User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ì''' /iɐ/
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ì''' /iə/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/<br>'''ù''' /uɐ/
| '''u''' /u/<br>'''ù''' /uə/
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| '''é''' /e/<br>'''è''' /eɐ/
| '''é''' /e/<br>'''è''' /eə/
|
|
| '''ó''' /o/<br>'''ò''' /oɐ/
| '''ó''' /o/<br>'''ò''' /oə/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Low-mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''û''' /ɐ/
| '''û''' /ə/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
Line 87: Line 87:
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
|
|
| '''â''' /ɑ/<br>('''ấ''' /ɑɐ/)
| '''â''' /ɑ/<br>('''ấ''' /ɑə/)
|}
|}
* The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɑɐ/ is a remnant of the historical vowel length distinction in [[Old Zoki]]; vowel shifts since the Old Zoki period have diphthongized most instances of the historical long vowels, while the short vowels have altered in quality. However, in the case of short and long historical */ɔ/, most speakers have merged them to /ɑ/; the diphthongization of historical long */ɔ/ to /ɑɐ/ is now considered a dying feature.
* The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɑə/ is a remnant of the historical vowel length distinction in [[Old Zoki]]; vowel shifts since the Old Zoki period have diphthongized most instances of the historical long vowels, while the short vowels have altered in quality. However, in the case of short and long historical */ɔ/, most speakers have merged them to /ɑ/; the diphthongization of historical long */ɔ/ to /ɑə/ is now considered a dying feature.
 
==Grammar==
As part of the [[w:Mainland Southeast Asian linguistic area|Southeast Asian sprachbund]], Zoki has lost most of the complex affixational morphology of [[Proto-Rttirrian]] and become highly [[w:analytic language|analytic]]. However, it retains parts of the (already simplified) affixational system of [[Old Zoki]]. Nevertheless, Zoki is no longer considered pro-drop, for example, as several verbal conjugation paradigms have merged together; pronouns are now generally used alongside verbs, except in some informal speech where they may be dropped. Similar processes have occurred in English and French.
 
===Nouns===
The following pronouns are used:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
| ''nûk''
| ''mo''
| ''at''
| ''sûk''
| ''tù''
| ''âk''
|-
! Accusative
| ''né''
| ''me''
| ''ké''
| ''se''
| ''yo''
| ''gi''
|-
! Possessive
| ''nû''
| ''mé''
| ''ûk''
| ''sû''
| ''â''
| ''e''
|}
 
Two particles may come after the entire noun phrase. One is the non-obligatory plural particle ''mi''; the other is the diminutive ''ûzh''. When multiple diminutive objects are being referred to, the particles may come in either order, although ''mi ûzh'' is more typical.
 
===Verbs===
Verbs conjugate, vestigially, for person and number of the subject:
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
!Past
| ''o-''
| ''o-''
| —
| —
| —
| ''o-''
|-
!Present
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| ''e-''
|-
!Future
| —
| —
| —
| ''j(i)-''
| —
| ''j(i)-''
|}
 
However, consonantal verb roots can fit a large number of verb patterns, each of which puts a different nuance on the action.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
!colspan="6"|Forms
!colspan="2"|Examples
|-
!Form
!Past
!Present
!Future
!Gerund
!Meaning
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''ṭ-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
|-
! I
| '''''shò'''1'''e'''2('''e'''3)''
| '''''shè'''1'''e'''2('''e'''3)''
| '''''shè'''1'''e'''2('''e'''3)''
| '''''nó'''1'''o'''2('''o'''3)''
| to do something<br>skillfully or carefully
|
|
|-
! II
| ''1'''ò'''2('''e'''3)''
| ''1'''è'''2('''e'''3)''
| ''1'''è'''2('''e'''3)''
| ''1'''e'''2('''a'''3)''
| to undergo a process<br>emphatically or suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''ṭējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
|-
! III
| ''1'''a'''2('''û'''3)''
| ''1'''a'''2('''û'''3)''
| ''1'''e'''2('''é'''3)''
| ''1'''â'''2('''â'''3)''
| to undergo a process<br>weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''ṭājaṇ'' – he hesitates
|-
! IV
| ''1'''é'''2'''ò'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''è'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''è'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''e'''(3'''a''')''
| to act on someone/something<br>emphatically or suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''ṭijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
|-
! V
| ''1'''é'''2'''a'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''a'''(3'''û''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''ì'''(3'''é''')''
| ''1'''é'''2'''â'''(3'''â''')''
| to act on someone/something<br>weakly or gradually
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''ṭijāṇa'' – he annoys
|}
 
The present tense of each verb form is syncretic with either the past or the future tense. This was also the case in Old Zoki, but in that stage of the language, the person/number affixes on the verb encoded unambiguous tense information, which is no longer the case in Modern Zoki. As a result, speakers often use ''mó'' (a truncation of ''mómó'', lit. "now", cognate to Rttirri ''mumu'') to specify that an action is taking place in the present. However, this word may come anywhere in the sentence, though it is found most frequently after the verb.
 
