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<!-- Fill out this about your progress, only clean numbers no %s or anything. -->
Behru Cesik (a combination of Behru, an ethnonym, cet, to speak, and the suffix -hik, indicating a manner of doing something) is a language spoken in the southern half of the lower Sedonese basin, the Hedri plains, and in the northern portions of Kakinsake. Its speakers form a distinct ethnicity in the south of Sedone, independent from the dominant Idili. The Behru people originated from the distant and now extinct Behru empire, which attempted to settle the Hedri area 1500 years prior. The empire has collapsed since then, and the Behru people are now isolated, their nations being increasingly encroached upon by the native peoples they had once tried to conquer.
 
[[File:Sumo.jpg|thumb|Béhru cesik shúune viine yoone hok.]]
 
 
{{Progress
|Phonology= <!-- Have all the sounds and their orthography been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounCases= <!-- Have all the cases for nouns been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounDef= <!-- Has how you define definitiveness (if at all) been decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounNumbers= <!-- Are numbers decided? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|NounGender= <!-- The various genders? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbPerson= <!-- Does verbs agree to person? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbNumber= <!-- Agree in numbers? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbAspect= <!-- Are aspects done? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbTense= <!-- What about tenses? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbMood= <!-- and moods? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|VerbVoice= <!-- and voices? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjCase= <!-- Do adjectives agree with case? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjNumber= <!-- Number? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjDef= <!-- Definitiveness? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->
|AdjGen= <!-- Gender? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|AdjComparative= <!-- Is the comparative form fixed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->0
|AdjSuperlative= <!-- Superlative? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->0
|Supine= <!-- Supine forms of verbs? The purpose of an action, "I walked to punch him!" Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Gerund= <!-- Gerunds, the noun form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Participle= <!-- Adjectival form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Infinitive= <!-- Infinitive, the bare form of a verb? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->
|Modality= <!-- How moods, probability and necessity are expressed? Answer in % with a number between 0 and 100 -->100
|Words= <!-- How many words do you have? Answer with a number, inflected forms do not count -->200}}
{{Conlang Info
|Name = Behru Cesik
|Type = Fusional, Polysynthetic
|Alignment = fluid ergativity
|Head = final
|Genders = 2
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|NounCase = yes
|NounNumber = yes
|NounDefinitiveness = no
|NounGender = yes
|VerbVoice = yes
|VerbMood = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTense = yes
|VerbAspect = yes}}
 
 
 
==Setting==
<!-- Give some background information, history, where the language is spoken, etc. -->Behru Cesik (a combination of Behru, an ethnonym, cet, to speak, and the suffix -hik, indicating a manner of doing something) is a language spoken in the southern half of the lower Sedonese basin, the Hedri plains, and in the northern portions of Kakinsake. Its speakers form a distinct ethnicity in the south of Sedone, independent from the dominant Idili. The Behru people originated from the distant and now extinct Behru empire, which attempted to settle the Hedri area 1500 years prior. The empire has collapsed since then, and the Behru people are now isolated, their nations being increasingly encroached upon by the native peoples they had once tried to conquer.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 235: Line 184:
===Vowels===
===Vowels===


