
V _i_ā(_a) _i_ā(_a) _i_ī(_i) _i_ấ(_â) to act on someone/something weakly or gradually kibā – he drags to a halt ṭijāṇa – he annoys

Verb inflection

The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *mo- *om- *ap- *am- *bo- *bom-
Present *na- *nam- *af- *sam- — *khem-
Future *ne- *mi- *ke- *mīj- *j- *mēj-

Nouns

Most nouns were pluralized with *-m if they ended with a vowel, or *-mi if they ended with a consonant. A small class of nouns ending in *-ey/y (historically, a diminutive suffix) were pluralized instead with *-mizh.

The following pronouns are reconstructed:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Nominative
(emphatic) 		*nak *naw *āt *sak *âtū *âk
Accusative *ni *me *ki *se *yo *goj
Possessive
noun prefix 		*na- *mi- *ak- *sa- *â- *e-

Syntax

Standard word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).

*Muse-m asi-m bom-shōj.
cat-PL mouse-PL 3PL.PST-eat.Form_II
The cats ate the mice.

Adjectives followed nouns.

*Binu tavdav
light bright
the bright light

However, verb-subject-object (VSO) order was used for some purposes, most commonly conditionals and subjunctives.

*Na-kāl nak gijấnâ, biza shagya na-kēḍ mis Tấmo.
1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II like Tấmo
If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmo (has).
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