:<nowiki></nowiki>Tù né ttéjanyû.
:3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC annoy.Form_V
:He was/is annoying me.
 
:<nowiki></nowiki>Tù né ttéjanyû '''mó'''.
:3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC annoy.Form_V now
:He is annoying me.

Revision as of 00:31, 31 March 2017

Phonology

Consonants

Zoki possesses the following consonant phonemes:

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/ *ny /ɳ/ *ng /ŋ/
Plosive *p /p/
*b /b/
*pp /pʰ/ 		*t /t/
*d /d/
*tt /tʰ/ 		*k /k/
*g /g/
*kk /kʰ/
Fricative *f /f/
*v /v/ 		*th /θ/
*dh /ð/ 		*s /s/
*z /z/ 		*sh /ʃ/
*zh /ʒ/ 		*h /h/
Affricate *ch /tɕ/
*j /dʑ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/
*r /ɹ/ 		*y /j/

Vowels

The following vowel phonemes are used:

Front Central Back
High i /i/
ì /iə/ 		u /u/
ù /uə/
Mid-high é /e/
è /eə/ 		ó /o/
ò /oə/
Low-mid e /ɛ/ û /ə/ o /ɔ/
Low a /a/ â /ɑ/
(ấ /ɑə/)
  • The distinction between /ɑ/ and /ɑə/ is a remnant of the historical vowel length distinction in Old Zoki; vowel shifts since the Old Zoki period have diphthongized most instances of the historical long vowels, while the short vowels have altered in quality. However, in the case of short and long historical */ɔ/, most speakers have merged them to /ɑ/; the diphthongization of historical long */ɔ/ to /ɑə/ is now considered a dying feature.

Grammar

As part of the Southeast Asian sprachbund, Zoki has lost most of the complex affixational morphology of Proto-Rttirrian and become highly analytic. However, it retains parts of the (already simplified) affixational system of Old Zoki. Nevertheless, Zoki is no longer considered pro-drop, for example, as several verbal conjugation paradigms have merged together; pronouns are now generally used alongside verbs, except in some informal speech where they may be dropped. Similar processes have occurred in English and French.

Nouns

The following pronouns are used:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Nominative
(emphatic) 		nûk mo at sûk tù âk
Accusative né me ké se yo gi
Possessive nû mé ûk sû â e

Two particles may come after the entire noun phrase. One is the non-obligatory plural particle mi; the other is the diminutive ûzh. When multiple diminutive objects are being referred to, the particles may come in either order, although mi ûzh is more typical.

Verbs

Verbs conjugate, vestigially, for person and number of the subject:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past o- o- — — — o-
Present — — — — — e-
Future — — — j(i)- — j(i)-

However, consonantal verb roots can fit a large number of verb patterns, each of which puts a different nuance on the action.

Forms Examples
Form Past Present Future Gerund Meaning Biliteral roots, e.g. k-b (to stop) Triliteral roots, e.g. ṭ-j-ṇ (to bother)
I shò1e2(e3) shè1e2(e3) shè1e2(e3) nó1o2(o3) to do something
skillfully or carefully
II 1ò2(e3) 1è2(e3) 1è2(e3) 1e2(a3) to undergo a process
emphatically or suddenly 		kēb – he stops suddenly ṭējeṇ – he goes crazy
III 1a2(û3) 1a2(û3) 1e2(é3) 1â2(â3) to undergo a process
weakly or gradually 		kāb – he slows to a halt ṭājaṇ – he hesitates
IV 1é2ò(3û) 1é2è(3û) 1é2è(3û) 1é2e(3a) to act on someone/something
emphatically or suddenly 		kibē – he causes to stop suddenly ṭijēṇe – he completely disrupts
V 1é2a(3û) 1é2a(3û) 1é2ì(3é) 1é2â(3â) to act on someone/something
weakly or gradually 		kibā – he drags to a halt ṭijāṇa – he annoys

The present tense of each verb form is syncretic with either the past or the future tense. This was also the case in Old Zoki, but in that stage of the language, the person/number affixes on the verb encoded unambiguous tense information, which is no longer the case in Modern Zoki. As a result, speakers often use mó (a truncation of mómó, lit. "now", cognate to Rttirri mumu) to specify that an action is taking place in the present. However, this word may come anywhere in the sentence, though it is found most frequently after the verb.

Tù né ttéjanyû.
3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC annoy.Form_V
He was/is annoying me.
Tù né ttéjanyû mó.
3SG.NOM 1SG.ACC annoy.Form_V now
He is annoying me.
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