All roots that can exist unbound, along with several bound roots, hold a tone. This tone may be either a high ´tone like in lé, or a low tone le (low tone is unmarked). A high tone is only found in noun, verb, and particle roots, it is never found on the suffixes with the exception of several toneshift sandhi rules.  In addition, a vowel may be of one of 3 "strengths". A weak vowel is reduced and centralized, and may carry have a high tone. A medium vowel is clearly pronounced but clipped in length. A strong vowel is held out in length. Some roots contain the sequence CV l/r C(V). The combination of a vowel and and l and r usually fuse in an unusual way.
All roots that can exist unbound, along with several bound roots, hold a tone. This tone may be either a high ´tone like in lé, or a low tone le (low tone is unmarked). A high tone is only found in noun, verb, and particle roots, it is never found on the suffixes with the exception of several toneshift sandhi rules. In addition, a vowel may be of one of 3 "strengths". A weak vowel is reduced and centralized, and may carry have a high tone. A medium vowel is clearly pronounced but clipped in length. A strong vowel is held out in length. Some roots contain the sequence CV l/r C(V). The combination of a vowel and and l and r usually fuse in an unusual way.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
|+Vowel strength
|+Vowel strength
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|-
|-
|3
|3
|hloji, xworji, ryagi,  vyúbi
|hloji, xworji, ryagi, vyúbi
|hlëjiuu, xwrjiuu, ryëgyuu, vyübyúu
|hlëjiuu, xwrjiuu, ryëgyuu, vyübyúu
|hloojrye, xwurdlye, ryaagïngye, vyúubüvye
|hloojrye, xwurdlye, ryaagïngye, vyúubüvye
Line 1,031: Line 980:


===Showing that a noun is posessed.===
===Showing that a noun is posessed.===
If a noun is owned by another noun (marked in the posessive case), an infix is inserted before the second consonant that agrees with the possessor. The genitive case is only used when one noun owns another noun, or with relations (my mother, your father). If one noun is part of the other noun, then a compound word using the combining stem is used instead. Inanimate objects always use the combining stem, never the posessive.
If a noun is owned by another noun (marked in the posessive case), an infix is inserted before the second syllable/final consonant that agrees with the possessor. The genitive case is only used when one noun owns another noun, or with relations (my mother, your father). If one noun is part of the other noun, then a compound word using the combining stem is used instead. Inanimate objects always use the combining stem, never the posessive.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Posessive agreement infixes (and use with múk)
|+Posessive agreement infixes (and use with múk)
Line 1,060: Line 1,009:
The possessed nouns may be further declined, múbik (our dog), múbigii (our dogs), múbigiiñipi (for our dogs).
The possessed nouns may be further declined, múbik (our dog), múbigii (our dogs), múbigiiñipi (for our dogs).


 
''note: the consonants n,m,ng,ñ,r,l,f,v,sh,and zh are considered part of the previous syllable when followed by another consonant, for example, xworji divides into xwor-ji, xamp divides to xam-p, thus you'd get xworziji and xamzip'', ''not xwozirji and xazimp.''


==Verb Morphology==
==Verb Morphology==
Behru verbs are conjugated by factors, person, number, transitivity, tense aspect, and mood. Many Behru sentences consist of only a verb, as both the subject and object may be dropped if they can be determined by context.
Behru verbs are conjugated by factors, person, number, transitivity, tense aspect, and mood. Many Behru sentences consist of only a verb, as both the subject and object may be dropped if they can be determined by context.
===Irrealis stem formation===
===Command stem formation===
===Command stem formation===
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{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
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The sonorant then takes the place of the original consonant for palatalization or labialization.
The sonorant then takes the place of the original consonant for palatalization or labialization.
===Clitic verbs===
There exists a closed class of clitic verbs in Behru which are suffixed to the stem of a free standing verb. The basic stem is not used, instead the special compound stem is used. The form of the special compound stem is unpredictable and thus is a principle part. (note: the basic stem is used in ordinary compound verbs, not the special compound stem.)
cet becomes cocash/ cocay
mála becomes hmáalash/ hmáalay
zén becomes zéyëdash/ zéyëday
zot becomes zootwash/ zootway
xworji becomes xworojii/ xworojiy
Common clitic verbs
-es/et: possible, eg: cocayesú: I can speak
ghóon: to start, eg: pázootwazhghónzú: I am about to explode
shosu: to cease, eg: zéyëdacosuji: we will stop moving momentarily
ol: to help, eg:  múgëye crwoocayoolxá: the dog helps you move
===Adding infixes to a a special compound stem verb===
In order to add the infixes li and ni to a verb in the special compound stem, one first
uses the special forms of the infixes, yo and ño, instead of li and ni
puts the first syllable of the basic stem (sans final consonant), before, from cet ce-, from mála má-, from zén zé-, from xworji xwo-
puts the remaining syllables that would be in the special stem after
from cocash/cocay cash/cay, from hmáalash/ hmáalay lash/lay, from xworojii/xworojiy rojii/rojiy
(note: if the remainder from the special stem has more than one syllable, like -roji from xworoji, use the regular forms of the infixes(ni and li) instead of the special forms (ño and yo).
Thus, cocash becomes ceñocash or ceyocash, hmáalash becomes máñolash or máyolash, xworoji becomes xwonirojii or xwolirojii.
===Polypersonal agreement===
===Polypersonal agreement===
The Behru verb agrees with its preformer, or subject, in person and number. A transitive verb also agrees with its object in person, subject, and number. Verb endings are added to the stem in the same manner noun endings are.
The Behru verb agrees with its preformer, or subject, in person and number. A transitive verb also agrees with its object in person, subject, and number. Verb endings are added to the stem in the same manner noun endings are.
Line 1,228: Line 1,212:
|-
|-
! scope="row"|1st person
! scope="row"|1st person
|u
|ú
|bu
|bu
|ji
|ji
|-
|-
! scope="row"|2nd person
! scope="row"|2nd person
|xa
|xá
|xu
|xú
|xe
|xé
|-
|-
! scope="row"|3rd person
! scope="row"|3rd person
|hlo
|hlo
|zu
|zu
|hlon
|hloon
|-
|-
! scope="row"|4th person
! scope="row"|4th person
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"|ril
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"|líl
|}
|}


