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Revision as of 07:51, 24 June 2017
The creator of this language has moved on from this language. No further editing, other than marginal corrections, will occur in the foreseeable future. Watch out for inconsistencies and enjoy the page. |
IlL/Spare pages 1/4 (natively an dûaigh Cùm /ʔan dˠûəj kʰūːm/, written Kurm in the Wiebian alphabet) is a lect of Wiebian and the official language of the Verse:Kurm Republic. It's inspired by Irish and Chinese: it's a monosyllabic tonal language with palatalized consonants and initial consonant mutations. Unlike other Wiebian lects, Kurmian retains the Ancient Wiebian declension system.
Should drop some final r's or retain more -n's and -l's
Capital of Kurm Republic: An Giang
Numbers:
- fàmh
- dî
- nár
- ngô
- zèil
- stù
- rú
- leâr
- fár
- cìr
Todo
aigh ⟨ach⟩ /ʔaj/
Sound changes
- s!x > sng! > hng <sng>
- sch > s!= > k= <sc>
From Schnueher page:
Tone from French style weakening of finals? (-d, -t > high (short V)/rising (long V); -s > low (short V)/falling (long V); -de/-te > -t)
final stops > high tone; final -Ce > final -C; final -l > ŋ
nasal vowels > vowel + w
-s would still serve as a tone marker
Some AW sources for finals:
- -p < -fe, -ffe, -pf(e), -be
- -t < -de, -te
- -k < -cke
- -m < -me, -mpfe
- -n < -ne, -nde, -nze
- -ŋ < -nge, -nke, -l, -le
- -w < -m, -n, -nd, -ng, -nk, -b, -f
- -ː < -ge
- -j < -tz, -tze, -sche, -st, -ste, -che (ich-laut), -se
- -h < -re, -che
Uncategorized: -mpf, -mpfe, -nd, -nde, -nz, -nze, -nk, -nke > -m(h), -n(ʔ), -n(h), -ŋ(ʔ)?
Phonology
Phonotactics
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.
Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl
Initials
Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Laryngeal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
broad | slender | broad | slender | slender | broad | |||
Nasal | voiceless | ʰmˠ | ʰmʲ | ʰn̪ˠ | ʰnʲ | ʰɲ | ʰŋ | |
voiced | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Stop /Affricate |
plain | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | c | k | ʔ |
tense | pˠ˭ | pʲ˭ | t̪ˠ˭ | tʲ˭ | c˭ | k˭ | ||
voiced | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɟ | g | ||
Fricative | voiceless | fˠ | fʲ | sˠ | ɕ | ç | x | h |
voiced | vˠ | vʲ | zˠ | ʑ | j | ɣ | ||
Trill | voiceless | ʰrˠ | ʰrʲ | |||||
voiced | rˠ | rʲ | ||||||
Lateral | voiceless | ʰl̪ˠ | ʰlʲ | |||||
voiced | l̪ˠ | lʲ |
- /ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written sm sn sng sl sr.
- /p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written sp st sc.
Vowels
/ˠa ˠɪ ˠɔ ˠʊ ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ua
/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ ea i à è/èi aoì eò iù ia
Finals
The allowed finals are: /p t k m n ŋ r j w/ ⟨b d g m n l/ng r igh bh⟩
Tones
Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)
Short vowels are toneless. (cf. "entering tone" in Middle Chinese)
Mutations
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:
Grapheme | m | p | b | f | t | d | s | z | c | g | ∅ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | /m/ | /p/ | /b/ | /f/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ʔ/ |
Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | th | dh | sh | zh | ch | gh | ∅ |
IPA | /v/ | /f/ | /v/ | /h/ | /h/ | /ɣ/, /j/ | /h/ | /ʔ/ | /x/ | /ɣ/, /j/ | /ʔ/ |
Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | bhf | dt | nd | zs | - | gc | n-g | n- |
IPA | - | /b/ | /m/ | /v/ | /d/ | /n/ | /z/ | - | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /n/ |
In addition, h-prothesis adds h- to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
Morphology
Nouns
Compound words are head-final: seól-trù = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)
Attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun. Examples:
- an gò gaoì 'the tall tree' (nominative)
- an n-gò dtrù 'the long book' (nominative)
Indefinite mutations
Definite mutations
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Verb phrase
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.
Tense:
- present: no marker
- sèir = 'dies' (< AW zernen), eic /ʔɛk/ = 'buys' (< AW eckern)
- past: scil + lenition (< AW schillen 'finish')
- scil shèir = 'died', scil eic = 'bought'
- future: ngêir + h-prothesis ( < AW Đerz 'wish')
- ngêir sèir = 'will die', ngéir h-eic 'will buy'
- infinitive: go + lenition (from ge-)
- go shèir = 'to die'
Connectives:
- zeár: 'when' (< AW sätter 'eventually')
- daoìgh + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW deichen)
- spàr: 'but, however' (spaler 'unfortunately')
Derivational morphology
- ba- + lenition (from be-): verbalizer
- ba-bhì: 'nasalize' < bì 'nose'
- go- + lenition (from ge-): nominalizer
- also for- (from ver-)
- inn-: increments a verb's valency
- sar-: decrements a verb's velency
Phrases
- Thank you = Gôr-má thà gad (gôr-má < gaußer-matt: something like "blessing"; thà = "under"; gad = "roof" - i.e. "May there be blessings under your roof")
Sample texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Scil shéibh bî-bî na vàr go thúa mâ dè bân fhor-stuid thàn creó dè thàn fhor-cing. Séibh mî go [endowed with reason and conscience], dè [they should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood].