Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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|+ Progressive
|+ Progressive
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaisman || *kaφsən
| 1SG || *ʁaismān || *kaφsən
|-
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismar || *kaφsər
| 2SG || *ʁaismār || *kaφsər
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismam || *kaφsəm
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismām || *kaφsəm
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasim || *kaφsəsim
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāsim || *kaφsəsim
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaisma || *kaφs
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismā || *kaφs
|-
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamē || *kaφsmē
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmē || *kaφsmē
|-
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismant || *kaφsənt
| 1IN || *ʁaismānt || *kaφsənt
|-
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷe || *kaφsəskʷe
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷe || *kaφsəskʷe
|-
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismat || *kaφsət
| 3PL || *ʁaismāt || *kaφsət
|}
|}
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|+ Habitual
|+ Habitual
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *ʁeʁaisman || *kekaφsən
| 1SG || *ʁeʁaismān || *kekaφsən
|-
|-
| 2SG || *ʁeʁaismar || *kekaφsər
| 2SG || *ʁeʁaismār || *kekaφsər
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁeʁaismam || *kekaφsəm
| 3SG.M || *ʁeʁaismām || *kekaφsəm
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁeʁaismasim || *kekaφsəsim
| 3SG.F || *ʁeʁaismāsim || *kekaφsəsim
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁeʁaisma || *kekaφs
| 3SG.N || *ʁeʁaismā || *kekaφs
|-
|-
| 1EX || *ʁeʁaismamē || *kekaφsmē
| 1EX || *ʁeʁaismāmē || *kekaφsmē
|-
|-
| 1IN || *ʁeʁaismant || *kekaφsənt
| 1IN || *ʁeʁaismānt || *kekaφsənt
|-
|-
| 2PL || *ʁeʁaismaskʷe || *kekaφsəskʷe
| 2PL || *ʁeʁaismāskʷe || *kekaφsəskʷe
|-
|-
| 3PL || *ʁeʁaismat || *kekaφsət
| 3PL || *ʁeʁaismāt || *kekaφsət
|}
|}
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|+ Preterite
|+ Preterite
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismannem || *keφsənnem
| 1SG || *ʁaismānnem || *keφsənnem
|-
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarəg || *keφsrəg
| 2SG || *ʁaismārəg || *keφsrəg
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismasəm || *keφsəsəm
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismāsəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismast || *keφsəst
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāstis || *keφsəstis
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismaso || *keφso
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismāso || *keφso
|-
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamer || *keφsəmer
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmer || *keφsəmer
|-
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismanter || *keφsənter
| 1IN || *ʁaismānter || *keφsənter
|-
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷer || *keφsəskʷer
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷer || *keφsəskʷer
|-
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismater || *keφsəter
| 3PL || *ʁaismāter || *keφsəter
|}
|}
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|+ Subjunctive
|+ Subjunctive
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismanai || *kaφsnai
| 1SG || *ʁaismānai || *kaφsnai
|-
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarai || *kaφsrai  
| 2SG || *ʁaismārai || *kaφsrai  
|-
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismamewr || *kaφsmewr
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismāmewr || *kaφsmewr
|-
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasewr || *kaφsəsewr
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāsewr || *kaφsəsewr
|-
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismawr || *kaφsewr  
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismāwr || *kaφsewr  
|-
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamai || *kaφsmai  
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmai || *kaφsmai  
|-
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantai || *kaφsəntai  
| 1IN || *ʁaismāntai || *kaφsəntai  
|-
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷai || *kaφsəskʷai
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷai || *kaφsəskʷai
|-
|-
| 3PL || *kaismatewr || *kaφsətewr
| 3PL || *ʁaismātewr || *kaφsətewr
|}
|}
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|+Imperative
|+Imperative
|-
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)  
|-
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismā! || *kaφsə!
| 2SG || *ʁaismā! || *kaφsə!
|-
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantē! || *kaφsəntē!
| 1IN || *ʁaismāntē! || *kaφsəntē!
|-
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskʷē! || *kaφsəskʷē!
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷē! || *kaφsəskʷē!
|}
|}
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Revision as of 02:14, 28 August 2017

Proto-Talmic/Swadesh list

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Eevo, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.

Todo

  • -nəm = patientive
  • stan- = gather
    • stannəm = gathering
      • Eevo sdann = (mathematics) set
    • ~ sta- in stāmom?
  • add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
    • -ssōs = another noun suffix
    • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
    • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *θ *s *h
voiced *δ *ʁ *ʁʷ
Resonant *l *r *y *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui aw ew iw ow

Thensarian reflexes

  • a e i o u ə > a e i o u y
  • ō > ū in word-final syllables; ā elsewhere (gives too much aw in Eevo?)
  • ou > ō
  • ē > ī
  • ei > ē
  • oi > ȳ
  • ui > ui
  • ew > iō
  • iw > iū
  • ai, au > ae, ao

Morphology

Proto-Talmic had an ablaut system much like that of Indo-European.