Line 1,255: Line 1,239:
|-
|-
! scope="row"|1st person
! scope="row"|1st person
|emi
|émi
|ebi
|ébi
|eji
|éji
|-
|-
! scope="row"|2nd person
! scope="row"|2nd person
|ejri
|éjri
|enang
|énang
|ejre
|éjre
|-
|-
! scope="row"|3rd person
! scope="row"|3rd person
|olasha
|olasha
|angude
|ángude
|olesha
|oliishan
|-
|-
! scope="row"|4th person
! scope="row"|4th person
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"|ehwe
| colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"|éhwe
|}
|}


Line 1,282: Line 1,266:
|lyu
|lyu
|lav
|lav
|lyon
|lyoon
|}
|}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px;"
Line 1,312: Line 1,296:
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|utto
! scope="col"|uttó
! scope="col"|emru
! scope="col"|emru
! scope="col"|emir
! scope="col"|emir
Line 1,320: Line 1,304:
! scope="col"|i
! scope="col"|i
! scope="col"|idu
! scope="col"|idu
! scope="col"|idan
! scope="col"|idán
! scope="col"|iga
! scope="col"|iga
|-
|-
Line 1,327: Line 1,311:
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|eco
! scope="col"|ecó
! scope="col"|dav
! scope="col"|dav
! scope="col"|de
! scope="col"|de
! scope="col"|izha
! scope="col"|izhá
! scope="col"|linu
! scope="col"|linu
! scope="col"|izhe
! scope="col"|izháa
! scope="col"|bi
! scope="col"|bi
! scope="col"|bidu
! scope="col"|bidu
! scope="col"|bidan
! scope="col"|bidán
! scope="col"|igav
! scope="col"|igav
|-
|-
Line 1,342: Line 1,326:
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|uttwe
! scope="col"|uttwé
! scope="col"|emeru
! scope="col"|emeru
! scope="col"|emezhr
! scope="col"|emezhr
! scope="col"|wen
! scope="col"|wen
! scope="col"|ezhbu
! scope="col"|ezhbu
! scope="col"|wene
! scope="col"|wiin
! scope="col"|jie
! scope="col"|jie
! scope="col"|jiedu
! scope="col"|jiedu
! scope="col"|jiedan
! scope="col"|jiedán
! scope="col"|ige
! scope="col"|ige
|-
|-
Line 1,365: Line 1,349:
! scope="col"|xi
! scope="col"|xi
! scope="col"|xidu
! scope="col"|xidu
! scope="col"|xidan
! scope="col"|xidán
! scope="col"|koga
! scope="col"|kóoga
|-
|-
! scope="col"|2p few
! scope="col"|2p few
Line 1,380: Line 1,364:
! scope="col"|xizh
! scope="col"|xizh
! scope="col"|xizhdu
! scope="col"|xizhdu
! scope="col"|xizhdan
! scope="col"|xizhdán
! scope="col"|kogav
! scope="col"|kóogav
|-
|-
! scope="col"|2p many
! scope="col"|2p many
Line 1,390: Line 1,374:
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"|lesht
! scope="col"|liisht
! scope="col"|kyendu
! scope="col"|kshiindu
! scope="col"|efnan
! scope="col"|efnan
! scope="col"|xe
! scope="col"|xe
! scope="col"|xedu
! scope="col"|xedu
! scope="col"|xedan
! scope="col"|xedán
! scope="col"|koge
! scope="col"|kóoge
|-
|-
! scope="col"|3 single
! scope="col"|3 single
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! scope="col"|ufingu
! scope="col"|ufingu
! scope="col"|lam
! scope="col"|lam
! scope="col"|ocik
! scope="col"|océk
! scope="col"|ocikyu
! scope="col"|océkyu
! scope="col"|ociigye
! scope="col"|ocíigye
! scope="col"|raya
! scope="col"|rayáa
! scope="col"|kabu
! scope="col"|kabu
! scope="col"|uzhgan
! scope="col"|uzhgan
! scope="col"|ri
! scope="col"|ri
! scope="col"|ridu
! scope="col"|ridu
! scope="col"|ridan
! scope="col"|ridán
! scope="col"|yavba
! scope="col"|yavba
|-
|-
! scope="col"|3 paucal
