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'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].
{{Infobox language
|image =
|name = Old Zoki
|nativename = Zoki
|pronunciation = ['zoːki]
|region = Myanmar
|states =
|setting =
|speakers =
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam2 = North Rttirrian
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), [[w:Burmese script|Burmese]]
}}
 
'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], spoken by the Zoki people and other groups around the 15th century CE. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|  
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In addition, the phoneme '''*ng''' /ŋ/ was allowable in loanwords.
Allophonically, the voiceless stops were optionally aspirated in initial position, especially in loanwords. However, most speakers did not (yet) distinguish aspirated from non-aspirated stops in loanwords, instead using them interchangeably.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|  
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===Phonotactics===
Consonant clusters were not allowed (maximally CVC syllables), although a syllable ending with a consonant could be followed by a syllable beginning with one.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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| /çnini/ (problem)
| /çnini/ (problem)
| to bother
| to bother
|-
| ''w''
| ''b''
| ''s''
| /øpʼu/ (to flex)
| to rotate, twist
|-
|-
| ''g''
| ''g''
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|-
|-
! I
! I
| ''shikh ___''
| ''shikh-___''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''shikh-___''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''shikh-___''
| ''nufukh ___''
| ''nufukh-___''
| to do something skillful or foreign
| to do something skillful or foreign
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh-puwāng'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]] /pʰʉɐŋX/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
| ''shikh-siyā'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]] /sɨʌH/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
|-
|-
! II
! II

Revision as of 06:17, 28 March 2017

Old Zoki
Zoki
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|'zoːki]]
Created by–
Rttirrian
  • North Rttirrian
    • Old Zoki

Old Zoki is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in Myanmar, spoken by the Zoki people and other groups around the 15th century CE. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-North-Rttirrian.

Phonology

Consonants

Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Nasal *m /m/ *ṇ /n̪/ *n /n/
Plosive *p /p/
*b /b/ 		*ṭ /t̪/
*ḍ /d̪/ 		*t /t/
*d /d/ 		*k /k/
*g /g/
Fricative *f /ɸ/
*v /β/ 		*s /s/
*z /z/ 		*sh /ʃ/
*zh /ʒ/ 		*kh /x/
Affricate *j /d͡ʒ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/ *y /j/

In addition, the phoneme *ng /ŋ/ was allowable in loanwords.

Allophonically, the voiceless stops were optionally aspirated in initial position, especially in loanwords. However, most speakers did not (yet) distinguish aspirated from non-aspirated stops in loanwords, instead using them interchangeably.

Vowels

The following vowels were used:

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
High *i /i/ *ī /iː/ *u /u/ *ū /uː/
Mid-high *e /e/ *ē /eː/ *o /o/ *ō /oː/
Low-mid *â /ɔ/ *ấ /ɔː/
Low *a /ä/ *ā /äː/

Phonotactics

Consonant clusters were not allowed (maximally CVC syllables), although a syllable ending with a consonant could be followed by a syllable beginning with one.

Grammar

Roots

Like the Semitic languages of the Middle East, Old Zoki made use of a wealth of consonantal roots out of which various verbs and nouns could be formed. They could contain either two or three consonants. A sampling of some common consonantal roots is given below:

Root Cognate (Rttirri) Meaning
k b — /kɑpɑ/ to stop
sh j — /t͡ʃi/ to eat
m ṇ — /munu/ to drink
ṭ kh — /fiu/ to work
s g — /tøki/ to lend
t b — /ʂipi/ to tell, inform
k l — /kiɽi/ to learn, study
p k — /hiki/ to grow
kh l — /wɑɽɑ/ (to jump) to dive, pierce, shoot
z g — /ʃɑku/ (to trim) to edit, correct
k ḍ — /kɑʔu/ (to squeeze) to have, own
b zh — /piçi/ (electricity) to spark, flash, glow
n kh — /nuwu/ (water) to douse, splash
d k — /ʈukɑ/ (pouch) to trap, enclose
kh f g /wøi/ to become
g j ṇ /jɑnɑ/ to cook
ḍ j m /cɑmɑ/ (to sew) to connect, join
ṭ j ṇ /çnini/ (problem) to bother
w b s /øpʼu/ (to flex) to rotate, twist
g j m /jɑmɑi/ (fire) to burn
b v l /pøɽɑu/ (bread) to expand, puff up
ṭ k l /tʼuɽɑ/ (boss) to supervise, spy on, follow
sh f k /t͡ʃøkø/ (wide) to be wide, open, the ocean
m p j /mɑhɑi/ (to name) to identify, choose

Verbs

Verb forms

Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.

Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb shikh ("to practice", cognate to Rttirri /t͡ʃiu/ "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is nufukh ("process", a truncation of rinufukh, cognate to Rttirri /ɻiɳøu/). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.

Forms Examples
Form Past Present Future Gerund Meaning Biliteral roots, e.g. k-b (to stop) Triliteral roots, e.g. ṭ-j-ṇ (to bother)
I shikh-___ shikh-___ shikh-___ nufukh-___ to do something skillful or foreign shikh-puwāng – he imitates
(from Middle Chinese /pʰʉɐŋX/ 仿) 		shikh-siyā – he spins silk
(from Middle Chinese /sɨʌH/ 絮)
II _ō_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly kēb – he stops suddenly ṭējeṇ – he goes crazy
III _ā_(a_) _ā_(a_) _ī_(i_) _ấ_(â_) to undergo a process weakly or gradually kāb – he slows to a halt ṭājaṇ – he hesitates
IV _i_ō(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly kibē – he causes to stop suddenly ṭijēṇe – he completely disrupts
V _i_ā(_a) _i_ā(_a) _i_ī(_i) _i_ấ(_â) to act on someone/something weakly or gradually kibā – he drags to a halt ṭijāṇa – he annoys

Verb inflection

The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *mo- *om- *ap- *am- *bo- *bom-
Present *na- *nam- *af- *sam- — *khem-
Future *ne- *mi- *ke- *mīj- *j- *mēj-

Nouns

Most nouns were pluralized with *-m if they ended with a vowel, or *-mi if they ended with a consonant. A small class of nouns ending in *-ey/y (historically, a diminutive suffix) were pluralized instead with *-mizh.

The following pronouns are reconstructed:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Nominative
(emphatic) 		*nak *naw *āt *sak *âtū *âk
Accusative *ni *me *ki *se *yo *goj
Possessive
noun prefix 		*na- *mi- *ak- *sa- *â- *e-

Syntax

Standard word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).

*Muse-m asi-m bom-shōj.
cat-PL mouse-PL 3PL.PST-eat.Form_II.PRES
The cats ate the mice.

Adjectives followed nouns, and adpositions followed noun phrases.

*Biṇu tavdav
light bright
the bright light
*Shấfâk kulā nō mo-khōl.
be_wide.GER deep into 1SG.PST-dive.Form_II.PST
I dove into the deep ocean.

However, verb-subject-object (VSO) order was used for some purposes, most commonly conditionals and subjunctives.

*Na-kāl nak gijấṇâ, biza shā na-kēḍ mis Tấmu.
1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II.PRES like Tấmu
If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmu (has).
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