Nouns

Masculine nouns

(Just one paradigm)

ɮoirom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute ɮoirom ɮeɮoirom ɮoirīs
Construct ɮoirai ɮeɮoirai ɮoirinnə


Possessed forms of ɮoirom - 'bird'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct ɮoirot ɮoirinnət
1sg possessor ɮoiron ɮoirinnən
2sg.m possessor ɮoirossi ɮoirinnəssi
2sg.f possessor ɮoirossiu ɮoirinnəssiu
3sg.m possessor ɮoirotiu ɮoirinniu
3sg.f possessor ɮoirotī ɮoirinnī
3sg.n possessor ɮoirota ɮoirinna
1exc possessor ɮoirosmə ɮoirinnəsmə
1inc possessor ɮoiroswi ɮoirinnəswi
2pl possessor ɮoiroka ɮoirinnəka
3pl possessor ɮoirotōr ɮoirinnətōr

Feminine nouns

gʷondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute gʷondā gegʷondā gʷondār
Construct gʷondāt gegʷondām gʷondās


Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct gʷondat gʷondāsat
1sg possessor gʷondan gʷondasan
2sg.m possessor gʷondassi gʷondasassi
2sg.f possessor gʷondassiu gʷondasassiu
3sg.m possessor gʷondatiu gʷondasiu
3sg.f possessor gʷondatī gʷondasī
3sg.n possessor gʷondata gʷondasa
1exc possessor gʷondasmə gʷondasasmə
1inc possessor gʷondaswi gʷondasaswi
2pl possessor gʷondaka gʷondaseka
3pl possessor gʷondatōr gʷondasōr

Neuter nouns

tektəs 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute tektəs tetektəs tektəen
Construct tektəes tetektəes tektəer


Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct tektət tektəerət
1sg possessor tektən tektəerən
2sg.m possessor tektəssi tektəerəssi
2sg.f possessor tektəssiu tektəerəssiu
3sg.m possessor tektiu tektəeriu
3sg.f possessor tektī tektəerī
3sg.n possessor tektəta tektəera
1exc possessor tektəsmo tektəersmo
1inc possessor tektəswi tektəerswi
2pl possessor tektəka tektəerka
3pl possessor tektōr tektəerōr


jenaqʷs 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Absolute jenaqʷs jenenaqʷs
Construct jenaqʷes jenenaqʷes


stuφs 'fire' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Absolute stuφs stestuφs
Construct stuφes stestuφes

Adjectives

Masculine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtam memukʷtam mukʷtaīs
Definite mukʷtoi memukʷtoi mukʷtannə

Feminine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtā memukʷtā mukʷtar
Definite mukʷtāt memukʷtām mukʷtās

Neuter:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtas memukʷtas mukʷtān
Definite mukʷtās memukʷtās mukʷtār


Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1 ni- mē-
1 + 2 - θē-
2 ti- sē-
3 bi- nē-

TAM + subject markers

Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade".

  • present stem a - preterite stem e - VN a
  • present stem ā - preterite stem ē - VN a
  • present stem o - preterite stem i - VN ə
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ī
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ē
  • present stem oi - preterite stem ei
  • present stem ou - preterite stem iu
  • present stem au - preterite stem eu

Progressive
Person ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismān *kaφsən
2SG *ʁaismār *kaφsər
3SG.M *ʁaismām *kaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismāsim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁaismā *kaφs
1EX *ʁaismāmē *kaφsmē
1IN *ʁaismānt *kaφsənt
2PL *ʁaismāskʷe *kaφsəskʷe
3PL *ʁaismāt *kaφsət

Habitual
Person ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁeʁaismān *kekaφsən
2SG *ʁeʁaismār *kekaφsər
3SG.M *ʁeʁaismām *kekaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁeʁaismāsim *kekaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁeʁaismā *kekaφs
1EX *ʁeʁaismāmē *kekaφsmē
1IN *ʁeʁaismānt *kekaφsənt
2PL *ʁeʁaismāskʷe *kekaφsəskʷe
3PL *ʁeʁaismāt *kekaφsət

Preterite
Person ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismānnem *keφsənnem
2SG *ʁaismārəg *keφsrəg
3SG.M *ʁaismāsəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismāstis *keφsəstis
3SG.N *ʁaismāso *keφso
1EX *ʁaismāmer *keφsəmer
1IN *ʁaismānter *keφsənter
2PL *ʁaismāskʷer *keφsəskʷer
3PL *ʁaismāter *keφsəter

Subjunctive
Person ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismānai *kaφsnai
2SG *ʁaismārai *kaφsrai
3SG.M *ʁaismāmewr *kaφsmewr
3SG.F *ʁaismāsewr *kaφsəsewr
3SG.N *ʁaismāwr *kaφsewr
1EX *ʁaismāmai *kaφsmai
1IN *ʁaismāntai *kaφsəntai
2PL *ʁaismāskʷai *kaφsəskʷai
3PL *ʁaismātewr *kaφsətewr

Imperative
Person ʁaismān "I swim"
(vowel-stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG *ʁaismā! *kaφsə!
1IN *ʁaismāntē! *kaφsəntē!
2PL *ʁaismāskʷē! *kaφsəskʷē!


Derivational morphology

Affixes

Some affixes are:

  • -ā- = verbalizer (just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.

Lexicon

  • skʷidus (n.) = gathering (from Adetsib skʷidus)
  • φlatnəm (m.) = seed
  • ʁeibō (f.) = blood

Numbers

  1. *kʷēmom (Thensarian cēmom is an anomaly; *cīmom would be expected)
  2. *tiθōr
  3. *nasgis
  4. *ðaubis
  5. *soliθis
  6. *stāmom
  7. *roudis
  8. *loredis
  9. *φarwis
  10. *ħijōris
  11. (not reconstructed)
  12. *kʷnaisā
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