! scope="col"|3 paucal
! scope="col"|izo
! scope="col"|ézo
! scope="col"|zidu
! scope="col"|ézidu
! scope="col"|izom
! scope="col"|ézoon
! scope="col"|ohan
! scope="col"|ohan
! scope="col"|ohanu
! scope="col"|ohanu
Line 1,425: Line 1,409:
! scope="col"|zi
! scope="col"|zi
! scope="col"|zidu
! scope="col"|zidu
! scope="col"|zidan
! scope="col"|zidán
! scope="col"|sinav
! scope="col"|sinav
|-
|-
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! scope="col"|ocekyu
! scope="col"|ocekyu
! scope="col"|ociigye
! scope="col"|ociigye
! scope="col"|rezh
! scope="col"|rézh
! scope="col"|kebu
! scope="col"|kebu
! scope="col"|wezhgan
! scope="col"|wíizhgan
! scope="col"|ehli
! scope="col"|ehli
! scope="col"|ehlidu
! scope="col"|ehlidu
! scope="col"|ehlidan
! scope="col"|ehlidán
! scope="col"|yavbe
! scope="col"|yavbe
|-
|-
! scope="col"|4th person
! scope="col"|4th person
! scope="col"|ogañi
! scope="col"|ógañi
! scope="col"|ogamu
! scope="col"|ógamu
! scope="col"|ogañe
! scope="col"|ógañe
! scope="col"|ozhdo
! scope="col"|ózhdo
! scope="col"|ozhdov
! scope="col"|ózhdov
! scope="col"|ozhdwe
! scope="col"|ózhdwe
! scope="col"|otsa
! scope="col"|ótsa
! scope="col"|odzu
! scope="col"|ódzu
! scope="col"|otsan
! scope="col"|ótsan
! scope="col"|oci
! scope="col"|óci
! scope="col"|ocidu
! scope="col"|ócidu
! scope="col"|ocidan
! scope="col"|ócidán
! scope="col"| -
! scope="col"| -
|}
|}
Line 1,483: Line 1,467:
| -
| -
|amo
|amo
|emark
|amark
|amar
|amar
|upor
|upor
|uzhbuk
|uzhbuk
|upran
|upran
|er
|ér
|irap
|iráp
|irant
|iránt
|usuk
|usuk
|-
|-
Line 1,498: Line 1,482:
| -
| -
|yazok
|yazok
|dafk
|dáafk
|yezok
|yezok
|ushk
|ushk
Line 1,512: Line 1,496:
| -
| -
| -
| -
|emo
|émo
|emerk
|émerk
|emar
|émar
|wepor
|wepor
|wezhbuk
|wezhbuk
|wepran
|wepran
|jier
|jiér
|jierap
|jieráp
|jeirant
|jieránt
|wesuk
|uusuk
|-
|-
! scope="row"|2 single
! scope="row"|2 single
|oxon
|oxon
|odak
|odók
|onok
|onók
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|ucohya
|úcohya
|ahmase
|ahmaase
|fok
|fok
|ujri
|ujri
|ujrip
|ujrip
|ujrint
|ujrint
|akashk
|ákashk
|-
|-
! scope="row"|2 paucal
! scope="row"|2 paucal
|ixan
|ixan
|idak
|idák
|inak
|inák
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|ucac
|úcac
|ahmac
|ahmaac
|fac
|fac
|inang
|ináng
|inangap
|inangáp
|nangant
|inangánt
|ikashk
|ikashk
|-
|-
! scope="row"|2 plural
! scope="row"|2 plural
|oxen
|oxiin
|odek
|odíik
|onek
|oníik
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|ucehye
|úcíihye
|ahmese
|ahmiise
|fek
|fiik
|wejri
|wiijri
|wejrip
|wejrip
|wjerint
|wjerint
|akeshk
|ákaashk
|-
|-
! scope="row"|3 single
! scope="row"|3 single
Line 1,593: Line 1,577:
|nik
|nik
|waner
|waner
|ingut
|inguut
|ingudep
|inguudep
|ingudent
|inguudent
|idun
|idun
|-
|-
Line 1,614: Line 1,598:
|-
|-
! scope="row"|4
! scope="row"|4
|yagun
|yagún
|yagbin
|yagbin
|yagman
|yagmán
|yagak
|yagák
|yagin
|yagin
|yagek
|yagáak
|yaksha
|yaksha
|yakshun
|yakshun
Line 1,649: Line 1,633:
|-
|-
|Described subject
|Described subject
|sop
|sóop
|udbi
|udbi
|somt
|sóomt
|sok
|sóok
|sogu
|sóogu
|soge
|sóoge
|mav
|mav
|olvu
|olvu
Line 1,666: Line 1,650:
|bak
|bak
|bik
|bik
|omsa
|omsá
|igazh
|igazh
|igizh
|igizh
|igezh
|igaazh
|wor
|wor
|ihru
|ihru
|wer
|wer
|pash
|pásh
|pabi
|pábi
|pañci
|páñci
|dwo
|dwoo
|}
|}


