Verse:Hmøøh/Talma/Literature: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Netagin verbs, perhaps similarly to those of [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]], mark aspect and person, but not tense. Non-concatenative morphology figures prominently in conjugation for valence and TAM, much like in Semitic and Proto-Indo-European. However, verbs can also be derived via derivational "mishqalim" patterns (with considerable overlap with nominal patterns).
*Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
Ancient Netagin uses 11 binyanim.
*Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
 
*Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold"). It is often considered the most basic form. The difference between adjectives and stative verbs is roughly equivalent to the ''ser-estar'' distinction.
*Binyan 2 contains most monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy"). Can also have a telic (desired outcome was reached) meaning.
*Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
*Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
*Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
*Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
*Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix ''be-'' (applicative).
*Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
*Binyan 7 - telic
*Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
*Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
*Binyan 10 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ''ħădhádhekh'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
*Binyan 11 - "mis-X, over-X"


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''1a2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ō2i3'' || ''1a2ī3i''
| ''1a2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ō2i3'' || ''1i2i3i''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''1u2u3'' || ''-u1a2ːō3'' || ''mu1a2ːī3'' || ''1a2ːī3āʔ''
| ''1a2ō3'' || ''-a12ū3'' || ''1a2ī3'' || ''1a2ō3ā''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
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|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| ''ʔa12a3'' || ''-i1ːi2u3'' || ''ma12a3'' || ''ʔa12a3āʔ''
| ''ʔa12i3'' || ''-i1ːi2u3'' || ''ma12a3'' || ''ʔa12a3āʔ''
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| ''ta12u3'' || ''-uta12i3'' || ''muta12i3'' || ''ta12ō3āʔ''
| ''ta12u3'' || ''-ut1a2i3'' || ''mut1a2u3'' || ''ta12ō3āʔ''
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| ''ʔiš1a2a3'' || ''-uš1i2u3'' || ''muš1i2u3'' || ''ʔiš1a2u3t''
| ''ʔir1a2a3'' || ''-ur1i2u3'' || ''mur1i2u3'' || ''ʔur1a2i3i''
|-
! 7
| ''ʔirta1a2u3'' || ''-urta1a2i3'' || ''murta1a2u3'' || ''tirta1a2ī3i''
|-
! 8
| ''ʔi21a2i3'' || ''-i21i2u3'' || ''mu21ā2u3'' || ''ʔu21a2i3i''
|-
! 9
| ''1aš2u3'' || ''-u1iš2u3'' || ''mu1aš2u3'' || ''tu1aš2i3i''
|-
! 10
| ''1a2ā2i3'' || ''-i12i2u3'' || ''mu12ā2u3'' || ''tu12a2u3i''
|-
! 11
| ''1i31a2u3'' || ''-i1a31i2u3'' || ''mu1i31ā2u3'' || ''tu1i31a2i3i''
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''i'' when a suffix is added.
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''i'' when a suffix is added.

Revision as of 05:14, 24 May 2017

Netagin (barīts Natāgīn) is a triconsonantal language inspired by Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, spoken in Western Cuadhlabh. This page describes Ancient Netagin.

Todo

  • final -ʔ to block initial seimhiu in descendants
  • need more binyanim (~ 10 like Arabic)
  • passive binyanim?
  • yarifi = wheel
  • bīlan = woman
  • mufgōrin = castle
  • qabatxōt = alligator
  • Imperatives? Moods/seq of tenses?

Roots

  • n-t-g: ???
  • r-s-d: study
  • z-ʔ-r: go
  • k-d-d: fly
  • w-r-š: love
  • b-n-š: hide

Phonology

Ancient Netagin had the following consonants (note no /l/!):

m n ŋ tʰ t kʰ k ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ʃ ħ h z ʕ w r j

⟨m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx š ħ h z ȝ w r y⟩

The following vowels were used:

i iː u uː
a aː oː
aj aw

⟨i ī u ū a ā ō ay aw⟩

Stress is marked with an acute accent.

