Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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| 4 || ''' | | 4 || '''nęlte'''<br/>nęltem<br/>nęlteh || nęltendes || nęltemūh || nęltehaicė || nęltehæl / lānęlte<br/><small>(lānęltem, lānęlteh)</small> || nęltendvāṭ | ||
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| 16 || ''' | | 16 || '''māminęlte'''<br/><small>(-m, -h)</small> || māminęltendes || māminęltemūh || māminęltehaicė || lāmāminęlte || māmiynęltendvāṭ | ||
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Numbers from 20<sub>12</sub> above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 21<sub>12</sub> <small>(25<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''hælьmāmileil'' (-um, -a), and then ''hælьmāmidani'' (-īm, īh), ''hælьmāmipāmvi'' (-m, -eh), and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūʔa and not -vælka as in 16<sub>12</sub>.<br/> | Numbers from 20<sub>12</sub> above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 21<sub>12</sub> <small>(25<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''hælьmāmileil'' (-um, -a), and then ''hælьmāmidani'' (-īm, īh), ''hælьmāmipāmvi'' (-m, -eh), and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūʔa and not -vælka as in 16<sub>12</sub>.<br/> | ||
The other teens are: '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvimāmei, '''40''' <small>(48<sub>10</sub>)</small> | The other teens are: '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvimāmei, '''40''' <small>(48<sub>10</sub>)</small> nęltemāmei, '''50''' <small>(60<sub>10</sub>)</small> fūlmāmei, '''60''' <small>(72<sub>10</sub>)</small> vælknihæla, '''70''' <small>(84<sub>10</sub>)</small> māmyāvælka (regionally ''chīcæmāmei'', particularly in the East), '''80''' <small>(96<sub>10</sub>)</small> tītimāmei, '''90''' <small>(108<sub>10</sub>)</small> mojemāmei, '''ᘔ0''' <small>(120<sub>10</sub>)</small> tåldimāmei, '''Ɛ0''' <small>(132<sub>10</sub>)</small> māmimīram, and '''100''' nihæla.<br/> | ||
The apparent irregularities in the words for 60<sub>12</sub>, 70<sub>12</sub>, and Ɛ0<sub>12</sub> are explained by etymology: ''vælka'' is the reflex of PLB *wewənko, which meant “half”, thus ''vælknihæla'' is “half hundred” and ''māmyāvælka'' is “twelve on half”; ''māmimīram'' is literally “twelve [less] from ahead”. 13<sub>12</sub> originally meant "one finger/three (''pāmvi'', the word for three, derives from ''pamih'', meaning "finger") in the second [dozen]", where the ''-hælī'' part is a worn form of ''hælinaikah''. | The apparent irregularities in the words for 60<sub>12</sub>, 70<sub>12</sub>, and Ɛ0<sub>12</sub> are explained by etymology: ''vælka'' is the reflex of PLB *wewənko, which meant “half”, thus ''vælknihæla'' is “half hundred” and ''māmyāvælka'' is “twelve on half”; ''māmimīram'' is literally “twelve [less] from ahead”. 13<sub>12</sub> originally meant "one finger/three (''pāmvi'', the word for three, derives from ''pamih'', meaning "finger") in the second [dozen]", where the ''-hælī'' part is a worn form of ''hælinaikah''. | ||
Numbers from 100<sub>12</sub> to ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are still compounds, e.g. nihælaleil, nihæladani, and so on. Note that 160<sub>12</sub> is most commonly nihæltulūʔa, but the more literary form nihælvælka may still be heard.<br/> | Numbers from 100<sub>12</sub> to ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are still compounds, e.g. nihælaleil, nihæladani, and so on. Note that 160<sub>12</sub> is most commonly nihæltulūʔa, but the more literary form nihælvælka may still be heard.<br/> | ||
The other hundreds are '''200''' <small>(288<sub>10</sub>)</small> daninihæla, '''300''' <small>(432<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvinihæla, '''400''' <small>(576<sub>10</sub>)</small> | The other hundreds are '''200''' <small>(288<sub>10</sub>)</small> daninihæla, '''300''' <small>(432<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvinihæla, '''400''' <small>(576<sub>10</sub>)</small> nęltenihæla, '''500''' <small>(720<sub>10</sub>)</small> furḍṇihæla, '''600''' <small>(864<sub>10</sub>)</small> tulūnihæla, '''700''' <small>(1008<sub>10</sub>)</small> chīcænihæla, '''800''' <small>(1152<sub>10</sub>)</small> tītinihæla, '''900''' <small>(1296<sub>10</sub>)</small> mojanihæla, '''ᘔ00''' <small>(1440<sub>10</sub>)</small> tåldanihæla, '''Ɛ00''' <small>(1584<sub>10</sub>)</small> vældenihæla.<br/> | ||
'''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tulūʔa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.<br/> | '''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tulūʔa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.<br/> | ||
Note that 2.000<sub>12</sub> may be either one of ''tildhādi'', ''danīh tildhā'', or (only emphatically) ''danīh tildhādi''. As ''tildhā'' is a parrot gender noun, 3.000<sub>12</sub> and 4.000<sub>12</sub> are respectively ''pāmveh tildhā'' and '' | Note that 2.000<sub>12</sub> may be either one of ''tildhādi'', ''danīh tildhā'', or (only emphatically) ''danīh tildhādi''. As ''tildhā'' is a parrot gender noun, 3.000<sub>12</sub> and 4.000<sub>12</sub> are respectively ''pāmveh tildhā'' and ''nęlteh tildhā''. | ||
The other divisions - numbers over ƐƐ.ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are based on groups of two digits: the two most commonly used ones in common speech are '''1.00.000''' <small>(248.832<sub>10</sub>)</small> - a ''raicė'' - and '''1.00.00.000''' <small>(35.831.808<sub>10</sub>)</small> - a ''lallaraicė''. | The other divisions - numbers over ƐƐ.ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are based on groups of two digits: the two most commonly used ones in common speech are '''1.00.000''' <small>(248.832<sub>10</sub>)</small> - a ''raicė'' - and '''1.00.00.000''' <small>(35.831.808<sub>10</sub>)</small> - a ''lallaraicė''. | ||
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Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicė titė męlīran'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūʔihaicė kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle". | Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicė titė męlīran'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūʔihaicė kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle". | ||
Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.<small>GEN</small> numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi | Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.<small>GEN</small> numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi nęltendvāṭ'' "one fourth of the bottle" ; ''bhæli tulūʔendvaḍe'' "in one sixth of the country". | ||
==Particles== | ==Particles== | ||