Line 1,703: Line 1,687:
! scope="col"|láng
! scope="col"|láng
! scope="col"|means the same thing as -ness in english, added to the descriptive stem of a verb, as in xùweláng "livelyness, health"
! scope="col"|means the same thing as -ness in english, added to the descriptive stem of a verb, as in xùweláng "livelyness, health"
|}
==The copulas==
The copulas is a suffix attached to the predicate noun in an equative sentence. It conjugates irregularily. The -lu copula is the stative copula, you use it to say "the dog is red". The ru copula is the change copula, you'd use it to say "the dog has gotten redder", or "the dog is red but it wasn't the last time I saw it.".
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;"
|+Conjugation of the copulas
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|Lu
! scope="col"|Ru
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|Present
! scope="col"|Past
! scope="col"|Present
! scope="col"|Past
|-
! scope="row"|1st person singular
|foba
|dam
| -
| -
|-
! scope="row"|1 paucal
|fobu
|dabu
| -
| -
|-
! scope="row"|1 plural
|níin
|díin
| -
| -
|-
! scope="row"|2nd person singular
|foxa
|dang
| -
| -
|-
! scope="row"|2 paucal
|foxu
|dangu
| -
| -
|-
! scope="row"|2 plural
|foxe
|dange
| -
| -
|-
! scope="row"|3rd person singuar animate
|lon
|da
|ron
|ja
|-
! scope="row"|3a paucal
|loju
|daju
|roju
|jayu
|-
! scope="row"|3a plural
|kíin
|tíin
|ríin
|jíin
|-
! scope="row"|3rd person singular inanimate
|lu
|du
|ru
|ju
|-
! scope="row"|3ina paucal
|luv
|duv
|ruv
|juv
|-
! scope="row"|3ina plural
|lun
|dun
|run
|jun
|-
! scope="row"|4th person
|sil
|dil
|ril
|jil
|}
|}


