User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions
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! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| ''*míshu'' | | ''*míshu'' | ||
| ''*esmij'' | |||
| ''*pháju'' | |||
| ''*fasmij'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*smṓj'' | |||
| ''*qij'' | |||
| ''*qinij'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmaf'' | |||
| ''*tiqmaf'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''*qimus'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| ''*míd'' | | ''*míd'' | ||
| ''*esmid'' | |||
| ''*fíd'' | |||
| ''*fasmid'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''*smṓd'' | |||
| ''*qind'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*tujus'' | |||
| ''*tuqus'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj'' | | rowspan="2" | ''*muáj'' | ||
| ''*esmaj'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj'' | |||
| ''*fasmaj'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj'' | |||
| ''*qaj'' | |||
| ''*qinch'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*chaf'' | |||
| ''*tiqshaf'' | |||
| ''*qinchaf'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| ''*esmáj'' | |||
| ''*fasmu'' | |||
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj'' | |||
| ''*qinax'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj'' | |||
| ''*tiqphaj'' | |||
| ''*qinash'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Comitative | ! Comitative | ||
Revision as of 22:53, 16 May 2017
| Pre-??? | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
Indo-European
| |
History
Phonology
Consonants
Pre-??? possessed the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized | Plain | Labialized | Plain | Labialized | ||||||
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | ||||||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | *p /p/ | *t /t/ | *ky /kʲ/ | *k /k/ | *kw /kʷ/ | ||||
| Voiced | *d /t/ | *gy /gʲ/ | *g /g/ | *gw /gʷ/ | ||||||
| Aspirated | *ph /pʰ/ | *th /tʰ/ | *kyh /kʲʰ/ | *kh /kʰ/ | *kwh /kʷʰ/ | |||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | *f /f/ | *s /s/ | *sh /ʃ/ | *x /x/ | *q /χ/ | *qw /χʷ/ | |||
| Voiced | *v /v/ | *j /ʒ/ | ||||||||
| Affricate | *ch /t͡ʃ/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | *l /l/ | |||||||||
| Flap/Trill | *r /r/ | |||||||||
Vowels
The following vowel phonemes are used:
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Short | Long | |
| High | *i /i/ | *u /u/ | |||
| Mid | *e /e/ | *ē /eː/ | *o /o/ | *ō /oː/ | |
| Low | *a /a/ | ||||
Stress accent
Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of Proto-Indo-European. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
- á é í ó ú ḗ ṓ
Grammar
Pronouns
The following pronouns are used:
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |||||||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | |||||
| Nominative | *xig | *evij | *fax | *jafa | *su | *tud | *siq | *qins | *tuj | *tuq | *tiqaj | *qini |
| Accusative | *amí | *esmí | *fí | *vōs | *tum | *tiq | *qim | *tuns | *tiqes | *qines | ||
| Genitive | *míni | *esu | *tívi | *shafsu | *safó | *isiq | *qinchu | *tisum | *tiqum | *qinum | ||
| Dative | *míshu | *esmij | *pháju | *fasmij | *smṓj | *qij | *qinij | *tujmaf | *tiqmaf | *qimus | ||
| Ablative | *míd | *esmid | *fíd | *fasmid | *smṓd | *qind | *tujus | *tuqus | ||||
| Locative | *muáj | *esmaj | *tuáj | *fasmaj | *smaj | *qaj | *qinch | *chaf | *tiqshaf | *qinchaf | ||
| Instrumental | *esmáj | *fasmu | *tuj | *qinax | *tushphaj | *tiqphaj | *qinash | |||||
| Comitative | *amík | |||||||||||
| Illative | *míshuq | |||||||||||
Verb phrases
Person/number conjugation
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. |
| Past | |||||
| Present | |||||