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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Secondary moods: evidentiality
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The four secondary moods expressing evidentiality are formed in two different ways. One of them has a special set of endings, while the other three add a morpheme to the verb. They are only used in the indicative, desiderative, necessitative, permissive, and potential moods, plus in first person imperatives. | The four secondary moods expressing evidentiality are formed in two different ways. One of them has a special set of endings, while the other three add a morpheme to the verb. They are only used in the indicative, desiderative, necessitative, permissive, and potential moods, plus in first person imperatives. | ||
The ''visual evidential'' is made by adding '''-mī''' at the end of the verb, e.g. ''yąlėmī'' "it is [being] eaten (I see it)", '' | The ''visual evidential'' is made by adding '''-mī''' at the end of the verb, e.g. ''yąlėmī'' "it is [being] eaten (I see it)", ''yąlėsŏmī'' "(s)he eats (I see it)". The ending is actually a worn down version of ''mešė'', meaning "it is seen". | ||
The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by special endings, which replace the normal ones (example with ''pūnake'' "to work"): | The ''first inferential'', which refers to any non-visual inference that is probably true (often translatable with "apparently", "looks like"), is formed by special endings, which replace the normal ones (example with ''pūnake'' "to work"): | ||
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| pūn'''itet''' || pūn'''itāl''' || upūn'''itena''' || pūn'''iṣyāna''' | | pūn'''itet''' || pūn'''itāl''' || upūn'''itena''' || pūn'''iṣyāna''' | ||
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Interior forms add these endings after ''-ir-'' (e.g. ''dældirte'' "(s)he apparently speaks"); causative forms add them after ''- | Interior forms add these endings after ''-ir-'' (e.g. ''dældirte'' "(s)he apparently speaks"); causative forms add them after ''-ajr-'' for interior verbs and ''-ilajr-'' for exterior ones, e.g. ''maišajritesŏ'' "(s)he apparently shows", ''maišilajrite'' "(s)he apparently learns". | ||
The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-mū''' after the first inferential endings, e.g. ''pūnatemū'' "(s)he might be working, but probably isn't". This is a worn down version of ''mbu gu'' (or not). | The ''second inferential'' has a similar function to the first inferential, but the situation is unlikely to be true (translatable e.g. with "might/apparently... but probably don't/doesn't"); it is formed by adding '''-mū''' after the first inferential endings, e.g. ''pūnatemū'' "(s)he might be working, but probably isn't". This is a worn down version of ''mbu gu'' (or not). | ||