==Behru syntax==
==Behru syntax==
===Basic case===
The basic case is used for
-the agent of a transitive verb
'''múk''' shüneha kyocarayáa: '''the dog''' pushes the man
-the participant in an intransitive verb
'''múk '''cetlo: '''the dog '''speaks
-before the topic particle zú
'''múuge '''zú nebalíl: as for '''dogs''', they run
===The topic===
The topic of the sentence is a noun marked with the postposition zú. It is used in the gnomic tense, to set that noun apart from other nouns in a dsecription. The topic need not be the subject of the sentence, it can be in any case. Verbs marked with a 4th person agreement agree with the last stated topic in a discourse
===Causative case===
The causative case is used for the cause of a verb in the causative.
'''cinidémiye''' múk nwiinibahlo: '''because I spoke, '''the dog ran
Some verbs can use the basic or causative cases, this causes a subtle change in meaning
shúun kwootri: the man throws it (causes it to fly), vs.
'''shúuñe''' kwoootlo: '''because of the man, '''it flies (the man did something else leading it to fly.
===Ablative case===
used for the origin of a motion
shúun zú '''béhrusokihn''' zéninlíil: as for the man, he came '''from the Behru homeland. '''
===Comitative case===
Is used for the companion in an action.
shúun '''múkyant '''ninzebahlon: the man was running '''with the dog.'''
===Vialis case===
Used to indicate means of travel
shúun sedoñci '''béhrusokimpi '''zénihnlo: the man went to Sedone through the behru homeland
'''jálokimpi''' wunëdici kodú: I fly to my home '''by aircraft. '''
===Instrumental case===
Used to indicate tools used to complete an action.
'''molumikl''' hmoonlíil: it shines '''with heat.'''
===Adessive case===
used to indicate something an action was done without.
wálübakint '''cidolashamash''' sedoñci zénihnlo: she went to sedone without talking to her mother.
===Locative case===
Used to indicate the location of an action
doonde '''wudihi '''nebahloon: the children run '''in the house. '''
===Dative case===
used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, the exact meaning varies.


==Verbs that incorporate nouns==
The target of a verb of motion '''shúuñci '''múk nenibahlo: the dog ran to the man.
Behru has no independant copula. Instead -lòn is suffixed to a noun to change it into a to be verb, for example


sùmúk mejwòjalóhnro ''This dog isn't a cat. ''Other verbs are changed into suffixes like this as well, for example, -lór (to become, as in yùmúk jwòjakóllehrro ''that dog became a cat. ''The third major incorporating verb is -lû´r (to make) as in
The target of a bitransitive verb:shúun '''wulüdici''' kwoonitri: the man threw it '''at his house.'''
===Patient case===
used to indicate the direct  object of an intransitive verb.


mebóloniyéyejuv? ''can't we make bolo?''
shúun '''tëlübyáaha''' túnijrehlo: the man took off '''his overshirt. '''
===Posessive case===
used to indicate that one noun owns another.


Because adjectives are ensentially altered forms of verbs, they can be considered to have the copula "built in" and do not need any
'''shüneng '''tóbi: '''the man's''' overshirt
===Comparative case===
===Combining stem===


==Numbers==
==Numbers==
Greatbuddha
112

edits

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