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Gender and number

Three numbers: sg, du/col, pl

Four genders: masculine (air), feminine (earth), fire, water (inspired by Valyrian)

absolute, construct, possessed forms

Definite article: ha-(gemination)

Noun and adjective endings
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
absolute construct absolute construct absolute construct
Air -i -∅ -ūʔ -ū -āʔ -ā
Earth -an -ā -ōnūʔ -ōnū -ōnāʔ -ōnā
Fire -in -ay -ayyūʔ -ayyū -ayyāʔ -ayyā
Water -ōti, -ti -at, -t -(a)tūʔ -(a)tū -(a)tāʔ -(a)tā


For example, below are the declensions of yarifi (m.) = 'wheel'; bīlan (f.) = 'woman, wife'; mufgōrin (t.) = 'castle'; qabatxōt (a.) = 'alligator':

Sample nouns
Singulative Dual-collective Plurative
absolute construct absolute construct absolute construct
Air yarifi yarif yarifūʔ yarifū yarifāʔ yarifā
Earth bīlan bīlā bīlōnūʔ bīlōnū bīlōnāʔ bīlōnā
Fire mufgōrin mufgōray mufgōrayyūʔ mufgōrayyū mufgōrayyāʔ mufgōrayyā
Water qabatxōti qabatxat qabatxtūʔ qabatxtū qabatxtāʔ qabatxtā

Possessive suffixes

Air singulative nouns
Singular Dual Plural
1 yarifiki yarifikū yarifikā
2 yarifini yarifinū yarifinā
3 yarifihi yarifihū yarifihā

Earth singulative nouns
Singular Dual Plural
1 bilāki bilākū bilākā
2 bilāni bilānū bilānā
3 bilāhi bilāhū bilāhā

Fire singulative nouns
Singular Dual Plural
1 mufgōrayki mufgōraykū mufgōraykā
2 mufgōrayni mufgōraynū mufgōraynā
3 mufgōrayhi mufgōrayhū mufgōrayhā

Water singulative nouns
Singular Dual Plural
1 qabatxtiki qabatxtikū qabatxtikā
2 qabatxtini qabatxtinū qabatxtinā
3 qabatxtihi qabatxtihū qabatxtihā
Dual-collective nouns
Singular Dual Plural
1 yarifūki yarifūkū yarifūkā
2 yarifūni yarifūnū yarifūnā
3 yarifūhi yarifūhū yarifūhā
Plurative nouns
Singular Dual Plural
1 yarifāki yarifākū yarifākā
2 yarifāni yarifānū yarifānā
3 yarifāhi yarifāhū yarifāhā

Pronouns

First person Second person Third person
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Independent ʔakti ʔakkū ʔakkā ʔanni ʔannū ʔannā hini (m)
hinan (f)
hinn (t)
hitti (a)		 hinnū hinnā
Clitic -ki -kū -kā -ni -nū -nā -hi -hū -hā

Verbs

  • Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
  • Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
  • Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
  • Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
  • Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
  • Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
  • Binyan 7 - telic
  • Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
  • Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
  • Binyan 10 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ħădhádhekh 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
  • Binyan 11 - "mis-X, over-X"
Binyan Imperfective Perfective Participle Action noun
1 1a2a3 -i12a3 1ō2i3 1i2i3i
2 1a2ō3 -a12ū3 1a2ī3 1a2ō3ā
3 ʔa12ī13 -uni12i3 mi1ːū2ā3 ʔa12u3ti
4 ʔa12i3 -i1ːi2u3 ma12a3 ʔa12a3āʔ
5 ta12u3 -ut1a2i3 mut1a2u3 ta12ō3āʔ
6 ʔir1a2a3 -ur1i2u3 mur1i2u3 ʔur1a2i3i
7 ʔirta1a2u3 -urta1a2i3 murta1a2u3 tirta1a2ī3i
8 ʔi21a2i3 -i21i2u3 mu21ā2u3 ʔu21a2i3i
9 1aš2u3 -u1iš2u3 mu1aš2u3 tu1aš2i3i
10 1a2ā2i3 -i12i2u3 mu12ā2u3 tu12a2u3i
11 1i31a2u3 -i1a31i2u3 mu1i31ā2u3 tu1i31a2i3i

1 Shortens to i when a suffix is added.

The participle is an agent noun or an adjective. Adverbializing it yields manner of action "as if to X".

The action noun (axn) or gerund is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-gen AXN OBJECT-acc. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer.

Affixes

Present tense affixes
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 -ti -tū -tā
2 -an -nū -nā
3 -∅ -ū -ā

ʔabnaš 'steal'
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 ʔabnašti ʔabnaštū ʔabnaštā
2 ʔabnašan ʔabnašnū ʔabnašnā
3 ʔabnaš ʔabnašū ʔabnašā

Past tense affixes
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 t- t-ū t-ā
2 n- n-ū n-ā
3 h- h-ū h-ā

ʔabnaš 'steal'
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 tibbinuš tibbinušū tibbinušā
2 nibbinuš nibbinušū nibbinušā
3 hibbinuš hibbinušū hibbinušā


Syntax

Ancient Netagin is almost completely head-initial; the unmarked word order is VSO.

Waraštini.
I love you.
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